Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T20:07:50.024Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Late Ordovician–early Silurian destruction of the Iapetus Ocean: Newfoundland, British Isles and Scandinavia—a discussion

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 November 2011

Kevin T. Pickering ,
Michael G. Bassett  and
David J. Siveter
Kevin T. Pickering
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
Michael G. Bassett
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, National Museum of Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF1 3NP, Wales, U.K.
David J. Siveter
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The available data from Newfoundland, the British Isles and Scandinavia suggest that by late Ordovician–early Silurian times the ocean separating Laurentia from Eastern Avalonia and Baltica had partly closed with the consumption of intervening oceanic crust. Marine seaways, however, persisted until the middle or late Silurian. Phases of crustal transtension and transpression, predominantly under a major sinistral shear couple, occurred throughout the Silurian and early Devonian until the remnant Iapetus Ocean was completely destroyed. The most appropriate Recent plate tectonic models for Silurian sedimentation between Eastern Avalonia and Laurentia are probably the deep-marine foreland basins between Timor and the northern Australian margin, or between Taiwan and mainland China.

Keywords

Balticacrustal transpressiondeep-marine foreland basinEastern AvaloniaLaurentiasinistral sheartranstension
Type
Research Article
Information
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh , Volume 79 , Issue 4 , 1988 , pp. 361 - 382
Copyright
Copyright © Royal Society of Edinburgh 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, T. B. & Oliver, G. T. H. 1986. The Orlock Bridge Fault: a major Late Caledonian sinistral fault in the Southern Uplands terrane, British Isles. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH: EARTH SCI 77, 302–22.Google Scholar
Arnott, R. J. 1983a. Sedimentology, structure and stratigraphy of north-east New World Island, Newfoundland. Unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford University.Google Scholar
Arnott, R. J. 1983b. Sedimentology of Upper Ordovician-Silurian sequences on New World Island, Newfoundland: separate fault-controlled basins? CAN J EARTH SCI 20, 345–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnott, R. J., McKerrow, W. S. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1985. The tectonics and depositional history of the Ordovician and Silurian rocks of Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 22, 607–18.Google Scholar
Audley-Charles, M. G. 1986a. Rates of Neogene and Quaternary tectonic movements in the Southern Banda Arc based on micropalaeontology. J GEOL SOC LONDON 143, 161–75.Google Scholar
Audley-Charles, M. G. 1986b. Timor–Tanimbar Trough: the foreland basin of the evolving Banda orogen. In Allen, P. A. & Homewood, P. (eds) Foreland Basins, 91–102. SPEC PUBL INT ASSOC SEDIMENT 8, Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Barker, A. J. & Gayer, R. A. 1985. Caledonide–Appalachian Tectonic Analysis and Evolution of Related Oceans. In Gayer, R. A. (ed.) The Tectonic Evolution of the Caledonide–Appalachian Orogen, 126–65. Wiesbaden: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G. 1984. Lower Palaeozoic Wales—a review of studies in the past 25 years. PROC GEOL ASSOC 95, 291–311.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G. 1986. Silurian stratigraphy and facies development in Scandinavia. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 283–92. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Bassett, M. G., Cherns, L. & Karis, L. 1982. The Röde Formation: early Old Red Sandstone facies in the Silurian of Jamtland, Sweden. SVERIGES GEOL UNDERS SER C 793, 1–24.Google Scholar
