Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-19T23:02:45.083Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Silurian myodocope ostracode Entomozoe from the Pentland Hills, Scotland: its taxonomic, ecological and phylogenetic significance and the affinity of the bolbozoid myodocopes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

David J. Siveter  and
Jean M. C. Vannier
David J. Siveter
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, The University, Leicester LEI 7RH, U.K.
Jean M. C. Vannier
Affiliation:
Institute de Geologie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The monotypic ostracode Entomozoe (pro Entomis) (Superorder Myodocopa) from the Silurian of Scotland, type genus of the Entomozoidae, is revised for the first time since being established in 1861. Based on the type and new collections of Entomozoe tuberosa (Jones, 1861), the genus shows affinity to bolbozoid myodocopes rather than to forms hitherto universally considered as ‘typical’ entomozoid myodocopes. The families Entomozoidae and Bolbozoidae are considered synonymous. In the interests of stability of nomenclature, in particular to preserve the traditionally understood usage of the taxon Entomozoidae, a case must be made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to set aside any previous designations and to establish a new type-species for Entomozoe.

Entomozoe, from the Llandovery Series, is the earliest known myodocope in the fossil record. It occurs as part of a low diversity, shallow water, nearshore assemblage. In contrast to other, but younger, Silurian bolbozoid myodocopes, it is probably a benthic form. The differences in the anterior shell morphology of Silurian bolbozoid taxa possibly reflect changes both in soft-part morphology and from benthic to pelagic lifestyles within the group.

Both bolbozoid and ‘entomozoid’ myodocopes are assigned to the Order Myodocopida rather than to the Order Halocypridida, though the taxonomic affinity of the ‘entomozoids’ is, at best, uncertain.

Keywords

bolbozoidecologymyodocopidphylogenytaxonomy
Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 81 , Issue 1 , 1990 , pp. 45 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Angel, M. V. 1983a. A review of the progress of research on halocyprid and other oceanic planktonic ostracodes 1972-82. In Maddocks, R. F. (ed.) Applications of Ostracoda. UNIV HOUSTON GEOSCI 1983, 529–548.Google Scholar
Angel, M. V. 1983b. A vertical profile of planktonic ostracodes from depths of 1500–3900 m at a northeast Atlantic station. In Maddocks, R. F. (ed.) Applications of Ostracoda. UNIV HOUSTON GEOSCI 1983, 549–559.Google Scholar
Barrande, J. 1872. Systeme Silurien du centre de la Boheme. 1, supp., Prague, Paris.Google Scholar
Bassler, R. S. & Kellett, B. 1934. Bibliographic index of Paleozoic Ostracoda, SPEC PAP GEOL SOC AM 1.Google Scholar
Bate, R. H. & Coleman, B. E. 1975. Upper Lias Ostracoda from Rutland & Huntingdonshire. BULL GEOL SURV GB 55, 1–42.Google Scholar
Bate, R. H. & Sheppard, L. M. 1982. The shell structure of Halocypris inflata (Dana, 1849). In Bate, R. H., Robinson, E. & Sheppard, L. M. (eds) Fossil and Recent Ostracodes (British Micropalaeontological Society Series), 25–50. Chichester: Ellis Harwood.Google Scholar
Becker, G. 1976. Oberkarbonische Entomozoidae (Ostracoda) im Kantabrischen Gebirge (N-Spanien). SENCKENBERGIANA LETHAEA 57, 201–223.Google Scholar
Becker, G. 1982. Ostracoda aus Cephalopoden-Führendem Oberdevon im Kantabrischen Gebirge (N-Spanien). 2. Bairdiacea, Cytheracea und Entomozoacea. PALAEONTOGRAPHICA A178, 109–182.Google Scholar
Becker, G. & Bless, M. J. M. 1987. Cypridinellidae (Ostracoda) aus dem Oberdevons Hessens. GEOL JB HESSEN 115, 29–56.Google Scholar
