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The Study of Law and Religion in the United States: An Interim Report

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 August 2012

John Witte
John Witte
Affiliation:
Director, Center for the Study of Law and Religion, Emory University
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Abstract

The study of law and religion has exploded around the world. This article, prepared in celebration of the silver jubilee of the Ecclesiastical Law Society, traces the development of law and religion study in the United States. Despite its long tradition of strict separation of Church and state, and despite its long allegiance to legal positivism and intellectual secularisation, the United States has emerged as a world leader of the new interdisciplinary field of law and religion. Hundreds of American scholars, from different confessions and professions, are now at work in this field, and two dozen major research centres and journals have been established at American law schools. After canvassing some of the main themes and trends in American law and religion scholarship today, this article concludes with a brief reflection on some of the main challenges before Christian scholars who work in the field of ecclesiastical law.1

Type
Articles
Information
Ecclesiastical Law Journal , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , September 2012 , pp. 327 - 354
Copyright
Copyright © Ecclesiastical Law Society 2012

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References

1 This article is an expansion of my lecture at the Silver Jubilee Conference of the Ecclesiastical Law Society held at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, on 3 March 2012. I am grateful to Professor Mark Hill QC and the Reverend Dr Will Adam for their editorial direction, and to fellow lecturers Professors Silvio Ferrari and Julian Rivers for their exquisite lectures and the learned conversation among the three of us. The material for this article is drawn in part from the following volumes, each of which provide more detailed footnotes: Witte, J and Alexander, F (eds), Christianity and Law: an introduction (Cambridge, 2008)Google Scholar; Witte, J and Alexander, F (eds), Modern Christian Teachings on Law, Politics, and Human Nature (2 vols, New York, 2006)Google Scholar; Witte, J and Nichols, J, Religion and the American Constitutional Experiment (third edition, Boulder, CO, 2010)Google Scholar; Witte, J, God's Joust, God's Justice: law and religion in the Western tradition (Grand Rapids, MI, 2006)Google Scholar.

2 See especially the early anchor text in this field by Berman, H, The Interaction of Law and Religion (Nashville, TN, 1974)Google Scholar, updated in Berman, H, Faith and Order: the reconciliation of law and religion (Grand Rapids, MI, 1993)Google Scholar; Berman, Het al, The Nature and Functions of Law (fifth edition, Westbury, NY, 2006)Google Scholar; Berman, H, Law and Language: effective symbols of community (Cambridge, 2013, forthcoming)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See further Hunter, H (ed), The Integrative Jurisprudence of Harold J. Berman (Boulder, CO, 1996)Google Scholar.

3 The following American law schools have structured law and religion programmes with joint degrees, cross-listed courses, research projects, public lectures and conferences and/or print, digital and social media offerings: Brigham Young, Campbell, Catholic, DePaul, Detroit, Duke, Emory, Faulkner, Fordham, George Washington, Hofstra, Notre Dame, Pepperdine, Regent, Rutgers, Seton Hall, St John's, St Mary's, St Thomas, Touro, Valparaiso, Vanderbilt, Villanova, Wake Forest.

4 See, eg, DeCoste, F and MacPhearson, L, Law, Religion, Theology: a selective annotated bibliography (West Cornwall, CT, 1997)Google Scholar; ‘Reviews on new books in law and religion’, (2001) 16 Journal of Law and Religion 249–1035Google Scholar and (2002) 17 Journal of Law and Religion 97–459; as well as ongoing scholarship reflected and reviewed in such specialised journals as the Ecclesiastical Law Journal, Studia Canonica, the Bulletin of the Medieval Canon Law Society, Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung (Kanonisches Abteilung), Ius Commune, the Journal of Law and Religion, the Journal of Church and State, the Oxford Journal of Law and Religion, Rutgers Journal of Law and Religion and others.

5 For parallel secularisation movements in Europe, see, in this issue, Ferrari, S, ‘Law and religion in a secular world: a European perspective’, (2012) 14 Ecc LJ 355–370Google Scholar, and Rivers, J, The Law of Organized Religions: between establishment and secularism (Oxford, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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32 Letter from Thomas Jefferson to P H Wendover, 13 March 1815, quoted and discussed in Hamburger, Separation of Church and State, pp 152–154.

33 For different accounts, see Dreisbach, Thomas Jefferson; Hamburger, Separation of Church and State; Green, S, The Second Disestablishment: Church and state in nineteenth-century America (New York, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 The Court first used this metaphor in Reynolds v United States, 98 US 146, 164 (1879).

35 Everson v Board of Education, 330 US 1, 15–16 (1947).

36 The main cases are Cantwell v Connecticut, 310 US 296 (1940); Cox v New Hampshire, 312 US 569 (1941); Murdock v Pennsylvania, 319 US 141 (1943); Follet v McCormick, 321 US 574 (1944); Fowler v Rhode Island, 345 US 67 (1953); Poulos v New Hampshire, 345 US 395 (1953); Sherbert v Verner, 374 US 398 (1963).

37 The main case is West Virginia State Board of Education v Barnette, 319 US 624 (1943).

38 The main cases are In re Summers, 325 US 561 (1945); Girouard v United States, 328 US 61 (1946); First Unitarian Church v County of Los Angeles, 357 US 545 (1958).

39 The main case is Kedroff v St Nicholas Cathedral, 344 US 94 (1952).

40 The main cases are McCollum v Board of Education, 333 US 203 (1948); Engel v Vitale, 320 US 471 (1962); Abington School District v Schempp, 374 US 203 (1963); Stone v Graham, 449 US 39 (1980); Wallace v Jaffree, 472 US 38 (1985); Edwards v Aguillard, 482 US 578 (1987).