Bell, K., Blenkinsop, J. & Strong, D. F. 1977. The geochronology of some granite bodies from eastern Newfoundland and its bearing on Appalachian evolution. CAN J EARTH SCI 14, 456–76.Google Scholar
Berry, W. B–N. & Boucot, A. J. 1973. Glacio-eustatic control on late Ordovician–Early Silurian platform sedimentation and faunal changes. BULL GEOL SOC AM 84, 275–84.Google Scholar
Bevins, R. E., Stillman, C. J. & Furnes, H. 1985. A Review of Caledonian Volcanicity in the British Isles and Scandinavia. In Gayer, R. A. (ed.) The Tectonic Evolution of the Caledonide-Appalachian Orogen, 80–96. Wiesbaden: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn.Google Scholar
Bjorlykke, A. & Olanssen, S. 1981. Silurian sediments, volcanos and mineral deposits in the Sagelwatn area, Troms, North Norway. NORGE GEOL UNDERS 365, 1–38.Google Scholar
Blackwood, R. F. 1985. Geology of the Facheux Bay Area (11P/9), Newfoundland. MIN DEV DIV, DEP MINES ENERGY, GOV NEWFOUNDLAND & LABRADOR, REP 85–4.Google Scholar
Blewett, R. S. & Pickering, K. T. 1988. Sinistral shear during Acadian deformation in north-central Newfoundland, based on transecting cleavage. J STRUCT GEOL 10, 125–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B. J. 1984. Pre-Carboniferous history of the Midland Valley of Scotland. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH: EARTH SCI 75, 275–95.Google Scholar
Bluck, B. J. 1985. The Scottish paratectonic Caledonides. SCOTT J GEOL 21, 437–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bluck, B. J. & Leake, B. E. 1986. Late Ordovician to Early Silurian amalgamation of the Dalradian and adjacent Ordovician rocks in the British Isles. GEOLOGY 14, 917–9.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bois, C., Cazes, M., Hirn, A., Matte, P., Mascle, A., Montadert, L. & Pinet, B. 1987. Crustal laminations in deep seismic profiles in France and neighbouring areas. GEOPHYS J R ASTR SOC 89, 297–304.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J. & Newall, G. 1980. A facies analysis of Upper Ordovician regressive sequences in the Oslo region, Norway—a record of glacio-eustatic changes. PALAEOGEOG PALAEOCLIMATOL PALAEOECOL 31, 1–38.Google Scholar
Brenchley, P. J. & Newall, G. 1984. Late Ordovician environmental changes and their effect on faunas. In Bruton, D. L. (ed.) Aspects of the Ordovician System, 65–79. CONTRIB UNIV OSLO 295.Google Scholar
Briden, J. C. et al. 1984. British palaeomagnetism, Iapetus Ocean, and the Great Glen Fault. GEOLOGY 12, 428–31.Google Scholar
BRITISH INSTITUTES REFLECTION PROFILING SYNDICATE (BIRPS) 1986. Deep seismic reflection profiling between England, France and Ireland. J GEOL SOC LONDON 143, 45–52.Google Scholar
Brown, P. A. & Colman-Sadd, S. P. 1976. Hermitage flexure: Figment or fact? GEOLOGY 4, 561–4.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryhni, I. & Sturt, B. A. 1986. Caledonides of southwestern Norway. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and Related Areas, 89–107. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Chorlton, L. B. & Dallmeyer, R. D. 1986. Geochronology of early to middle Palaeozoic tectonic development in the southwest Newfoundland Gander Zone. J GEOLOGY 94, 67–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cocks, L. R. M. & Fortey, R. A. 1982. Faunal evidence for oceanic separations in the Palaeozoic of Britain. J GEOL SOC LONDON 139, 465–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coish, R. A., Hickey, R. & Frey, F. A. 1982. Rare earth element geochemistry of the Betts Cove ophiolite, Newfoundland: complexities in ophiolite generation. GEOCHIM COSMOCHIM ACTA 46, 2117–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colbath, G. K. 1986. Abrupt terminal Ordovician extinction in phytoplankton associations, southern Appalachians. GEOLOGY 14, 943–46.Google Scholar
