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“Delectable North Wales” and Stakeholders: The London & North Western Railway’s Marketing of North Wales, c.1904–1914

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 August 2018

DAVID A. TURNER
DAVID A. TURNER*
Affiliation:
David A. Turner is an associate lecturer and program director of Masters in Railway Studies Centre for Lifelong Learning, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD. E-mail: [email protected].
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Abstract

This article discusses the London & North Western Railway’s (LNWR) marketing activities before 1914. It extends our understanding of British railway marketing by examining how the company forged links with stakeholders in North Wales, particularly the resort authorities, in support of its development of the tourist trade there. While the company remained the dominant force in promoting the region, cooperative working facilitated the sharing of market intelligence, exchange of best practice, coordination of advertising efforts, coordination of services, and the harmonizing of a promotional message that appealed to middle-class discretionary travelers that North Wales was a place for health and pleasure. The article also shows how the LNWR deployed a system of integrated marketing communications, providing one of the earliest known examples within British business of such practice. The sum result was positive impacts on the development of the North Welsh tourist trade in the years before the World War I.

Type
Article
Information
Enterprise & Society , Volume 19 , Issue 4 , December 2018 , pp. 864 - 902
Copyright
Copyright © The Author 2018. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Business History Conference. All rights reserved. 

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Footnotes

The author would like to thank Ed Bartholomew, Colin Divall, Alexander Medcalf, Christopher Nicholson, Ben Phillips, and Chiara Vivaldi for reading and commenting on early drafts. I also want to thank the three anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments, which have helped me improve the work.

References

Bibliography of Works Cited

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Gourvish, T. R. Railways and the British Economy, 1830–1914. London: Macmillan, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Heller, Michael. London Clerical Workers, 1880–1914. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011.Google Scholar
Jackson, Alan A. London’s Metropolitan Railway. Newton Abbott, UK: David & Charles, 1986.Google Scholar
Jackson, Alan A. Semi-Detached London. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1973.Google Scholar
London & North Western Railway. Tourist Guide to North Wales. Newton-le-Willows, UK: McCorquodale’s, 1905.Google Scholar
McKernan ed. A Yank in Britain: The Lost Memoirs of Charles Urban, Film Pioneer. Hastings, UK: Projection Box, 1999.Google Scholar
Morgan, Nigel, and Pritchard, Annette. Power and Politics at the Seaside: The Development of Devon’s Resorts in the Twentieth Century. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Pollins, Harold. Britain’s Railways: An Industrial History. Newton Abbott, UK: David & Charles, 1971.Google Scholar
Reed, M. C. The London & North Western Railway. Penryn, UK: Atlantic, 1996.Google Scholar
Saler, Michael T. The Avant-Garde in Interwar England: Medieval Modernism and the London Underground. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Simmons, Jack. The Victorian Railway. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991.Google Scholar
Thompson, F. M. L. Gentrification and the Enterprise Culture: Britain 1780–1980. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Walton, John K. The British Seaside: Holidays and Resorts in the Twentieth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Walton, John K. English Seaside Resort: A Social History, 1750–1914. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Ward, Stephen V. Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities 1850–2000. London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1998.Google Scholar
