The present paper embodies the results of an investigation into the glacial phenomena of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, west of Annandale and Upper Clydesdale.

The literature dealing with the glaciation of this extensive region is very meagre. Apart from the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Scotland, only a few and scattered papers and occasional references bear upon the subject. These will be noted in the course of the paper as occasion arises.

During the last eighty years the Mycetozoa have attracted the attention of numerous investigators, largely on account of the striking differences in structure which are exhibited at successive stages in the life-history. The fact that during the early stages of their development they consist of naked masses of protoplasm and closely resemble certain lowly animal forms, while later on in the sporangial condition they assume plant-like characters, has given rise to numerous discussions as to their position in the classification of living organisms.

In the summer of 1925 I paid a visit to Møen, a Danish island situated about 50 miles south of Copenhagen, for the purpose of studying the cliff sections.

The particular object of the investigation was to ascertain how far the structure of the disturbed deposits of Møens Klint corresponded with that of the disturbed deposits of the Hadleigh Road Area, Ipswich (17, 20, 23), where the structure is strikingly analogous to that seen in Arctic glaciers; and, further, to ascertain whether the laws of structure formulated from the combined study of Arctic glaciers and disturbed glacial deposits were applicable to the Danish sections (21).

During a preliminary traverse of the area I was accompanied by Mr V. Hintze, Inspector of the Geological and Mineralogical Museum, Copenhagen, and Mrs E. Mertz of the Danish Geological Survey, thanks to the courtesy of the Director, Dr V. Madsen.

In the course of researches into the glaciation of the western part of the Southern Uplands of Scotland the writer accidentally stumbled upon a series of large and continuous moraines bordering the Central Valley. Some of these had been observed and described by earlier workers, others—probably constituting the larger part—had either escaped detection or had been differently interpreted.

The solution of the problem presented by these moraines not only required their careful mapping from coast to coast, but also inevitably led to an attempt to decipher the history of the retreat of the ice out of the Central Valley.

In the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Vol. LIV, Part III, No. 11, 1926, the author published an account of the anatomy of the head of an African Elephant fœtus, 21 cms. in length. The present paper deals with the voluntary muscles (except those already described) of the same fœtus. The author intends to prepare later an account of the skeleton and internal organs, so that a complete description of the anatomy of this rare specimen will be available.

The section which treats of the head will henceforward be referred to as Part I; the present paper, therefore, becomes Part II.

The body muscles were investigated under the Zeiss Binocular Dissecting Microscope, and the work was facilitated by rapid staining with a weak solution of saffranin. Owing to long preservation, the muscles, nerves, and blood-vessels of the specimen were quite colourless. The saffranin gave a certain amount of differentiation which lasted for several hours, and the advantage of the method is that the colour disappears entirely when the specimen is put back into the store jar between one working period and the next.

Lønstrup is a small fishing village and summer resort, situated on the west coast of North Jutland, a few miles west of Hjørring in the district known as Vendsyssel. The country generally is low and treeless, but is noted for its comprehensive schemes of land reclamation, and the scientific development of its agriculture.

In the neighbourhood of Lønstrup the monotony of the country is relieved by two low hills, the one, a little inland, is known as Vennebjerg, the other, known as Rubjerg Knude, lies some 2 miles to the south-west and is dissected by the coast-line, the apex of the hill being marked by a lighthouse. These two adjacent hills formed islands in the Yoldia Sea.

The coast-line has a uniform north-east, south-west trend, and cliffs occur from Lønstrup to Lokken in the south-west, a distance of between 7 or 8 miles, the cliff-scenery being generally similar to that of the Norfolk coast near Cromer.

Middle and Lower Deeside lie within the belt of injection and high-temperature metamorphism made famous by the pioneer researches of Mr George Barrow. In this paper are recorded the results obtained from a study of Cromar, an area small enough to admit of detailed petrographical treatment and yet large enough to exhibit a considerable variety of igneous and metamorphic phenomena. Of the three great phases of igneous activity there displayed, one is older than the epoch of maximum crustal movements, the second is closely connected with these, and the third is later; the rocks of each period have their own quite definite chemical, petrographical, and geological characteristics. Whilst here most attention will be directed towards the second group, that associated with the movements, an account of the other two groups will be given adequate for a discussion of the full igneous history of the area.