Colman-Sadd, S. P. 1980. Geology of south-central Newfoundland and the evolution of the eastern margin of Iapetus. AM J SCI 280, 991–1017.Google Scholar
Colman-Sadd, S. P. & Swinden, H. S. 1984. A tectonic window in central Newfoundland? Geological evidence that the Appalachian Dunnage Zone may be allochthonous. CAN J EARTH SCI 21, 1349–67.Google Scholar
Covey, M. 1986. The evolution of foreland basins to steady state: evidence from the western Taiwan foreland basins. In Allen, P. A. & Homewood, P. (eds) Foreland Basins, 77–90. SPEC PUBL INT ASSOC SEDIMENT 8. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar
Coyle, M. L. & Strong, D. F. 1987. Geology of the Springdale Group: a newly recognized epicontinental-type caldera in Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 24 (in press).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cross, T. A. & Pilger, R. H. 1982. Controls of subduction geometry, location of magmatic arcs, and tectonics of arc and back-arc regions. BULL GEOL SOC AM 93, 545–62.Google Scholar
Dainty, A. M., Keen, C. E., Keen, M. J. & Blanchard, J. E. 1966. Review of geophysical evidence on crust and upper mantle structure on the eastern seaboard of Canada. AM GEOPHYS UNION MONOGR 10, 349–69.Google Scholar
Dallmeyer, R. D., Blackwood, R. E. & Odom, A. L. 1981. Age and origin of the Dover Fault: tectonic boundary between the Gander and Avalon Zones of the northeastern Newfoundland Appalachians. CAN J EARTH SCI 18, 1431–42.Google Scholar
Dallmeyer, R. D., Gee, D. G. & Beckholmen, M. 1985. 40Ar/39Ar mineral age record of early Caledonian tectonothermal activity in the Baltoscandian miogeocline. AM J SCI 285, 532–68.Google Scholar
Dean, P. L. 1978. The volcanic stratigraphy and metallogeny of Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. MEMORIAL UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND GEOL REP 7.Google Scholar
Dean, P. L. 1985. Relationships of Cambrian–Ordovician Faunas in the Caledonide-Appalachian Region, with Particular Reference to Trilobites. In Gayer, R. A. (ed.) The Tectonic Evolution of the Caledonide-Appalachian Orogen, 17–47. Wiesbaden: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn.Google Scholar
Dean, W. T. & Strong, D. F. 1977. Folded thrust faults in Notre Dame Bay, central Newfoundland. AM J SCI 277, 97–108.Google Scholar
Dempster, T. J.Uplift patterns and orogenic evolution in the Scottish Dalradian. J GEOL SOC LONDON 142, 111–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dercourt, J. et al. 1986. Geological evolution of the Tethys Belt from the Atlantic to the Pamirs since the Lias. TECTONOPHYSICS 123, 241–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, E. R. & Prasad, J. N. 1987. Ordovician palaeomagnetic results from the St. George and Table Head carbonates of western Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 24, 1785–96.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. F., Kennedy, M. J. & Kidd, W. S. F. 1983. A geotraverse through the Appalachians of Northern Newfoundland. In Rast, N. & Delany, F. M. (eds) Profiles of Orogenic Belts, 205–41. AM GEOPHYS UNION, WASHINGTON DC, GEODYNAMICS SER 10.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. F. & Shackleton, R. M. 1984. A model for the evolution of the Grampian tract in the early Caledonides and Appalachians. NATURE 312, 115–21.Google Scholar
Dimberline, A. J. & Woodcock, N. H. 1987. The southeast margin of the Wenlock turbidite system, Mid-Wales. GEOL J 22, 61–71.Google Scholar
Dunning, G. R., Krogh, T. E., Kean, B. F., O'Brien, S. & Swinden, H. S. 1986. U/Pb zircon ages from the Central Mobile Belt, Newfoundland. GEOL ASSOC CANADA (abstract) 11, 66.Google Scholar