Alexander, Andrew. “The Study Of British Retail History: Progressssss and Agenda.” In The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, edited by Jones, D. G. Brian and Tadajewski, Mark, 315–332. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Barry, T. E., and Howard, D. J.. “A Review and Critique of the Hierarchy of Effects in Advertising.” International Journal of Advertising 9, no. 2 (1990): 121–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Da Silva Lopes, T., and Casson, Mark. “Entrepreneurship and the Development of Global Brands.” Business History Review 81, (2007): 651–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, P. J. “Railway Combination and Government, 1900–1914.” Economic History Review, (November 1972): 623–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, P. J. “Traders versus Railways: The Genesis of the Railway and Canal Traffic Act of 1894.” Journal of Transport History NS 2, (1973): 65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca, and Newton, Lucy. “Pianos for the People: From Producer to Consumer in Britain, 1851–1914.” Enterprise & Society 14, (2013): 37–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauncy, A. C. “Confessions of a Canvasser.” Great Eastern Railway Magazine 2, (February 1911): 42–43.Google Scholar
Church, Roy. “Salesmen and the Transformation of Selling in Britain and the US in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” Economic History Review 61, (August 2008): 695–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, Roy. “The British Market for Medicine in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Innovative Impact of S. M. Burroughs & Co.” Medical History 49, (2005): 281–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
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Crafts, Nicholas, Leunig, Tim, and Mulatu, Abay. “Corrigendum: Were British Railway Companies Well Managed In The Early Twentieth Century?” Economic History Review 64, (February 2011): 351–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crafts, Nicholas, Leunig, Tim, and Mulatu, Abay. “Total Factor Productivity Growth on Britain’s Railways, 1852–1912: A Reappraisal of the Evidence.” Explorations in Economic History 44, (2007): 608–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darley, William. “Brand Building via Integrated Marketing Communications.” In The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Brand Management, edited by Dall’Olmo Riley, Francesca, Singh, Jaywant, and Blankson, Charles, 201–217. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Divall, Colin. “Civilising Velocity: Masculinity and Marketing of Britain’s Passenger Trains, 1921–39.” Journal of Transport History 32, (2011): 164–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Divall, Colin, and Shin, Hiroki. “Cultures of Speed and Conservative Modernity: Representations of Speed in British Railway Marketing.” In Trains, Culture and Mobility: Riding the Rails, edited by Fraser, Benjamin and Spalding, Steven D., 3–26. Plymouth, UK: Lexington, 2012.Google Scholar
Dodgson, John. “New, Disaggregated, British Railway Total Factor Productivity Growth Estimates, 1875 to 1912.” Economic History Review 64, (2011): 621–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duguid, Paul, Lopes, Teresa da Silva, and Mercer, John. “Reading Registrations: An Overview of 100 Years of Trade Mark Registrations in France, the United Kingdom and the United States.” In Trademarks, Brands & Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and Lopes, Teresa da Silva, 9–31. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Feinstein, Charles. “What Really Happened to Real Wages? Trends in Wages, Prices, and Productivity in the United Kingdom, 1880–1913.” Economic History Review 43, (August 1990): 329–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, F. “Marketing Consumer Products before 1914: Rowntrees and Elect Cocoa.” In Markets and Bagmen: Studies in the History of Marketing and British Industrial Performance, 1830–1939, edited by Davenport-Hines, P. T., 6–56. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1986.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh. “Education, Entertainment and Politics: Lessons from the Great International Exhibitions.” In New Museology, edited by Vergo, Peter, 74–98. London: Reaktion Books, 1989.Google Scholar