Becker, G., Bless, M. J. M. & Kullman, J. 1975. Oberkarbonische Entomozoen-Schiefer im Kantabrischen Gebirge (Nordspanien). NEUESJAHRB GEOL PALÄONTOL ABH 50,92–110.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M. 1971. On a new genus and species of Cypridinacea (Ostracoda) from the upper Carboniferous of the Netherlands. MED RIJKS GEOL DIENST NS 22, 21–23.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M. 1973. Radiicypridina, A new cypridinidid ostracode genus from the Upper Carboniferous. REV ESP MICROPALEONTOL 5, 247–252.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M., Crasquin, S., Groos-Uffenorde, H. & Lethiers, F. 1986. Late Devonian to Dinantian ostracodes (comments on taxonomy, stratigraphy and paleoecology). ANN SOC GEOL BELGIQUE 109, 1–8.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M. & Groos-Uffenorde, H. 1984. Ostracodes at the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. COUR FORSCH INST SENCKENBERG 67, 23–28.Google Scholar
Bless, M. J. M. & Sanchez, de Posada. L. C. 1973. Sobre la aparicion de ostracodos nectonicos en la cordillera cantabrica. BREVIORA GEOL ASTURICA 2, 25–30.Google Scholar
Bouček, B. 1936. Die ostracoden des böhmischen Ludlows (Stufe eß). NEUES JAHRB MINER GEOL PALÄONTOL BEIL BD ABT B 76, 31–98.Google Scholar
Brower, J. C. 1975. Silurian crinoids from the Pentland Hills, Scotland. PALAEONTOLOGY 18, 631–656.Google Scholar
Bull, E. E. 1987. Upper Llandovery dendroid graptolites from the Pentland Hills, Scotland. PALAEONTOLOGY 30, 117–140.Google Scholar
Canavari, M. 1899. Ostracodi siluriani di Sardegna. ATTI SOC TOSC SCI NAT. PROC VERB 11, 150–153.Google Scholar
Canavari, M. 1900. Fauna dei calcari nerastri con Cardiola ed Orthoceras di Xea Sant Antonio in Sardegna. PALAEONTOGR ITAL (for 1899) 5, 187–210.Google Scholar
Clarkson, E. N. K. 1981. A Field Guide to the North Esk Inlier. Ludlow Research group meeting, Edinburgh, Sept. 1981.Google Scholar
Clarkson, E. N. K., Eldredge, N. & Henry, J. L. 1977. Some Phacopina (Trilobita) from the Silurian of Scotland. PALAEONTOLOGY 20, 119–142.Google Scholar
Clarkson, E. N. K. & Howells, Y. 1981. Upper Llandovery trilobites from the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. PALAEONTOLOGY 24, 507–536.Google Scholar
Clarkson, E. N. K. & Taylor, C. M. 1989. A Field Guide to the Silurian rocks of the North Esk Inlier, pp. 1–12. Edinburgh: Grant Institute of Geology.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. 1982. Ostracoda. In Synopsis and classification of Living Organisms, pp. 181–202. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company Inc.Google Scholar
Cohen, A. C. & Morin, J. G. 1986. Three new luminescent ostracodes of the genus Vargula (Myodocopida, Cypridininae) from the San Blas Region of Panama. CONTRIB SCI 373, 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, T. 1874. The Silurian Brachiopoda of the Pentland Hills and Lesmahagow in Lanarkshire. TRANS GEOL SOC GLASGOW. PAL SER 1, 1–24.Google Scholar
Dewey, C. P. & Fåhraeus, L. E. 1987. Taxonomy of Ostracoda (Crustacea) from Mississippian Strata of Maritime Canada. GEOL PALAEONTOL 21, 93–135.Google Scholar
Dzik, J. 1978. A myodocopid ostracode with preserved appendages from the upper Jurassic of the Volga River region (USSR). NEUES JAHRB GEOL PALÄONTOL MONATSH 7, 393–399.Google Scholar
Gooday, A. J. 1978. The Devonian. In Bate, R. H. & Robinson, E. (eds) A Stratigraphical Index of British Ostracoda. GEOL J SPEC ISSUE 8, 101–120.Google Scholar
Gooday, A. J. 1983. Entomozoacean ostracodes from the lower Carboniferous of south-western England. PALAEONTOLOGY 26, 755–788.Google Scholar
Gortani, M. 1915. Contribuzioni allo studio del Paleozoico Carnico. 5. Fossili eodevonici della base del capolago (Seekopfssockel). PALAEONTOGR ITAL 21, 163–187.Google Scholar
Groos-Uffenorde, H. 1984. Review of the stratigraphy with entomozoid ostracodes. CR IX INT CARB CONF (URBANA 1979) II (BIOSTRATIGRAPHY), 212–223.Google Scholar
Groos-Uffenorde, H. & Uffenorde, H. 1974. Zur Mikrofauna im höchsten Oberdevon und tiefsten Unterkarbon im nördlichen Sauerland. (Conodonta, Ostracoda, Rheinisches Schiefergebirge) NOTIZBL HESS LANDESAMT BODENFORSCH WIESBADEN 102, 58–87.Google Scholar
Gründel, J. 1962. Zur Phylogenetik und Taxonomie der Entomozoidae (Ostracoda) unter Ausschluss der Bouciinae. GEOLOGIE 11, 1184–1203.Google Scholar
Hasan, M. 1983a. On Polycope foraminosa Hasan sp. nov. STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SHELLS 10, 63–66.Google Scholar