Kainozoic eruptives, preponderantly of basaltic composition, occupy parts of Scotland, Ireland, Greenland, Spitsbergen, and King Charles Land, the major part of Franz Josef Land, and the entirety of Iceland, the Faeroes, and Jan Mayen. These regions have been grouped together as the Thulean or Brito-Arctic Petrographic Province (fig. l); they represent the relics of an extensive basaltic plateau-land, the greater part of which foundered beneath the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans in late Kainozoic times. By virtue of its size, central position, diversity, and accessibility, Iceland is perhaps the most instructive region in the whole province. The interest in that country is heightened, furthermore, by the fact that whereas in all the other regions mentioned, with the exception of Jan Mayen, vulcanicity expired before the advent of the Pleistocene and did not recur, Iceland became the theatre of a vigorous resumption of igneous activity which took place in Early-glacial times, and has continued uninterruptedly to the present day.

The investigation of which the results are embodied in this paper was undertaken in an attempt to gain an insight into the problem of the propagation of Clematis by means of stem cuttings.

In order to be able to interpret the phenomena of regeneration induced by isolating portions of a plant, it is essential to investigate the normal anatomy in some detail. In any severed portion of a plant, the first signs of abnormal cell activity in the tissues depart only slightly from the normal, and unless they can be detected and identified at their initiation, it is impossible to define exactly the time and place of origin of the new growth.

Accordingly the first part of the paper will deal with the normal stem-anatomy of the genus. The second part, with the changes in the anatomy resulting from vegetative propagation, and the third part with some experimental modifications of the regeneration-response.

The object of this research was to compare the feeding mechanism of Nebalia with that of Hemimysis described by Miss Manton and myself (1927). The observations of the living animals were made partly at Naples while I was occupying the Cambridge University table, and partly at Plymouth where I had the use of the London University table.

The methods used in determining the feeding currents were the same as those used for Hemimysis (Cannon and Manton, 1927). To obtain a ventral view of the trunk limbs, I simply held the living animal upside down, gripping the abdomen with a pair of forceps, and in this position it would feed for a long time. I found it possible even to remove the entire carapace without killing the animal or upsetting the normal movements of the limbs.

It is well known that in many orders of typically winged insects species occur which in the adult stage are apterous or have the wings so reduced in size that flight is impossible. Sometimes the reduction of wings affects one sex only, as in the case of the females of certain moths, but in the majority of cases it is exhibited by both sexes. In many instances wing dimorphism occurs irrespective of sex, one form of the species having fully developed wings and the other greatly reduced wings. In some species the wings are polymorphic. The problem of the origin of reduced wings and of other functionless organs is one of great interest from the evolutionary point of view. Various theories have been advanced in explanation, but in the majority of cases the various aspects of the subject are too little known to warrant discussion. More experimental work is required to show how far environmental conditions on the one hand, and hereditary factors on the other, are responsible for this phenomenon. Those species which exhibit alary dimorphism afford material for the study of the inheritance of the two types of wings, but only in a few cases has this method of research been utilized.

Our knowledge of the earliest stages of blood-vascular development in the human embryo suffers from a dearth of suitable material. Early human specimens are not frequently available for examination; many are pathological; some, although of value for other purposes, are not sufficiently well preserved to furnish observations on angiogenesis; direct microscopic observation of the tissues while undergoing development cannot be carried out as is possible, say, in the chick embryo. Our knowledge of the process must be based on descriptions of separate specimens representing different stages. Individual specimens, therefore, are worthy of careful record.

The district shown on the plate at the end of this paper belongs to an elevated portion of the much-dissected tableland known as the Highlands of Scotland. It stretches from the eastward-draining Dee to the southward-draining Shee and Isla. The watersheds between these three rivers determine the county boundaries of Aberdeen in the north, and Perth and Forfar in the south-west and south-east. They often rise well above 3000 feet, and where they meet in Glas Maol (I of Plate) they attain to 3502 feet. In the valley bottoms, Braemar on the Dee and the Spittal of Glen Shee both stand a little above the 1000-foot level. A connecting road, with a famous hairpin bend known as the Devil's Elbow (J), passes the Aberdeenshire frontier half a mile east of the Cairnwell at a height of 2199 feet. Its course furnishes an ideal geological traverse of the district considered as a whole.