Harrington, Ralph. “Beyond The Bathing Belle: Images of Women in Inter-War Railway Publicity.” Journal of Transport History 25, (2004): 22–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, Richard A. “Marketing History in Britain: From the Ancient to the Internet Eras.” In The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, edited by Brian Jones, D. G. and Tadajewski, Mark, 315–332. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Heller, Michael. “Corporate Brand Building: Shell-Mex Ltd. in the Inter-war Period.” In Trademarks, Brands & Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and da Silva Lopes, Teresa, 194–214. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Heller, Michael. “The Development of Integrated Marketing Communications at the British General Post Office, 1931–39.” Business History 57, no. 7 (2016): 1034–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Michael. “Foucault, Discourse, and the Birth of British Public Relations.” Enterprise & Society 13, (2016): 651–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Michael. “Suburbia, Marketing and Stakeholders: Developing Ilford, Essex, 1880–1914.” Urban History 41, (2014): 651–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irving, R. J. “British Railway Investment and Innovation 1900–1914.” Business History 13, (1971): 39–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irving, R. J. “The Profitability and Performance of British Railways, 1870–1914.” Economic History Review 31, (1978): 46–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, David. “Trademarks and Infringement in Britain, c.1875–c.1900.” In Trademarks, Brands & Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and da Silva Lopes, Teresa, 194–214. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Medcalf, Alexander. “Rethinking Edwardian Advertising: The Case of Britain’s Railways.” In Edwardian Culture: Beyond the Garden Party, edited by Carole, Naomi, Shaw, Samuel, and Shaw, Sarah, 79–91. London: Routledge, 2018.Google Scholar
Medcalf, Alexander. “What to Wear and Where to Go.” In Trains, Culture and Mobility: Riding the Rails, edited by Fraser, Benjamin and Spalding, Steven D., 61–90. Plymouth, UK: Lexington, 2012.Google Scholar
Medcalf, Alexander. “‘We Are Always Learning’: Marketing the Great Western Railway, 1921–1939.” Journal of Transport History 33, (2012): 186–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R., Chambers, David, and Crafts, N. F. R.. “How Good Was the Profitability of British Railways, 1870–1912?” Economic History Review 64, (2011): 798–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North Wales Advertising Board, North Wales for Health and Pleasure, unknown, 1910.Google Scholar
O’Connor, John Philip. “For a Colleen’s Complexion”: Soap and the Politicization of a Brand Personality, 1888–1916.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 6, (2016): 29–55.Google Scholar
Pole, Felix J. C., and Milne, James. “The Economics of Passenger Traffic.” In Modern Railway Working: A Practical Treatise by Engineering and Administrative Experts, edited by John, Macaulay, 161–236. London: Gresham, 1913.Google Scholar
Preston, Rebecca. “‘Hope You Will Be Able to Recognise Us’: The Representation of Women and Gardens in Early Twentieth-Century British Domestic ‘Real Photo’ Postcards.” Women’s History Review 18, (2009): 781–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Šerić, Maja. “Content Analysis of the Empirical Research on IMC from 2000 To 2015.” Journal of Marketing Communications (2016): 1–39.Google Scholar
Shin, Hiroki. “The Art of Advertising Railways: Organisation and Coordination in Britain’s Railway Marketing, 1860–1910.” Business History 56, (2014): 187–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spotts, H. E., Lambert, D. R., and Joyce, M. L.. “Marketing Deja Vu: The Discovery of Integrated Marketing Communications.” Journal of Marketing Education 20, (1998): 210–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, David. “Managing the Royal Road: The London & South Western Railway 1870–1911,” PhD diss., University of York, Institute of Railway Studies & Transport History, 2013.Google Scholar
Watts, D. C. H. “Evaluating British Railway Poster Advertising: The London & North Eastern Railway between the wars.” Journal of Transport History 25, (2004): 23–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, David M. “A New Medium for Advertising: The Postcard, 1900–1920.” European Journal of Marketing 22, (1988): 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Wendy. “Outward Facing: W&R Jacob & Co. Biscuit Labels, 1900–1939.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 6, (2014): 56–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aberystwyth ObserverGoogle Scholar