Hasan, M. 1983b. On Polycope choane Hasan sp. nov. STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SHELLS 10, 67–70.Google Scholar
Hasan, M. 1983c. On Polycope regina Hasan sp. nov. STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SEHLLS 10, 71–74.Google Scholar
Haswell, G. C. 1865. On the Silurian formation in the Pentland Hills. Edinburgh: W. P. Nimmo.Google Scholar
Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1856. Sammlung neuer, oder wenig bekannter Aussereuropäischer Schmetterlinge 1, 1–52.Google Scholar
Howell, H. H. & Geikie, A. 1861. The geology of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. MEM GEOL SURV UK 32.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1861. Entomis. In Howell, H. H. & Geikie, A.The geology of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. MEM GEOL SURV UK 32.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1869. On the Palaeozoic bivalved Entomostraca [Paper read before Geologists' Association, 7 May 1869]. Hertford.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1871. In: REP BRIT ASSOC. Edinburgh 1871. Trans Set., p. 93.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1873. Notes on the Palaeozoic bivalved Entomostraca, no. X. Entomis and Entomidella. ANN MAG NAT HIST (4) 11, 413–417.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1874a. Notes on some Silurian Entomostraca from Peebleshire. TRANS EDINBURGH GEOL SOC 2, 321–2.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1874b. Notes on some Silurian Entomostraca from Peebleshire. GEOL MAG (2) 1, 511–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1879a. Order Ostracoda. In Nicholson, H. A. & Etheridge, R.A monograph of the Silurian fossils of Girvan in Ayrshire with special reference to those contained in the ‘Grey collection’, 1, (2), i-vi, 136–236. Edinburgh & London: Blackwood.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1879b. Notes on the Palaeozoic bivalved Entomostraca, no. XIII. Entomis serratostriata and others of the so called “Cypridinen” of the Devonian Schists of Germany. ANN MAG NAT HIST (5) 4, 182–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1881. Notes on some Palaeozoic bivalved Entomostraca. GEOL MAG (2) 8, 337–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1884. Notes on the Palaeozoic bivalved Entomostraca, no. XVIII. Some species of the Entomididae. ANN MAG NAT HIST (5) 14, 391–403.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1887. Notes on some Silurian Ostracoda from Gothland (Table of stratigraphical distribution by G. Lindström). Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1893. On some Palaeozoic Ostracoda from Girvan, Scotland. Q J GEOL SOC LONDON 49, 288–95.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. 1898. On the fossil Cypridinidae and some allied Ostracoda. ANN MAG NAT HIST (7) 1, 334–344.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T. R., Kirkby, J. W. & Brady, G. S. 1884. A monograph of the British Fossil Bivalved Entomostraca from the Carboniferous Formations Pt. 1 (No. 2). The Cypridinadae and their allies. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR 38, no. 181, 57–92.Google Scholar
Jones, T. R. & Holl, H. B. 1886. Notes on the Palaeozoic bivalved Entomostraca, no. XX. On the genus Beyrichia and some new species. ANN MAG NAT HIST (5) 17, 337–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T. R. & Kirkby, J. W. 1863. Entomis of the Cypridinen-Schiefer. GEOLOGIST 6, 460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, T. R. & Kirkby, J. W. 1884. The Cypridinidae and their allies. In Jones, T. R., Kirkby, J. W. & Brady, G. S.A monograph of the British fossil bivalved Entomostraca from the Carboniferous formations. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR 38, Part 1.Google Scholar
Kegel, W. 1934. Zur Kenntnis paläozoischer Ostracoden. 4. Über die Gattung Entomis und ihre mittel devonischen arten. JAHRB PREUSS GEOL L-ANST 54, 409–420.Google Scholar
Kesling, R. V. & Ploch, R. A. 1960. New Upper Devonian cypridinacean ostracod from Southern Indiana. CONTRIB MUS PALEONTOL UNIV MICHIGAN 15, 281–292.Google Scholar