Dunning, G. R., Kean, B. F., Thurlow, J. G. & Swinden, H. S. 1987. Geochronology of the Buchans, Roberts Arm and Victoria Lake Groups and Mansfield Cove Complex, Central Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 24 (in press).Google Scholar
Dunning, G. R. & Krogh, T. E. 1985. Geochronology of ophiolites of the Newfoundland Appalachians. CAN J EARTH SCI 22, 1659–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Durling, P. W., Bell, J. S. & Fader, G. B. J. 1987. The geological structure and distribution of Palaeozoic rocks on Avalon Platform, offshore Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 24, 1412–20.Google Scholar
Elders, C. 1987. The provenance of granite boulders in conglomerates of the Northern and Central Belts of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. J GEOL SOC LONDON 144, 853–63.Google Scholar
Faerseth, R. B. & Steel, R. J. 1978. Silurian conglomerate sedimentation and tectonics within the Fennoscandian continental margin, Sunnhordland, western Norway. NORGES GEOL UNDERS 319, 37–45.Google Scholar
Fortey, R. A. 1984. Global earlier Ordovician transgressions and regressions and their biological implications. In Bruton, D. L. (ed.) Aspects of the Ordovician System, 37–50. PALAEONTOL CONTRIB UNIV OSLO 295.Google Scholar
Gayer, R. A., Rice, A. H. N., Roberts, D., Townsend, C. & Welbon, A. 1987. Restoration of the Caledonian Baltoscandian margin from balanced cross-sections: the problem of excess continental crust. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH: EARTH SCI 78, 197–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gee, D. G. & Roberts, D. 1983. Timing of deformation in the Scandinavian Caledonides. In Schenk, R. E. (ed.) Regional trends in the geology of the Appalachian–Caledonian–Hercynian–Mauritanide Orogen, 279–92. North Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Co.Google Scholar
Guineberteau, B., Bouchez, J.-L. & Vigneresse, J.-L. 1987. The Mortagne granite pluton (France) emplaced by pull-apart along a shear zone: Structural and gravimetric arguments and regional implications. BULL GEOL SOC AM 99, 763–70.Google Scholar
Haller, J. 1986. The East Greenland Caledonides—reviewed. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 1031–46. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Hammer, S. 1981. Tectonic significance of the north-eastern Gander Zone, Newfoundland: an Acadian ductile shear zone. CAN J EARTH SCI 18, 120–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harland, W. B. & Gayer, R. A. 1972. The Arctic Caledonides and related plates. GEOL MAG 109, 289–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haszeldine, R. S. 1984. Carboniferous North Atlantic palaeogeography: stratigraphic evidence for rifting, not megashear or subduction. GEOL MAG 121, 443–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haworth, R. T., Daniels, D. L., Williams, H. & Zietz, I. 1980. Bouger gravity anomaly map of the Appalachian orogen. Memorial Univ. Newfoundland, Map 3, scale 1:1,000,000; Map 3a, scale 1:2000,000.Google Scholar
Home, G. S. 1968. Stratigraphy and structural geology of southwest New World Island area, Newfoundland. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Columbia University, New York.Google Scholar
Hossack, J. R. 1985. The Role of Thrusting in the Scandinavian Caledonides. In Gayer, R. A. (ed.) The Tectonic Evolution of the Caledonide-Appalachian Orogen, 97–116. Wiesbaden: Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn.Google Scholar
Hubacher, F. A. & Lux, D. R. 1987. Timing of Acadian deformation in northeastern Maine. GEOLOGY 15, 80–3.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubert, J. F., Suchecki, R. K. & Callahan, R. K. M. 1977. The Cow Head Breccia: sedimentology of the Cambro–Ordovician continental margin, Newfoundland. In Cook, H. E. & Enos, P. (eds) Deep-water Carbonate Environments, 125–54. SOC ECON PALEONTOL MIN SPEC PUBL 25.Google Scholar
