Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:30:38.186Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Umbelliferae of Southern Africa: an introduction and annotated check-list

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 April 2010

B.L. Burtt
Get access

Abstract

Nullam profecto plantarum familiam quam Umbelliferas, majoribus premi aut pluribus difficultatibus, nullam ad nostra usque tempora magis esse desertam atque confusam, ecquis negabit, qui vel nuperrimos plantarum indices cum rerum natura ipsa comparaverit?

K. J. P. Sprengel (1813a).

Truly, no family of plants is weighed down with greater or more numerous difficulties, none up to this time is so neglected and confused, as the Umbelliferae. Is there anyone, even one who has compared the very latest indexes of the plants with nature itself, who will deny this?

Native genera of Umbelliferae recorded for southern Africa total 38, and 19 are endemic. Of these, 17 lack close allies either within the area or outside it, suggesting that southern Africa once had a much richer Umbelliferan flora than at present, and emphasizing the importance of the area in the history of the family. The native species number about 195. All names that have been used for southern African species are listed and cross-referenced to the recommended name, which is set out with full synonymy. Difficult problems are discussed in a series of Notes. There is a list of 20 new names (6 new species, 11 transfers and 3 replacement names). The introductory sections include notes on family classification and the phytogeography of the genera; there is a survey of characters useful in classification and particular attention is paid to studies carried out on the family in other areas. All work quoted is fully referenced. A key to the genera is provided.

Type
Research Article
Information
Edinburgh Journal of Botany , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , July 1991 , pp. 133 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © Trustees of the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adamson, R. S. (1938). Notes on some Cape species of Annesorhiza. Journal of South African Botany 4: 61–63.Google Scholar
Adamson, R. S. (1939). Some changes in nomenclature, II. Journal of South African Botany 5: 53–58.Google Scholar
Adamson, R. S. (1950). Umbelliferae, in Adamson, R. S. & Salter, T. (eds), Flora of the Cape Peninsula. Capetown.Google Scholar
Adamson, R. S. (1951). A revision of the sub-genus Solandra of Centella. Journal of South African Botany 17: 1–48.Google Scholar
Adanson, M. (1763). Families des plantes, 2. Paris.Google Scholar
Baumann-Bodenheim, M. G. (1955). Ableitung und Bau bicarpellat-monospermer und pseudomonocarpellater Araliaceen und Umbelliferen-Früchte. Berichte der Schweizerischen Botanischen Gesellschaft 65: 481–510.Google Scholar
Bell, C. Ritchie (1971). Breeding systems and floral biology of the Umbelliferae, or evidence for specialization in unspecialized flowers. In Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 93–106. (Suppl. 1 to Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64.)Google Scholar
Bentham, G. & Hooker, J. D. (1867). Genera Plantarum 1. London.Google Scholar
Berenbaum, M. (1981). Patterns of furanocoumarin distribution and insect herbivory in the Umbelliferae: plant chemistry and community structure. Ecology 63: 1254–1266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenbaum, M. (1983). Coumarins and caterpillars: a case for co-evolution. Evolution 37: 163–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berenbaum, M. (1990). Evolution of specialization in insect-umbellifer associations. Annual Review of Entomology 35: 319–343.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernardi, L. (1979). Tentamen revisionis generis Ferulago. Boissiera 30: 9–182.Google Scholar