Kier, P. M. 1973. A new Silurian echinoid genus from Scotland. PALAEONTOLOGY 16, 651–663.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1969. Morphology, ontogeny and intraspecific variation of Spinacopia, a new genus of myodocopid ostracod (Sarsiellidae). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 8, 1–50.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1970. Ostracoda (Myodocopina) from the Peru-Chile Trench and the Antarctic Ocean. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 32, 1–42.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1975a. Antarctic Ostracoda (Myodocopina). Part 1: Cypridinidae and Philomedidae. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 163, 1–374.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1975b. Antarctic Ostracoda (Myodocopina). Part 2: Cylindroleberididae, Sarsiellidae and Rutidermatidae. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 163, 375–720.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1977. West African myodocopid Ostracoda (Cypridinidae, Philomedidae). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 241, 1–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1978. Harbansus, a new genus of marine Ostracoda and a revision of the Philomedidae (Myodocopina). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 260, 1–75.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1981a. Revision, distribution, ecology and ontogeny of the ostracode subfamily Cyclasteropinae (Myodocopina, Cylindroleberididae). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 319, 1–548.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1981b. Angulorostrum, A new genus of myodocopid Ostracoda (Philomedidae: Pseudophilomedinae). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 340, 1–120.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1982. A restudy of the amphiatlantic ostracode Philomedes brenda (Baird, 1850) (Myodocopina). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 358, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1984. Philomedidae of the continental shelf of eastern North America and the northern Gulf of Mexico (Ostracoda: Myodocopina). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 393, 1–78.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1985. Sexual dimorphism, ontogeny and functional morphology of Rutiderma hartmanni Poulsen, 1965 (Crustacea: Ostracoda). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 408, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1986a. Sarsiellidae of the Western Atlantic and northern Gulf of Mexico and a revision of the Sarsiellinae (Ostracoda: Myodocopina). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 415, 1–217.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. 1986b. Cylindroleberididae of the western North Atlantic and northern Gulf of Mexico and zoogeography of the Myodocopina (Ostracoda). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 425, 1–139.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. & Caraion, F. E. 1978. West African Myodocopid Ostracoda (Sarsiellidae, Rutidermatidae). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 250, 1–109.Google Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. & Iliffe, T. M. 1985. Deeveyinae, a new subfamily of Ostracoda (Halocyprididae) from a marine cave on the Turks and Caicos Islands. PROC BIOL SOC WASHINGTON 98, 479–493.Google Scholar
Kronicker, L. S. & Sohn, I. G. 1976. Phylogeny, ontogeny and morphology of living and fossil Thaumatocypridacea (Myodocopa: Ostracoda). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOO 219, 1–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kornicker, L. S. & Van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M. 1976. Metapolycope. A new genus of bathyal Ostracoda from the Atlantic (Suborder Cladocopina). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIB ZOOL 225, 1–29.Google Scholar
Kozur, H. 1972. Einige Bemerkungen zur Systematik der Ostracoden und Beschreibung neuer Platycopida aus der Trias Ungarns und der Slowakei. GEOL PALÄONTOL MITT INNSBURCK 2, 1–27.Google Scholar
Kummerow, E. H. 1939. Die Ostracoden und Phyllopoden des deutschen Unterkarbons. ABH PREUSS GEOL LANDESANST NF 194, 1–107.Google Scholar