Advertising WorldGoogle Scholar
Banbury GuardianGoogle Scholar
Bedfordshire Times and IndependentGoogle Scholar
Belfast TelegraphGoogle Scholar
Belper NewsGoogle Scholar
Berwickshire News and General AdvertiserGoogle Scholar
Bexhill-on-Sea ObserverGoogle Scholar
Cambrian News and Merionethshire StandardGoogle Scholar
Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald and North and South Wales IndependentGoogle Scholar
Cornubian and Redruth TimesGoogle Scholar
Daily MailGoogle Scholar
Derby Daily TelegraphGoogle Scholar
Dublin Daily ExpressGoogle Scholar
Dundee CourierGoogle Scholar
Evening ExpressGoogle Scholar
Exeter and Plymouth GazetteGoogle Scholar
Financial TimesGoogle Scholar
Freeman’s JournalGoogle Scholar
GraphicGoogle Scholar
Illustrated London NewsGoogle Scholar
Irish TimesGoogle Scholar
Lancashire Evening PostGoogle Scholar
Leamington Spa CourierGoogle Scholar
Liverpool Daily PostGoogle Scholar
Liverpool EchoGoogle Scholar
Llandudno Advertiser and List of VisitorsGoogle Scholar
L&NWR GazetteGoogle Scholar
Locomotive MagazineGoogle Scholar
Manchester Courier and Lancashire General AdvertiserGoogle Scholar
Manchester GuardianGoogle Scholar
Model RailwaysGoogle Scholar
Monmouth Guardian and Bargoed and Caerphilly ObserverGoogle Scholar
Morning PostGoogle Scholar
New York TribuneGoogle Scholar
Northampton MercuryGoogle Scholar
North Wales Chronicle and Advertiser for the PrincipalityGoogle Scholar
North Wales ExpressGoogle Scholar
North Wales TimesGoogle Scholar
North Wales Weekly NewsGoogle Scholar
Railway EngineerGoogle Scholar
Railway MagazineGoogle Scholar
Railway NewsGoogle Scholar
Railway TimesGoogle Scholar
Rhyl JournalGoogle Scholar
Rhyl Record and AdvertiserGoogle Scholar
Salisbury and Winchester JournalGoogle Scholar
Sporting TimesGoogle Scholar
The EngineerGoogle Scholar
The EraGoogle Scholar
The ScotsmanGoogle Scholar
The TimesGoogle Scholar
Waterford StandardGoogle Scholar
Weekly News and Visitors’ Chronicle for Colwyn Bay, Colwyn, Llandrillo, Conway, Deganwy, and NeighbourhoodGoogle Scholar
Welsh Coast Pioneer and Review for North CambriaGoogle Scholar
Caernarfon Record Office, Caernarfon, WalesGoogle Scholar
National Archives, Kew, Surrey, EnglandGoogle Scholar
National Brewery Centre Archive, Burton-on-Trent, EnglandGoogle Scholar
Minutes of evidence taken before the Department Committee appointed by the Board of Trade to consider the law Railway Agreements and Amalgamations. London: HMSO, 1911.Google Scholar
Cross, Gary S., and Walton, John K.. Playful Crowd: Pleasure Places in the Twentieth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitzgerald, Robert. Rowntree and the Marketing Revolution, 1862–1969. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.Google Scholar
Frith, James, & N. London and North-Western Railway. Holidays in North Wales: For Health and Pleasure. Newton-Le-Willows, UK: McCorquodale & Co., 1910.Google Scholar
Freeman, R. E. Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010 (1984).Google Scholar
Gourvish, T. R. Mark Huish and The London & North Western Railway Company. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Gourvish, T. R. Railways and the British Economy, 1830–1914. London: Macmillan, 1980.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, Stuart. From Silent Screen to Multi-Screen: A History of Cinema Exhibition in Britain since 1896. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2007.Google Scholar
Heller, Michael. London Clerical Workers, 1880–1914. London: Pickering & Chatto, 2011.Google Scholar
Jackson, Alan A. London’s Metropolitan Railway. Newton Abbott, UK: David & Charles, 1986.Google Scholar
Jackson, Alan A. Semi-Detached London. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1973.Google Scholar
London & North Western Railway. Tourist Guide to North Wales. Newton-le-Willows, UK: McCorquodale’s, 1905.Google Scholar
McKernan ed. A Yank in Britain: The Lost Memoirs of Charles Urban, Film Pioneer. Hastings, UK: Projection Box, 1999.Google Scholar