Bohlmann, F. & Zdero, C. (1974). Über die Inhaltstoffe von Hermas villosa Thunb. Chemische Berichte 107: 1416–1419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohlmann, F. & Zdero, C. (1975). Ein neues Polyin aus Centella-Arten. Chemische Berichte 108: 511–514.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Briquet, J. (1897 a). Examen critique de la théorie phyllodique des feuilles entières chez les Ombellifères terrestres. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier 5 (6): 424–443.Google Scholar
Briquet, J. (1897 b). Sur la carpologie et la systématique du genre Rhyticarpus. Bulletin de l'Herbier Boissier 5(6): 444–452.Google Scholar
Burman, J. (1739). Rariorum Africanarum plantarum, decas VIII.Google Scholar
Burman, N. L. (1768). Florae capensis prodromus; published at end of Flora Indica. Leiden & Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Burtt, B. L. (1968). Proposal on the citation of nomenclaturally invalid material. Taxon 17: 40–41.Google Scholar
Burtt, B. L. (1979). In Hilliard, O. M. & Burtt, B. L. Notes on some plants from southern Africa chiefly from Natal: VIII. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 37: 319–325.Google Scholar
Burtt, B. L. (1982). op. cit. IX. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 40: 293–298.Google Scholar
Burtt, B. L. (1989 a). op. cit. XV. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 45: 197–200.Google Scholar
Burtt, B. L. (1989 b). A new shrubby genus of African Umbelliferae. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 45: 493–501.Google Scholar
Burtt, B. L. (1989 c). Proposals to conserve: 949, Ciclospermum Lag., and 960, Peucedanum capense (Thunb.) Sond. Taxon 38 (3): 507–509 & 525–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burtt, B. L. (1989 d). The adoption of Stoibrax for Tragiopsis and Brachyapium (Umbelliferae) and its N-S African disjunction. In Tan, K. (ed.), The Davis and Hedge Festschrift 143–147. Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Cannon, J. F. M. (1970). Umbelliferae, in Conspectus Florae Angolensis 4: 334–360. Lisboa.Google Scholar
Cannon, J. F. M. (1978). Umbelliferae, in Launert, E. (ed.), Flora Zambesiaca 4: 555–621. Flora Zambesiaca Managing Committee; London.Google Scholar
Carbonnier, J., Fatianoff, O. & Molho, D. (1978). Phytochemie comparée des taxons rattachés à la tribu des Peucedaneae (Umbelliferae-Apoidieae), in Cauwet-Marc, H. M. & Carbonnier, J. (eds) 1978: 387–513.Google Scholar
Cauwet-Marc, H. M. & Carbonnier, J. (eds) (1978). Les Ombellifères: contributions pluridisciplinaires à la systématique. Perpignan.Google Scholar
Cauwet-Marc, H. M. & Carbonnier, J.Cerceau-Larrival, M. T., Dodin, R. & Guyot, M. (1978). Contribution a l'étude multidisciplinaire du genre Bupleurum L., in Cauwet-Marc, H. M. & Carbonnier, J. (eds) 1978: 623–651.Google Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. (1962). Plantules et pollens d'Ombellifères. Leur intérêt systématique et phylogénetique. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sér. B, 14: 1–166.Google Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. (1964). Mise au point taxinomique concernant Cyvclospermum leptophyllum (Persoon) Sprague. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 111: 93–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. (1965). Involucre et involucelle chez les Ombellifères. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 112: 255–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. (1971). Morphologie pollinique et corrélations phylogénétiques chez les Ombellifères. In Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The biology and chemistry of Umbelliferae, 109–156. (Suppl. 1 to Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64.)Google Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. (1974). Palynologie et répartition des Ombellifères australes actuelles relations avec les géoflores tertiaires. Sciences Géologiques Bulletin 27: 117–134. Strasbourg.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. (1979). Interêt de l'ontogénie pour la classification évolutive d'une famille: série foliaires des Ombellifères. Bull. Bot. Soc. Fr. 126 Actual. Bot. 3: 39–53.Google Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. & Roland-Heydacker, F. (1976). The evolutionary significance of the ultrastructure of the exine in Umbelliferous pollen grains. In Ferguson, I. K. & Muller, J. (eds), The evolutionary significance of the exine, 481–498.Google Scholar