Lamont, A. 1954. New lamellibranchs from the Gutterford Burn Flagstones. (Gala-Tarranon) of the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh. PROC R SOC EDINBURGH 65, 271–284.Google Scholar
Lamont, A. 1955. Scottish Silurian Chelicerata. TRANS EDINBURGH GEOL SOC 16, 200–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lamont, A. 1965. Gala Tarannon trilobites and an ostracod from the Hagshaw Hills, Lanarkshire. SCOTTISH J SCI 1, 33–46.Google Scholar
Lamont, A. 1978. Pentlandian miscellany: Mollusca, Trilobita etc. SCOTTISH J SCI 1 (part 5), 245–302.Google Scholar
Latreille, P. A. 1802. Historie naturelle… des Crustaces et des Insects. 3. Families naturelles des generes Paris.Google Scholar
Latreille, P. A. 1806. Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum, 1 Paris & Strasbourg.Google Scholar
Martinsson, A. 1962. Ostracodes of the family Beyrichiidae from the Silurian of Gotland. BULL GEOL INST UNIV UPPSALA 41.Google Scholar
Matern, H. 1929. Die Ostracoden des Oberdevons. I. Teil: Aparchitidae, Primitiidae, Zygobolbidae, Beyrichiidae, Kloedenellidae, Entomidae. ABH PREUSS GEOL LANDESANST NF 118, 5–99.Google Scholar
Miller, S. A. 1892. North American geology and palaeontology for the use of amateurs, students and scientists. Class Crustacea. First Appendix. 703–12. Cincinnati, Ohio.Google Scholar
Mills, A. A. 1988. Silver as a removable conductive coating for Scanning Electron Microscopy. SCANNING MICROSCOPY INT 2, 1265–1271.Google Scholar
Moore, R. C. (ed.) 1961. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda, 3. Crustacea. Ostracoda. Kansas: Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Morin, J. G. 1986. “Firefleas” of the Sea: luminescent signaling in marine ostracode crustaceans. FLORIDA ENTOMOL 69, 105–121.Google Scholar
Murchison, R. I. 1839. The Silurian System, founded on geological researches in the counties of Salop, Hereford, Radnor, Montgomery, Caermarthen, Brecon, Pembroke. Monmouth, Gloucester, Worcester and Stafford; with descriptions of the coalfields and overlying formations. London.Google Scholar
Mykura, W. 1986. Pentland Hills. In McAdam, A. D. & Clarkson, E. N. K. (eds) Lothian Geology. An Excursion Guide, 161–173. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mykura, W. & Smith, J. D. D. 1962. Ordovician and Silurian. In Mitchell, G. H. & Mykura, W.The Geology of the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. MEM GEOL SURV SCOTLAND, 10–22.Google Scholar
Neale, J. W. 1976. On Philomedes donzei Neale sp. nov. STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SHELLS 3, 9–12.Google Scholar
Neale, J. W. 1981. On Polycope frigida Neale sp. nov. STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SHELLS 8, 55–62.Google Scholar
Neale, J. W. 1983. Geological history of the Cladocopina. In Maddocks, R. F. (ed.) Applications of Ostracoda, 612–626. Univ Houston GEOSCI 1983.Google Scholar
Nitecki, M. 1971. Amphispongieae, a new Tribe of Palaeozoic dasycladaceous Algae. FIELDIANA GEOL 23, 11–22.Google Scholar
Pokorny, V. 1953. A contribution to the taxonomy of the Palaeozoic ostracods. SB USTRED USTAV GEOL 20, 213–232.Google Scholar
Pokorny, V. 1978. Ostracodes. In Haq, B. V. & Boersma, A. (eds) Introduction to Marine Micropalaeontology, 109–149. Amsterdam: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Přibyl, A. 1950. On the Bohemian Ostracoda of the families Entomozoidae and Entomoconchidae. BULL INT AC AD TCHEQUE SCI 1949, 1–18.Google Scholar
Rabien, A. 1954. Zur Taxonomie und Chronologie der oberdevonischen ostracoden. ABH HESS LANDESAMT BODENFORSCH 9, 1–268.Google Scholar
Rabien, A. 1956. Zur Stratigraphie und Fazies der Ober-Devons in der Waldecker Hauptmulde. ABH HESS LANDESAMT BODENFORSCH 16, 1–83.Google Scholar
Robertson, G. 1983. The Geology of the North Esk Inlier. In Autecology of Silurian Organisms, field guide for the Palaeontological Association meeting in Glasgow, Sept. 1983.Google Scholar
Robertson, G. 1985. Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Silurian Rocks of the Pentland Hills (Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Edinburgh).Google Scholar