41 The main cases are Lemon v Kurtzman, 403 US 602 (1971); Sloan v Lemon, 413 US 825 (1973); Meek v Pittinger, 421 US 349 (1975); Wolman v Walter, 433 US 229 (1977); Grand Rapids School District v Ball, 473 US 373 (1985); Aguilar v Felton, 473 US 402 (1985). See below, n 43 for cases overturning several of these precedents.

42 Lemon, 403 US at 602.

43 Mitchell v Helms, 530 US 793, 808 (2001), overturning Meek v Pittenger, 421 US 329 (1975) and Wolman v Walter, 433 US 229 (1977); Agostini v Felton, 521 US 203, 235 (1997), overturning Aguilar v Felton, 473 US 402 (1985).

44 McDaniel v Paty, 435 US 618 (1978).

45 Bowen v Kendrick, 487 US 589 (1988).

46 Widmar v Vincent, 454 US 263 (1981); Board of Education of the Westside Community Schools v Mergens, 496 US 226 (1990).

47 Witters v Washington Department of Services for the Blind, 474 US 481 (1986); Zobrest v Catalina Foothills School District, 509 US 1 (1993).

48 Lamb's Chapel v Center Moriches Union Free School District, 508 US 384 (1993); Good News Club v Milford Central School District, 533 US 98 (2001).

49 Capitol Square Review and Advisory Board, 515 US 753 (1995).

50 Rosenberger v University of Virginia, 515 US 819 (1995).

51 Mitchell v Helms, 530 US 793 (2000); Zelman v Simmons-Harris, 122 S Ct 2460 (2002).

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54 See, eg, Greenawalt, K, Religion and Fairness (2 vols, Princeton, NJ, 2006–2008)Google Scholar; McConnell, M, Garvey, J and Berg, T, Religion and the Constitution (second edition, New York, 2006)Google Scholar; Laycock, D, Religious Liberty (4 vols, Grand Rapids, MI, 2010)Google Scholar; Bassett, W, Religious Organizations and the Law (2 vols with updates, St Paul, MN, 1999)Google Scholar; Serritella, J, Religious Organizations in the United States: a study of identity, liberty, and the law (Durham, NC, 2006)Google Scholar.

55 See a good summary and sampling of the recent literature and instruments in C Durham and Scharffs, B, Law and Religion: international, national, and comparative perspectives (New York, 2010)Google Scholar; van der Ven, J, Human Rights or Religious Rules? (Leiden, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lerner, N, Religion, Secular Beliefs and Human Rights: 25 years after the Human Rights Declaration (Leiden, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stahnke, T and Martin, J (eds), Religion and Human Rights: basic documents (New York, 1998)Google Scholar; Lindholm, T, Durham, C and Tahzib-Lie, B, Facilitating Freedom of Religion or Belief: a deskbook (Leiden, 2004)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Taylor, P, Freedom of Religion: UN and European Human Rights law and practice (Cambridge, 2005)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

56 For a recent summary of this literature, with ample bibliography, see Witte, J and Green, M (eds), Religion and Human Rights: an introduction (Oxford, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 See literature analysed in Glendon, M, ‘Is religious freedom becoming a second class right?’, (2012) Emory Law Journal (forthcoming)Google Scholar.

58 See literature distilled in Witte, J, From Sacrament to Contract: marriage, religion and law in the Western tradition (second edition, Louisville, KY, 2011)Google Scholar.

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61 See sources and analysis in J Witte, Why Two in One Flesh: the Western case for monogamy over polygamy (Oxford, forthcoming). See also a recent case in the British Columbia Supreme Court, which sets out the main arguments in detail: Re Section 293 of the Criminal Code of Canada 2011 BCSC 1588.

62 See, eg, Nichols, J (ed), Marriage and Divorce in a Multicultural Context: multi-tiered marriage and the boundaries of civil law and religion (Cambridge, 2012)Google Scholar; ‘Symposium: sharia, family and democracy: religious norms and family law in pluralistic democratic states’, (2012) 25 Emory International Law Review 779–1059Google Scholar (special issue); Ahdar, R and Aroney, N (eds), Sharia in the West (Oxford, 2010)Google Scholar.

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67 See Witte and Alexander (eds), Christianity and Law; Witte, J and Alexander, F S, Christianity and Human Rights: an introduction (Cambridge, 2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lubin, T, Davis, D and Krishnan, J (eds), Hinduism and Law: an introduction (Cambridge, 2010)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hayes, C (ed), Judaism and Law: an introduction (Cambridge, forthcoming)Google Scholar; French, R et al (eds), Buddhism and Law: an introduction (Cambridge, forthcoming)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also, eg, McConnell, M, Cochran, R and Carmella, A (eds), Christian Perspectives on Legal Thought (New Haven, CT, 2001)Google Scholar; Browning, D, Green, M and Witte, J (eds), Sex, Marriage and Family in World Religions (New York, 2006)Google Scholar; Browning, D and Bunge, M (eds), Children and Childhood in World Religions (New Brunswick, NJ, 2009)Google Scholar.

68 For a good sampling, see Ravitch, F, Law and Religion, A Reader: cases, concepts, and theory (second edition, St Paul, MN, 2008)Google Scholar.

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76 See especially the work of my colleague, Perry, M: Under God? Religious faith and liberal democracy (Cambridge, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; The Political Morality of Liberal Democracy (Cambridge, 2010)Google Scholar; Toward a Theory of Human Rights: religion, law, courts (Cambridge, 2007)Google Scholar.

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