Cerceau-Larrival, M. T. & Roland-Heydacker, F. (1980). Adaptation de l'ultrastructure de l'exine de quelques Ombellifères australes en fonction des conditions biogéographiques. Mémoires du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Sér. B, 27: 31–38.Google Scholar
Chamisso, A. De & Schlechtendal, D. De (1826). De plantis in expeditione speculatoria Romanzoffiana observatis: Umbelliferae. Linnaea 1: 333–401.Google Scholar
Codd, L. E. & Gunn, M. (1982). The collecting activities of Anton Rehmann (1840–1917) in South Africa. Bothalia 14: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constance, L. (1971). History of the classification of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae). In Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The biology and biochemistry of the Umbelliferae, 1–12. (Suppl. 1 to Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64.)Google Scholar
Constance, L. & Chuang, T.-I. (1982). Chromosome numbers of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) from Africa south of the Sahara. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 195–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Constance, L.Chuang, T.-I. & Bell, C. R. (1976). Chromosome numbers in Umbelliferae IV. American Journal of Botany 63: 608–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowden, R. K., Harborne, J. B. & Heywood, V. H. (1969). Chemosystematics of the Umbelliferae – a general survey. Phytochemistry 8: 1963–1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruden, R. W. (1988). Temporal dioecism: systematic breadth, associated traits and temporal patterns. Botanical Gazette 149: 1–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cruden, R. W. & Hermann-Parker, S. M. (1977). Temporal dioecism: an alternative to dioecism? Evolution 31: 863–866.Google ScholarPubMed
Csapody, V. (1968). Keimlings-Bestimmungsbuch der Dikotyledonen. Akademiae Kiadó, Budapest.Google Scholar
Davy, J. Burtt (1932). A manual of the flowering plants and ferns of the Transvaal with Swaziland, South Africa. Longmans, Green: London.Google Scholar
De Candolle, A. P. (1830). Umbelliferae in Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 4: 55–250. Paris.Google Scholar
Doust, J. L. (1980). Floral sex ratios in andromonoecious Umbelliferae. New Phytologist 85: 265–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drude, O. (1898). Umbelliferae, in Engler & Pranti. (eds), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 3 (8): 63–250. Leipzig. Engelmann.Google Scholar
Duboule, E. (1899). Anatomie comparée de la feuille dans le genre Hermas. Archives des Sciences Physiques et Naturelles, sér. 7: 446–481 [not seen].Google Scholar
Dümmer, R. (1913). A revision of the genus Alepidea Delaroche. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 3: 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyer, R. A. (1975). The genera of southern African flowering plants, 1: Dicotyledons. Dept. of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria.Google Scholar
Ecklon, C. F. & Zeyher, C. (1837). Enumeratio plantarum Africae australis extratropicae: Umbelliferae 330–355. Hamburg.Google Scholar
Eichler, H. (1987). Nomenclatural and bibliographical survey of Hydrocotyle L. (Apiaceae). Feddes Repertorium 98: 1–51; 145–196; 273–351.Google Scholar
Engler, A. (1921). Die Pflanzenwell Afrikas, 3 (2). Leipzig. Engelmann.Google Scholar
Farr, E. R., Leussink, J. A. & Stafleu, F. A. (1979). Index nominum genericorum (plantarum). Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema; Utrecht, and Junk, The Hague.Google Scholar
Frey, R. (1989). Taxonomische Revision der Gattung Peucedanum: Sektion Peucedanum und Sektion Palimbioidea (Umbelliferae). Candollea 44: 257–327. [First published in Mitt. Bot. Mus. Zürich, no. 383. 1988.]Google Scholar
Froebe, H. A. (1964). Die Blütenstände der Saniculoideen (Umbelliferae). Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 40: 325–388.Google Scholar