Morgan, Nigel, and Pritchard, Annette. Power and Politics at the Seaside: The Development of Devon’s Resorts in the Twentieth Century. Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Pollins, Harold. Britain’s Railways: An Industrial History. Newton Abbott, UK: David & Charles, 1971.Google Scholar
Reed, M. C. The London & North Western Railway. Penryn, UK: Atlantic, 1996.Google Scholar
Saler, Michael T. The Avant-Garde in Interwar England: Medieval Modernism and the London Underground. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.Google Scholar
Simmons, Jack. The Victorian Railway. London: Thames & Hudson, 1991.Google Scholar
Thompson, F. M. L. Gentrification and the Enterprise Culture: Britain 1780–1980. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1991.Google Scholar
Walton, John K. The British Seaside: Holidays and Resorts in the Twentieth Century. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000.Google Scholar
Walton, John K. English Seaside Resort: A Social History, 1750–1914. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press, 1983.Google Scholar
Ward, Stephen V. Selling Places: The Marketing and Promotion of Towns and Cities 1850–2000. London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1998.Google Scholar
Alexander, Andrew. “The Study Of British Retail History: Progressssss and Agenda.” In The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, edited by Jones, D. G. Brian and Tadajewski, Mark, 315–332. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Barry, T. E., and Howard, D. J.. “A Review and Critique of the Hierarchy of Effects in Advertising.” International Journal of Advertising 9, no. 2 (1990): 121–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beckerson, J. “Marketing British Tourism 1914–1950.” PhD diss., University of East Anglia, 2003.Google Scholar
Da Silva Lopes, T., and Casson, Mark. “Entrepreneurship and the Development of Global Brands.” Business History Review 81, (2007): 651–680.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, P. J. “Railway Combination and Government, 1900–1914.” Economic History Review, (November 1972): 623–641.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cain, P. J. “Traders versus Railways: The Genesis of the Railway and Canal Traffic Act of 1894.” Journal of Transport History NS 2, (1973): 65–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carnevali, Francesca, and Newton, Lucy. “Pianos for the People: From Producer to Consumer in Britain, 1851–1914.” Enterprise & Society 14, (2013): 37–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chauncy, A. C. “Confessions of a Canvasser.” Great Eastern Railway Magazine 2, (February 1911): 42–43.Google Scholar
Church, Roy. “Salesmen and the Transformation of Selling in Britain and the US in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.” Economic History Review 61, (August 2008): 695–725.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, Roy. “The British Market for Medicine in the Late Nineteenth Century: The Innovative Impact of S. M. Burroughs & Co.” Medical History 49, (2005): 281–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Church, Roy, and Clark, Christine. “Product Development of Branded, Packaged Household Goods in Britain, 1870—1914: Colman’s, Reckitt’s, and Lever Brothers.” Enterprise & Society 2, (2001): 503–542.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crafts, Nicholas, Leunig, Tim, and Mulatu, Abay. “Corrigendum: Were British Railway Companies Well Managed In The Early Twentieth Century?” Economic History Review 64, (February 2011): 351–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crafts, Nicholas, Leunig, Tim, and Mulatu, Abay. “Total Factor Productivity Growth on Britain’s Railways, 1852–1912: A Reappraisal of the Evidence.” Explorations in Economic History 44, (2007): 608–634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darley, William. “Brand Building via Integrated Marketing Communications.” In The Routledge Companion to Contemporary Brand Management, edited by Dall’Olmo Riley, Francesca, Singh, Jaywant, and Blankson, Charles, 201–217. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Divall, Colin. “Civilising Velocity: Masculinity and Marketing of Britain’s Passenger Trains, 1921–39.” Journal of Transport History 32, (2011): 164–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Divall, Colin, and Shin, Hiroki. “Cultures of Speed and Conservative Modernity: Representations of Speed in British Railway Marketing.” In Trains, Culture and Mobility: Riding the Rails, edited by Fraser, Benjamin and Spalding, Steven D., 3–26. Plymouth, UK: Lexington, 2012.Google Scholar