Hutton, D. H. W. 1987. Strike-slip terranes and a model for the evolution of the British and Irish Caledonides. GEOL MAG 124, 405–25.Google Scholar
Hutton, D. H. W. & Dewey, J. F. 1986. Palaeozoic terrane accretion in the western Irish Caledonides. TECTONICS 5, 1115–24.Google Scholar
Jacobi, R. D. & Waskowski, J. J. 1985. Geochemistry and significance of the volcanic rocks of the Summerford Group, north-central Newfoundland. GEOLOGY 13, 126–30.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karig, D. E., Barber, A. J., Charlton, T. R., Klemperer, S. & Hussong, D. M. 1987. Nature and distribution of deformation across the Banda–Australian collision zone at Timor. BULL GEOL SOC AM 98, 18–32.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlstrom, K. E. 1983. Reinterpretation of Newfoundland gravity data and arguments for an allochthonous Dunnage Zone. GEOLOGY 11, 263–66.Google Scholar
Karlstrom, K. E., van der Pluijm, B. A. & Williams, P. F. 1982. Structural interpretation of the eastern Notre Dame Bay area, Newfoundland: regional post-Middle Silurian thrusting and asymmetrical folding. CAN J EARTH SCI 19, 2325–41.Google Scholar
Karson, J. & Dewey, J. F. 1978. Coastal Complex, western Newfoundland: An Early Ordovician oceanic fracture zone. BULL GEOL SOC AM 89, 1037–49.Google Scholar
Kay, M. 1975. Campbellton sequence, manganiferous beds adjoining the Dunnage melange, northeastern Newfoundland. BULL GEOL SOC AM 86, 105–8.Google Scholar
Kean, B. F. & Strong, D. F. 1975. Geochemical evolution of an Ordovician island arc of the central Newfoundland Appalachians. AM J SCI 275, 97–118.Google Scholar
Keen, C. E., Keen, M. J., Nichols, B., Reid, G., Stockmal, G. S., Colman-Sadd, S. P., O'Brien, S. J., Miller, H., Quinlan, G., Williams, H. & Wright, J. 1986. Deep seismic reflection profile across the northern Appalachians. GEOLOGY 14, 141–5.Google Scholar
Kemp, A. E. S. 1986. Tectonostratigraphy of the Southern Belt of the Southern Uplands. SCOTT J GEOL 22, 241–56.Google Scholar
Kennan, P. S. & Murphy, F. C. 1987. Tectonically reset Rb–Sr system during Late Ordovician terrane assembly in Iapetus, western Ireland. GEOLOGY 15, 1155–58.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keppie, J. D. 1986. The Appalachian collage. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 1217–26. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kontak, D. J. & Strong, G. F. 1986. The volcano-plutonic King's Point Complex, Newfoundland. In Current Research, Part A GEOL SURV CANADA PAP 86–1A, 465–70.Google Scholar
Kumpulainen, R. 1986. Outline of the Late Proterozoic sedimentation in western and northern Baltoscandia. GEOL I FOREN STOCKHOLM 108, 289–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumpulainen, R. & Nystuen, J. P. 1986. Late Palaeozoic basin evolution and sedimentation in the westernmost part of Baltoscandia. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen—Scandinavia and Related Areas, 213–32. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Kusky, T. M., Kidd, W. S. F. & Bradley, D. C. 1987. Displacement history of the Northern Arm Fault, and its bearing on the post-Taconic evolution of north-central Newfoundland. J GEOPHYS 7, 105–33.Google Scholar
Kusky, T. M. & Kidd, W. S. F. 1984. Middle Ordovician conodonts from the Buchans Group, central Newfoundland, and their significance for regional stratigraphy of the Central Volcanic Belt: Discussion. CAN J EARTH SCI 22, 484–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leveridge, B. & Holder, M. 1987. How south Cornwall joined the upper crust. NERC REP, 5–6.Google Scholar