Froebe, H. A. (1971). Inflorescence structure and evolution in Umbelliferae. In Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae 157–176. (Suppl. 1 to Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64.)Google Scholar
Froebe, H. A. (1979). Die Infloreszenzen der Hydrocotyloideen (Apiaceae). Tropische und Subtropische Pflanzenwelt 29: 1–181.Google Scholar
Froebe, H. A. (1980). Randmusterbildung und Synorganisation bei strahlenden Apiaceendolden. Plant Systematics and Evolution 133: 223–237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Froebe, H. A. & Ulbrich, G. (1978). Pseudanthien bei Umbelliferen. Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen 54: 175–206.Google Scholar
Guyot, M. (1966). Les stomates des Ombellifères. Bull. Soc. Bot. France 113: 244–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guyot, M. (1971). Phylogenetic and systematic value of stomata of the Umbelliferae. In Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The biology and chemistry of Umbelliferae, 199–211. (Suppl. 1 to Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64.)Google Scholar
Hegnauer, R. (1973). Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen 6: 554–629. Birkhäuser; Basel & Stuttgart.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrix, S. D. (1984). Variation in seed weight and its effect on germination in Pastinaca sativa L. (Umbelliferae). American Journal of Botany 71: 795–802.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heywood, V. H. (ed.) (1971). The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae. (Suppl. 1 to Bot. J. Linn. Soc. vol. 64.) London.Google Scholar
Hill, J. (1764). The vegetable system, vol. 6 (folio ed.). London.Google Scholar
Hiluard, O. M. & Burtt, B. L. (1985). Conium (Umbelliferae) in southern Africa. Journal of South African Botany 51: 465–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiluard, O. M. & Burtt, B. L. (1986). Notes on some plants of southern Africa chiefly from Natal, XII. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 43: 189–228.Google Scholar
Hiroe, M. (1979). Umbelliferae of world. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Hitchcock, A. S. (1929). Standard species of Linnean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–54), in International Botanical Congress, Cambridge (England) 1930: Nomenclature: Proposals by British botanists, 111–155. London, H.M.S.O.Google Scholar
Hylander, N. (1945). Nomenklatorische und systematische Studien über nordische Gefässpflanzen. Uppsala Universitets Årsskrift 1945(7): 20.Google Scholar
Jahnke, C. & Froebe, H. A. (1984). Untersuchungen zur Ontogenie des Lobulum inflexum ausgewählter Apiaceen-Petalen. Beiträge zur Biologie Pflanzen 59: 75–93 (1984).Google Scholar
Koch, W. (1824). Generum tribuumque plantarum Umbelliferarum nova dispositio. Nova Acta Leopoldina 12(1): 55–156.Google Scholar
Koso-Poljansky, B. M. (1916). Sciadophytorum systematis lineamenta. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 29: 93–221.Google Scholar
Koso-Poljansky, B. M. (1917). Sciadophytorum systematis lineamenta: Mantissa prior. Bulletin de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 30: 277–290.Google Scholar
Leins, P. & Erbar, C. (1985). Zur fruhen Entwicklungsgeschichte des Apiaceen-Gynoeciums. Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 106: 53–60.Google Scholar
Lemesle, R. (1926). Contribution à l'étude structurale des Ombelliferes xerophiles. Ann. Sci. Nat. Bot. 10 sér. 1–139, pl. 1–29.Google Scholar
Lemesle, R. (1928). Nouvelles observations sur les Hydrocotyle d'Afrique australe. [Deals with species of Centella.] Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France 75: 270–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsey, A. H. (1982). Floral phenology patterns & breeding systems in Thaspium and Zizia (Apiaceae). Systematic Botany 7: 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsey, A. H. (1984). Reproductive biology of Apiaceae, I. Floral visitors to Thaspium and Zizia and their importance to pollination. American Journal of Botany 71: 375–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindsey, A. H. & Bell, C. R. (1985). Reproductive biology of Apiaceae, II. Cryptic specialization and floral evolution in Thaspium and Zizia. American Journal of Botany 72: 231–247.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnaeus, C. (1754). Genera plantarum, ed. 5. Holmiae.Google Scholar