In view of the frequent appearance, even in technical literature, of the old-fashioned idea that the lung of the tetrapod has evolved out of the air-bladder of fish, further work on the morphology of the air-bladder seems desirable. The theory of an air-bladder origin of the lung was brought forward by Boas, who based his view on purely theoretical arguments, which have, however, not found support in the facts brought to light by the advance of our knowledge of the embryology of the more archaic vertebrates.

Since Graf V. Spee's admirable work Die Implantation des Meerschweincheneies in die Uteruswand, published in 1901, little has been done to add to our knowledge of the implantation of the embryo of Cavia. His deductions seemed conclusive and passed almost unchallenged into the general literature as an essential part of our knowledge of mammalian embryology.

Gigha is a little-visited island off the western coast of Kintyre and between the latter and the island of Islay. It lies about 5¼ miles south-west of West Loch Tarbert, and a little over 1½ miles from the nearest point of Kintyre where the mainland runs out for 1½ miles in the low, sandy, raised beach of Runahaorine (figs. 1 and 10).

The island is 6 miles in length from north-east to south-west, and has a greatest breadth of 2 miles. All round it are innumerable smaller isles, all elongated in the same direction as Gigha. Of these the most important are Cara, 1 mile from north-east to south-west by ½ mile in breadth, and Gigalum, ½ mile by ⅕ mile, and Craro, which is smaller still (figs. 2 and 10). The island forming Ardminish Point, on the eastern coast of Gigha, and Eilean Garbh, at the north-eastern end, will be dealt with here as if they were part of the main island, since at low tide they are connected with it by sandy isthmuses.

A glance at a geological map of Middle Deeside shows that below Cambus O'May the valley is floored by a belt of metamorphic rocks flanked on both north and south by high hills of Younger Granite, of a date later than the regional metamorphism. The area of metamorphic rocks here considered extends from Cambus O'May down river to Banchory, but in the eastern half of this region the geological problems concern injection rather than tectonics. The cordon of Younger Granites enclosing the Deeside Schists is breached on the west near Cambus O'May by a mile-wide gap through which the metamorphic rocks escape to connect with those of the east side of Glen Muick. In this latter district the schists of as far south as the Aberdeenshire-Forfarshire watershed are considered in detail. Adjacent regions farther south and south-east are dealt with only in so far as they concern the correlation of the Deeside Schists.

The development of the hypophysis cerebri throughout the Vertebrates has attracted the attention of many workers, and our knowledge of its development and adult structure is comprehensive in many forms of the Reptilia, Amphibia, Fishes, in certain Marsupials, and in several of the best-known Mammals.

Its development in man has recently been investigated by Rudel (1) and by Hochstetter (12), but the small number of specimens as yet examined and described by these and other writers makes it desirable that further work should be done on this subject.

Various selective agents exert their influence on the processes governing the survival of new forms within an established plant group. As the balance of these agents changes so also will the genetic composition of the plant group change. Environmental conditions undoubtedly permit and direct evolution, but apparently the action of the environment is mainly selective in nature, and, although not directly concerned in the production of new growthforms, it aids the survival of suitable forms by establishing a certain amount of genotype isolation. Amongst the various selective agents whose action is confined to the direct selection of genotypes, or phenotypes and therefore indirectly of genotypes, there is the important question of pollination and fertilisation. As the very existence of individuals depends on compatible fertilisation, the investigation of the problem of pollination and fertilisation obtaining within a plant group is essential preparatory to any study of the survival of individuals within that plant group.

The collection of echinoids, which is the subject of this report, was made by Mr R. A. Farquharson, M.A., M.Sc., F.G.S., Government Geologist, during his survey of British Somaliland in the year 1923–24. The collection was presented by the Colonial Office to the Geological Department of the British Museum, and the Keeper, Dr F. A. Bather, F.R.S., has been good enough to allow me to examine and describe these interesting specimens. I have been fortunate in having beside me for comparison the echinoids from Somaliland in the Hunterian Museum, which were collected by Mr B. K. N. Wyllie, B.Sc., F.G.S., and Dr W. E. Smellie, and through them presented by the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. I take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to Professor Gregory for his interest in the collection and for much kind help.