Livermore, R. A., Smith, A. G. & Briden, J. C. 1985. Palaeomagnetic constraints on the distribution of continents in the late Silurian and early Devonian. PHILOS TRANS R SOC LONDON B309, 29–56.Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S. 1983. The Northwest Margin of the Iapetus Ocean During the Early Palaeozoic. In Watkins, J. S. & Drake, C. L. (eds) Studies in Continental Margin Geology, 521–33. AM ASSOC PETROL GEOL MEM 34.Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S., Lambert, R. St-J. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1985. The Ordovician, Silurian and Devonian Periods. In Snelling, N. J. (ed.) The Chronology of the Geological Record, 73–80. GEOL SOC LONDON MEM 10.Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1976. Progressive faunal migration across the Iapetus Ocean. NATURE 263, 304–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKerrow, W. S. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1977. The location of the Iapetus Ocean suture in Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 14, 488–95.Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1981. Stratigraphy of eastern Bay of Exploits, Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 18, 751–64.Google Scholar
McKerrow, W. S. & Cocks, L. R. M. 1986. Oceans, island arcs and olistostromes: the use of fossils in distinguishing sutures, terranes and environments around the Iapetus Ocean. J GEOL SOC LONDON 143, 185–91.Google Scholar
Moseley, F. 1982. Introduction to Part 2: Lower Palaeozoic volcanic environments in the British Isles. In Sutherland, D. S. (ed.) Igneous Rocks of the British Isles, 39–50. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Moseley, F. & Millward, D. 1982. Ordovician volcanicity in the English Lake District. In Sutherland, D. S. (ed.) Igneous Rocks of the British Isles, 93–126. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Murphy, F. C. 1987. Late Caledonian granitoids and timing of deformation in the Iapetus suture zone of eastern Ireland. GEOL MAG 124, 135–42.Google Scholar
Nelson, K. D. 1981. Mélange development in the Boones Point Complex, north-central Newfoundland. CAN J EARTH SCI 18, 433–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neuman, R. B. 1984. Geology and paleobiology of islands in the Ordovician Iapetus Ocean: Review and implications. BULL GEOL SOC AM 95, 1188–201.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Brien, C., Plant, J. A., Simpson, P. R. & Tarney, J. 1985. The geochemistry, metasomatism and petrogenesis of the granites of the English Lake District. J GEOL SOC LONDON 142, 1139–57.Google Scholar
Payne, J. G. & Strong, D. F. 1979. Origin of the Twillingate Trondhjemite, north Central Newfoundland. Partial melting in the roots of an island arc. In Barker, F. (ed.) Trondhjemites, Dacites and Related Rocks, 489–516. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Phillips, W. E. A., Stillman, C. J. & Murphy, T. 1976. A Caledonian plate tectonic model. J GEOL SOC LONDON 132, 579–609.Google Scholar
Pickering, K. T. 1987a. Wet-sediment deformation in the Upper Ordovician Point Leamington Formation: an active thrust-imbricate system during sedimentation, Notre Dame Bay, north-central Newfoundland. In Jones, M. E. & Preston, R. M. F. (eds) Deformation of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks, 213–39. GEOL SOC LONDON SPEC PUBL 29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickering, K. T. 1987b. Deep-marine foreland basin and forearc sedimentation: a comparative study from the Lower Palaeozoic Northern Appalachians, Quebec and Newfoundland. In Leggett, J. K. & Zuffa, G. G. (eds) Marine Clastic Sedimentology, 190–211. London: Graham & Trotman.Google Scholar
Piper, J. D. A. 1978. Palaeomagnetic survey of the (Palaeozoic) Shelve inlier and Berwyn Hills, Welsh Borderlands. GEOPHYS J R ASTR SOC 53, 355–71.Google Scholar