Magin, N. (1977). Das gynoecium der Apiaceae: Modell und Ontogenie. Bericht der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 90: 53–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magin, N. (1980). Eine blütenmorphologische Analyse der Lagoecieae (Apiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 133: 239–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magin, N. (1983). Die Nektarien der Apiaceae. Flora 173: 233–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marloth, R. (1925). Flora of South Africa 2(2): Umbelliferae 237–248. Darter Bros., Capetown; Wheldon & Wesley, London.Google Scholar
Meikle, R. D. (1977). Flora of Cyprus 1. Bentham-Moxon Trust, Kew.Google Scholar
Merxmüller, H. (1967). Prodromus einer Flora von Südwestafrika; 103, Hydrocotylaceae; 104, Apiaceae. J. Cramer; Lehre.Google Scholar
Metcalfe, C. R. & Chalk, L. (1950). Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, 1. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Murray, J. A. (1774). Systema vegetabilium, ed. 13. Gottingae & Gothae.Google Scholar
Nannfeldt, J. A. (1924). Revision des verwandtschaftkreises von Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 18: 397–426.Google Scholar
Norman, C. (1934). Peucedanum and Steganotaenia in Tropical Africa. Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany 49: 503–516.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orshan, G. (ed.) (1989). Plant pheno-morphological studies in Mediterranean type ecosystems. Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, Netherlands.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, E. P. (1951). The genera of South African flowering plants, ed. 2. Botanical Survey of South Africa, Memoir 23. Government Printer, Pretoria.Google Scholar
Rlley, H. P. & Hoff, V. J. (1961). Chromosome studies in some South African Dicotyledons. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 3: 260–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberts, M. F. & Brown, R. T. (1981). A new alkaloid from South African Conium species. Phytochemistry 20: 447–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodriquez, R. L. (1957). Systematic anatomical studies in Myrrhidendron and other woody Umbellales. University of California Publications in Botany 29 (2): 145–318.Google Scholar
Rompel, J. (1895). Krystalle von Calciumoxalat in der Fruchtwand der Umbelliferen und ihre Verwerthung für die Systematik. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschafliche Classe, Abteilung 1, 104: 417–473.Google Scholar
Ross-Craig, S. (1958–59). Drawings of British Plants: Umbelliferae. Parts XII & XIII. Bell & Sons; London. [Reimp. Drawings of British Plants, 4. Bell & Hyman, London. 1979.]Google Scholar
Royen, A. van (1740). Florae leydensis prodromus. Lugduni batavorum.Google Scholar
Rustaiyan, A. & Sadjadi, A. (1987). Kaurene derivatives from Alepidea amatymbica [sphalm. amalynsia]. Phytochemistry 26: 2106–2107.Google Scholar
Schlessmann, M. A. (1978). Systematics and reproductive biology of Lomatiumfarinosum (Geyer ex Hooker) Coulter & Rose (Umbelliferae). Madrōno 25: 1–8.Google Scholar
Schmtz, J. & Froebe, H. A. (1986). Bestandsaufnahme der Kronblattstruckturen der mitteleuropaischen Umbelliferen und die Frage ihrer taxonomischen Auswertung. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 106: 337–357.Google Scholar
Short, P. S. (1979). Apium L. sect. Apium (Umbelliferae) in Australasia. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Garden 1 (4): 205–235.Google Scholar
Sonder, W. (1862). Umbelliferae in Harvey, W. H. & Sonder, W., Flora capensis, 2: 524–567. Hodges, Smith & Co., Dublin.Google Scholar