Dodgson, John. “New, Disaggregated, British Railway Total Factor Productivity Growth Estimates, 1875 to 1912.” Economic History Review 64, (2011): 621–643.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duguid, Paul, Lopes, Teresa da Silva, and Mercer, John. “Reading Registrations: An Overview of 100 Years of Trade Mark Registrations in France, the United Kingdom and the United States.” In Trademarks, Brands & Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and Lopes, Teresa da Silva, 9–31. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Feinstein, Charles. “What Really Happened to Real Wages? Trends in Wages, Prices, and Productivity in the United Kingdom, 1880–1913.” Economic History Review 43, (August 1990): 329–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodall, F. “Marketing Consumer Products before 1914: Rowntrees and Elect Cocoa.” In Markets and Bagmen: Studies in the History of Marketing and British Industrial Performance, 1830–1939, edited by Davenport-Hines, P. T., 6–56. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate, 1986.Google Scholar
Greenhalgh. “Education, Entertainment and Politics: Lessons from the Great International Exhibitions.” In New Museology, edited by Vergo, Peter, 74–98. London: Reaktion Books, 1989.Google Scholar
Harrington, Ralph. “Beyond The Bathing Belle: Images of Women in Inter-War Railway Publicity.” Journal of Transport History 25, (2004): 22–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, Richard A. “Marketing History in Britain: From the Ancient to the Internet Eras.” In The Routledge Companion to Marketing History, edited by Brian Jones, D. G. and Tadajewski, Mark, 315–332. London: Routledge, 2016.Google Scholar
Heller, Michael. “Corporate Brand Building: Shell-Mex Ltd. in the Inter-war Period.” In Trademarks, Brands & Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and da Silva Lopes, Teresa, 194–214. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Heller, Michael. “The Development of Integrated Marketing Communications at the British General Post Office, 1931–39.” Business History 57, no. 7 (2016): 1034–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Michael. “Foucault, Discourse, and the Birth of British Public Relations.” Enterprise & Society 13, (2016): 651–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, Michael. “Suburbia, Marketing and Stakeholders: Developing Ilford, Essex, 1880–1914.” Urban History 41, (2014): 651–677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irving, R. J. “British Railway Investment and Innovation 1900–1914.” Business History 13, (1971): 39–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irving, R. J. “The Profitability and Performance of British Railways, 1870–1914.” Economic History Review 31, (1978): 46–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Higgins, David. “Trademarks and Infringement in Britain, c.1875–c.1900.” In Trademarks, Brands & Competitiveness, edited by Duguid, Paul and da Silva Lopes, Teresa, 194–214. London: Routledge, 2009.Google Scholar
Medcalf, Alexander. “Rethinking Edwardian Advertising: The Case of Britain’s Railways.” In Edwardian Culture: Beyond the Garden Party, edited by Carole, Naomi, Shaw, Samuel, and Shaw, Sarah, 79–91. London: Routledge, 2018.Google Scholar
Medcalf, Alexander. “What to Wear and Where to Go.” In Trains, Culture and Mobility: Riding the Rails, edited by Fraser, Benjamin and Spalding, Steven D., 61–90. Plymouth, UK: Lexington, 2012.Google Scholar
Medcalf, Alexander. “‘We Are Always Learning’: Marketing the Great Western Railway, 1921–1939.” Journal of Transport History 33, (2012): 186–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Brian R., Chambers, David, and Crafts, N. F. R.. “How Good Was the Profitability of British Railways, 1870–1912?” Economic History Review 64, (2011): 798–831.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
North Wales Advertising Board, North Wales for Health and Pleasure, unknown, 1910.Google Scholar
O’Connor, John Philip. “For a Colleen’s Complexion”: Soap and the Politicization of a Brand Personality, 1888–1916.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 6, (2016): 29–55.Google Scholar