Piper, J. D. A. 1979. Aspects of Caledonian palaeomagnetism and their tectonic implications. EARTH PLANET SCI LETT 44, 176–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piper, J. D. A. 1986. Palaeomagnetism in the Caledonian-Appalachian orogen: a review. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 35–49. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Price, D. 1964. The Pusgillian Stage in Wales. GEOL MAG 121, 99–105.Google Scholar
Rast, N. & Skehan, S.J. J. W. 1983. The evolution of the Avalonian plate. TECTONOPHYSICS 100, 257–86.Google Scholar
Roberts, D., Sturt, B. A. & Furnes, H. 1986. Volcanic assemblages and environments in the Scandinavian Caledonides and the sequential development history of the mountain belt. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 919–30. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Roberts, D. & Gee, D. G. 1986. An introduction to the structure of the Scandinavian Caledonides. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 55–68. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Rundle, C. C. 1979. Ordovician intrusions in the English Lake District. J GEOL SOC LONDON 136, 29–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schallreuter, R. E. L. & Siveter, D. J. 1985. Ostracodes across the Iapetus Ocean. PALAEONTOLOGY 28, 577–98, plates 1–3.Google Scholar
Scotese, C. R., van der Voo, R. & Barrett, S. F. 1985. Silurian and Devonian base maps. PHILOS TRANS R SOC LONDON B309, 57–77.Google Scholar
Shepherd, T. J., Beckinsale, R. D., Rundle, C. C. & Durham, J. 1976. Genesis of Carrock Fell tungsten deposits Cumbria; fluid inclusion and isotopic study. TRANS INST MIN METAL 13, B63–73.Google Scholar
Smith, R. D. A. 1987. The Griestoniensis Zone Turbidite System, Welsh Basin. In Leggett, J. K. & Zuffa, G. G. (eds) Marine Clastic Sedimentology, 89–107. London: Graham & Trotman.Google Scholar
Smitheringale, W. G. 1972. Low potash Lushs Bight tholeiites: ancient oceanic crust in Newfoundland? CAN J EARTH SCI 9, 574–88.Google Scholar
Snelling, N. J. 1985. An interim time-scale. In Snelling, N. J. (ed.) The Chronology of the Geological Record, 261–65. GEOL SOC LONDON MEM.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soper, N. J. 1986a. Geometry of transecting, anastomosing solution cleavage in transpression zones. J STRUCT GEOL 8, 937–40.Google Scholar
Soper, N. J. 1986b. The Newer Granite problem: a geotectonic view. GEOL MAG 123, 227–36.Google Scholar
Soper, N. J. 1987. The Ordovician batholith of the English Lake District. GEOL MAG 124, 481–82.Google Scholar
Soper, N. J., Webb, B. C. & Woodcock, N. H. 1987. Late Caledonian transpression in North West England: timing, geometry and geotectonic significance. PROC YORKSHIRE GEOL SOC 46, 175–92.Google Scholar
Soper, N. J. & Hutton, D. H. W. 1984. Late Caledonian sinistral displacements in Britain: implications for a three-plate collision model. TECTONICS 3, 781–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spjeldnaes, N. 1978. Faunal provinces and the Proto-Atlantic. GEOL SOC J SPEC ISSUE 10, 139–50.Google Scholar
Stanley, R. S. & Ratcliffe, N. M. 1985. Tectonic synthesis of the Taconian Orogeny in western New England. BULL GEOL SOC AM 96, 1227–50.Google Scholar
Stephens, M. B., Furnes, H., Robins, B. & Sturt, B. A. 1986. Igneous activity within the Scandinavian Caledonides. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 623–56. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Stephens, M. B. & Gee, D. G. 1986. A tectonic model for the evolution of the eugeoclinal terranes in the central Scand-inavian Caledonides. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 953–78. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Storetvedt, K. M. 1987. Major late Caledonian and Hercynian shear movements on the Great Glen Fault. TECTONOPHYSICS 143, 253–67.Google Scholar