Robertson, G. 1986. North Esk Inlier. In McAdam, A. D. & Clarkson, E. N. K. (eds) Lothian Geology. An Excursion Guide, 174–185. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Robertson, G. 1989. A palaeoenvironmental interpretation of the Silurian rocks in the Pentland Hills, near Edinburgh, Scotland. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH EARTH SCI 80. 127–141.Google Scholar
Sandberger, G. 1845. Die erste Epoche der Entwickelungsgeschichte der Erdkörpers. JAHRB NATURKD HERZOGTHUM NASSAL 2, 121, 123.Google Scholar
Sars, G. O. 1866. Oversigt af Norges marine Ostracodes. NORSKE VIDENSK AKAD FORHANDL 1865, 1–130.Google Scholar
Siveter, David J. 1973. On Craspedobolbina (Mitrobeyrichia) impendens (Haswell). STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SHELLS 1, 177–180.Google Scholar
Siveter, David J. 1978. The Silurian. In Bate, R. & Robinson, E. (eds) A stratigraphical index of British Ostracoda. GEOL J SPEC ISSUE 8, 57–60.Google Scholar
Siveter, David J. 1980. British Silurian Beyrichiacea (Ostracoda). PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR, Part 1, 1–76.Google Scholar
Siveter, David J. 1982. Casts illustrating fine ornament of a Silurian ostracod. In Bate, R. H., Robinson, E. & Sheppard, L. M. (eds) Fossil and Recent ostracods (British Micropalaeontological Society Series). 102–122. Chichester: Ellis Harwood.Google Scholar
Siveter, David J. 1984. Ecology of Silurian ostracodes. In Bassett, M. G. & Lawson, J. D. (eds) Autecology of Silurian organisms. SPEC PAP PALAEONTOL 32, 71–85.Google Scholar
Siveter, David J., Vannier, J. M. C. & Palmer, D. 1987. Silurian myodocopid ostracodes: their depositional environments and the origin of their shell microstructures. PALAEONTOLOGY 30, 783–813.Google Scholar
Siveter, David J., Palmer, D. & Vannier, J. M. C. 1988. Silurian myodocopids: pioneer pelagic ostracodes. ABSTR IX INT SYMP OSTRACODA, 54. Aberystwyth: University of Aberystwyth.Google Scholar
Siveter, Derek J. 1990. The macrophotography of fossils. In Briggs, D. E. G. & Crowther, P. (eds) Palaeobiology: a Synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific.Google Scholar
Sohn, I. G. 1977. Radiate shell structures in Palaeozoic myodocopid and palaeocopid ostracodes are epigenetic. J RES US GEOL SURV 5, 125–133.Google Scholar
Sylvester-Bradley, P. C. 1961. Myodocopida. In Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda. 3. Crustacea, Ostracoda. Geological Society America & University of Kansas Press.Google Scholar
Tipper, J. C. 1975. Lower Silurian communities—three case histories. LETHAIA 8, 287–299.Google Scholar
Tipper, J. C. 1976. Stratigraphy of the North Esk Inlier, Midlothian. SCOTT J GEOL 12, 15–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Morkhoven, F. P. C. M. 1962. Post-Palaeozoic Ostracoda, their morphology, taxonomie and economic use, 1, General. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Vannier, J. M. C. 1987. On Calocaria maurae gen. et sp. nov. STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SHELLS 14, 49–56.Google Scholar
Shang-qi, Wang 1986. Devonian Rhomboentomozoinae (Ostracoda) from Guangxi. ACTA PALAEONTOL SINICA 25, 155–167.Google Scholar
Waterston, C. D. 1979. Problems of functional morphology and classification in stylonuroid eurypterids (Chelicerata, Merostomata), with observations on the Scottish Silurian Stylonuroidea. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH 70, 251–322.Google Scholar
Weitschat, W. 1983a. On Triadocypris spitzbergensis Weitschat. STEREO-ATLAS OSTRACOD SHELLS 10, 127–138.Google Scholar
Weitschat, W. 1983b. Ostracoden (O. Myodocopida) mit Weichkörper-Erhultung aus der Unter-Trias von Spitzbergen. PALÄONTOL Z 57, 309–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whidborne, G. F. 1889. A monograph of the Devonian fauna of the south of England. 1. The fauna of the limestones of Lummaton. Wolborough, Chircombe Bridge and Chudleigh. PALAEONTOGR SOC MONOGR 42, 1–46.Google Scholar
Whittaker, J. H. McD. 1962. The geology of the area around Leintwardine, Herefordshire. Q J GEOL SOC LONDON 118, 319–51.Google Scholar