Pole, Felix J. C., and Milne, James. “The Economics of Passenger Traffic.” In Modern Railway Working: A Practical Treatise by Engineering and Administrative Experts, edited by John, Macaulay, 161–236. London: Gresham, 1913.Google Scholar
Preston, Rebecca. “‘Hope You Will Be Able to Recognise Us’: The Representation of Women and Gardens in Early Twentieth-Century British Domestic ‘Real Photo’ Postcards.” Women’s History Review 18, (2009): 781–800.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Šerić, Maja. “Content Analysis of the Empirical Research on IMC from 2000 To 2015.” Journal of Marketing Communications (2016): 1–39.Google Scholar
Shin, Hiroki. “The Art of Advertising Railways: Organisation and Coordination in Britain’s Railway Marketing, 1860–1910.” Business History 56, (2014): 187–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spotts, H. E., Lambert, D. R., and Joyce, M. L.. “Marketing Deja Vu: The Discovery of Integrated Marketing Communications.” Journal of Marketing Education 20, (1998): 210–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, David. “Managing the Royal Road: The London & South Western Railway 1870–1911,” PhD diss., University of York, Institute of Railway Studies & Transport History, 2013.Google Scholar
Watts, D. C. H. “Evaluating British Railway Poster Advertising: The London & North Eastern Railway between the wars.” Journal of Transport History 25, (2004): 23–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, David M. “A New Medium for Advertising: The Postcard, 1900–1920.” European Journal of Marketing 22, (1988): 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Wendy. “Outward Facing: W&R Jacob & Co. Biscuit Labels, 1900–1939.” Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 6, (2014): 56–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aberystwyth ObserverGoogle Scholar
Advertising WorldGoogle Scholar
Banbury GuardianGoogle Scholar
Bedfordshire Times and IndependentGoogle Scholar
Belfast TelegraphGoogle Scholar
Belper NewsGoogle Scholar
Berwickshire News and General AdvertiserGoogle Scholar
Bexhill-on-Sea ObserverGoogle Scholar
Cambrian News and Merionethshire StandardGoogle Scholar
Carnarvon and Denbigh Herald and North and South Wales IndependentGoogle Scholar
Cornubian and Redruth TimesGoogle Scholar
Daily MailGoogle Scholar
Derby Daily TelegraphGoogle Scholar
Dublin Daily ExpressGoogle Scholar
Dundee CourierGoogle Scholar
Evening ExpressGoogle Scholar
Exeter and Plymouth GazetteGoogle Scholar
Financial TimesGoogle Scholar
Freeman’s JournalGoogle Scholar
GraphicGoogle Scholar
Illustrated London NewsGoogle Scholar
Irish TimesGoogle Scholar
Lancashire Evening PostGoogle Scholar
Leamington Spa CourierGoogle Scholar
Liverpool Daily PostGoogle Scholar
Liverpool EchoGoogle Scholar
Llandudno Advertiser and List of VisitorsGoogle Scholar
L&NWR GazetteGoogle Scholar
Locomotive MagazineGoogle Scholar
Manchester Courier and Lancashire General AdvertiserGoogle Scholar
Manchester GuardianGoogle Scholar
Model RailwaysGoogle Scholar
Monmouth Guardian and Bargoed and Caerphilly ObserverGoogle Scholar
Morning PostGoogle Scholar
New York TribuneGoogle Scholar
Northampton MercuryGoogle Scholar
North Wales Chronicle and Advertiser for the PrincipalityGoogle Scholar
North Wales ExpressGoogle Scholar
North Wales TimesGoogle Scholar
North Wales Weekly NewsGoogle Scholar
Railway EngineerGoogle Scholar
Railway MagazineGoogle Scholar
Railway NewsGoogle Scholar
Railway TimesGoogle Scholar
Rhyl JournalGoogle Scholar
Rhyl Record and AdvertiserGoogle Scholar
Salisbury and Winchester JournalGoogle Scholar
Sporting TimesGoogle Scholar
The EngineerGoogle Scholar
The EraGoogle Scholar
The ScotsmanGoogle Scholar
The TimesGoogle Scholar
Waterford StandardGoogle Scholar
Weekly News and Visitors’ Chronicle for Colwyn Bay, Colwyn, Llandrillo, Conway, Deganwy, and NeighbourhoodGoogle Scholar
Welsh Coast Pioneer and Review for North CambriaGoogle Scholar
Caernarfon Record Office, Caernarfon, WalesGoogle Scholar
National Archives, Kew, Surrey, EnglandGoogle Scholar
National Brewery Centre Archive, Burton-on-Trent, EnglandGoogle Scholar
Minutes of evidence taken before the Department Committee appointed by the Board of Trade to consider the law Railway Agreements and Amalgamations. London: HMSO, 1911.Google Scholar