Sprengel, C. (1813 a). Umbelliferarum genera quaedam melius definita. Magazin Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 6: 255–261.Google Scholar
Sprengel, C. (1813 b). Plantarum umbelliferarum denuo desponendarum prodromus. Halae.Google Scholar
Sprengel, C. (1814). Genera nonnulla plantarum ex Umbellatarum ordine. Natuurkundige Verhandelingen van de Hollandische Maatschappij der Wetenschappen te Haarlem 7: 121–132.Google Scholar
Sprengel, C. (1820). Umbelliferae, in Roemer & Schultes, Systema Vegetabilum 6: 315–628.Google Scholar
Sprengel, C. (1825). Systema Vegetabilium, ed. 16, 1: 868–919.Google Scholar
Sprengel, C. (1827). Systema Vegetabilum 4 (2), Curae posteriores. Gottingen.Google Scholar
Stafleu, F. A. & Cowan, R. S. (1985). Taxonomic Literature, ed. 2, 5. Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema; Utrecht, and Junk, The Hague.Google Scholar
Thellung, A. (1926). Umbelliferae, in Hegi, G. Illustrierte Flora von Mittel-Europa, 5(2): 926–1537. München.Google Scholar
Theobald, W. L. (1971). Comparative anatomical and developmental studies in the Umbelliferae. In Heywood, V. H. (ed.), The biology and chemistry of the Umbelliferae, 177–197. (Suppl. 1 to Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 64.)Google Scholar
Theobald, W. L. & Cannon, J. F. M. (1973). A survey Phlyctidocarpa (Umbelliferae) using the light and scanning electron microscope. Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh 32: 203–210.Google Scholar
Townsend, C. C. (1978). A new species of Peucedanum (Umbelliferae) from Zaire. Kew Bulletin 32: 601–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, C. C. (1985 a). Notes on Pimpinella (Umbelliferae) in Central and East Africa. Kew Bulletin 40: 759–780.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, C. C. (1985 b). Some notes on species of Heteromorpha (Umbelliferae). Kew Bulletin 40: 843–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Townsend, C. C. (1989). Umbelliferae, in Polhill, R. M. (ed.), Flora of Tropical East Africa. A. A. Balkema; Rotterdam.Google Scholar
van Jaarsveld, E. (1985). Die plantegroei van die Pellaberge met besondere verwysing na borne en struike, Trees in South Africa 36 (3–4): 30–46.Google Scholar
Viguier, R. (1910). Sur un type nouveau d'inflorescence en ombelle. Revue Générale de Botanique 22: 469–478, pl. 14.Google Scholar
Warming, E. (1876). Om skaermplanternes skaerm. Botanisk Tidsskrift Ser. 3, 1: 94–100.Google Scholar
Watt, J. M. & Breyer-Brandwuk, M. G. (1962). The medicinal and poisonous plants of southern and eastern Africa. Ed. 2. E. & S. Livingstone, Edinburgh & London.Google Scholar
Webb, C. J. (1979). Brecding systems and the evolution of dioecism in New Zealand apioid Umbelliferae. Evolution 33: 662–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, C. J. (1981). Andromonoecism, protandry and sexual selection in Umbelliferae. New Zealand Journal of Botany 19: 335–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, C. J. (1984). Pollination specialization and protogyny in Myrrhidendron donnellsmithii (Umbelliferae). Systematic Botany 9: 240–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weimarck, H. (1949). A revision of the genus Alepidea. Botanisk Notiser 1949 (4), 217–268.Google Scholar
Wendland, H. (1825) in Bartling, F. G. & Wendland, H. (eds), Beiträge zur Botanik. Göttingen.Google Scholar
Wijnands, D. O. (1983). The botany of the Commelins. Balkema; Rotterdam.Google Scholar
Willdenow, C. L. (1798). Species plantarum ed. 4, 2.Google Scholar
Wolff, H. (1910). Umbelliferae-Apioideae-Bupleurum, Trinia et reliquae Ammineae heteroclitae, in Engler, A. (ed.), Das Pflanzenreich, Heft 43. Engelmann; Leipzig.Google Scholar
Wolff, H. (1913). Umbelliferae-Saniculoideae, in Engler, A. (ed.), Das Pflanzenreich, Heft 61. Engelmann; Leipzig.Google Scholar
Wolff, H. (1921). Umbelliferae africanae, II. Botanische Jahrbücher fur Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 57: 220–234.Google Scholar
Wolff, H. (1927). Umbelliferae-Apioideae-Ammineae-Carinae, Ammineae novemjugatae etgenuinae, in Engler, A. (ed.), Das Pflanzenreich, Heft 90. Engelmann; Leipzig.Google Scholar