Storetvedt, K. M. & Deutsch, E. R. 1986. Reappraisal of Scottish Ordovician palaeomagnetism. GEOPHYS J R ASTR SOC 87, 1193–206.Google Scholar
Stringer, P. 1975. Acadian slaty cleavage noncoplanar with fold axial surfaces in the Northern Appalachians. CAN J EARTH SCI 12, 949–61.Google Scholar
Strong, D. F. 1977. Volcanic regimes of the Newfoundland Appalachians. GEOL ASSOC CANADA SPEC PAP 16, 61–90.Google Scholar
Sturt, B. A., Pringle, I. R. & Ramsay, D. M. 1978. The Finnmarkian Phase of the Caledonian Orogeny. J GEOL SOC LONDON 135, 597–610.Google Scholar
Swinden, H. S. 1985. Geochemical setting of volcanogenic sulphide mineralization in the Wild Bight Group, central Newfoundland. GEOL ASSOC CANADA (abstract) 10, A60.Google Scholar
Swinden, H. S. & Thorpe, R. I. 1984. Variations in the style of volcanism and massive sulfide deposition in early to middle Ordovician island-arc sequences of the Newfoundland Central Mobile Belt. ECON GEOL 79, 1596–619.Google Scholar
Taylor, P. N. & Pickering, K. T. 1981. Rb–Sr Isotopic Age Determination on the late Precambrian Kongsfjord Formation, and the Timing of Compressional Deformation in the Barents Sea Group, East Finnmark. NORGES GEOL UNDERS 367, 105–10.Google Scholar
Teale, C. T. & Spears, D. A. 1986. The mineralogy and origin of some Silurian bentonites, Welsh Borderland, U.K. SEDIMENTOLOGY 33, 757–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thirlwall, M. F. 1981. Implications for Caledonian plate tectonic models of chemical data from volcanic rocks of the British Old Red Sandstone. J GEOL SOC LONDON 140, 315–8.Google Scholar
Thirlwall, M. F. & Fitton, J. G. 1983. Sm–Nd garnet age for the Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group, English Lake District. J GEOL SOC LONDON 140, 511–18.Google Scholar
Tyler, J. E. & Woodcock, N. H. 1987. The Bailey Hill Formation: Ludlow Series turbidites in the Welsh Borderland reinterpreted as distal storm deposits. GEOL J 22, 73–86.Google Scholar
Van Houten, F. B. 1985. Oolitic ironstones and contrasting Ordovician and Jurassic palaeogeography. GEOLOGY 13, 722–4.Google Scholar
Van Staal, C. R. 1987. Tectonic setting of the Tetagouche Group in northern New Brunswick: implications for plate tectonic models of the northern Appalachians. CAN J EARTH SCI 24, 1329–51.Google Scholar
Vannier, J. M. C., Siveter, D. J. & Schallreuter, R. E. L. 1989. The composition, affinity and palaeoenvironmental significance of the Ordovician ostracode faunas of Britain, Baltoscandia and Ibero-Armorica. PALAEONTOLOGY.Google Scholar
Vick, H. K., Channell, J. E. T. & Opdyke, N. D. 1987. Ordovician docking of the Carolina slate belt: palaeomagnetic data. TECTONICS 6, 573–83.Google Scholar
Wadge, A. J., Gale, N. H., Beckinsale, R. D. & Rundle, C. C. 1978. A Rb-Sr isochron for the Shap granite. PROC YORKSHIRE GEOL ASSOC 42, 297–305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, M. P. 1981. Submarine fan deposits of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Milliners Arm Formation, New World Island, Newfoundland. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford University.Google Scholar
Webb, B., Millward, D., Johnson, E. & Cooper, T. 1987. The Ordovician (?) batholith of the English Lake District. GEOL MAG 124, 482–4.Google Scholar
Webby, B. D. 1984. Ordovician reefs and climate: a review. In Bruton, D. L. (ed.) Aspects of the Ordovician System, 89–100. PALAEONTOL CONTRIB UNIV OSLO 295.Google Scholar
Whalen, J. B., Currie, K. L. & van Breeman, O. 1987. Episodic Ordovician–Silurian plutonism in the Topsails igneous terrane, western Newfoundland. TRANS R SOC EDINBURGH: EARTH SCI 78, 17–28.Google Scholar
Whittington, H. B. & Hughes, C. P. 1972. Ordovician geography and faunal provinces deduced from trilobite distribution. PHILOS TRANS R SOC LONDON B263, 235–78.Google Scholar
Williams, A. 1973. Distribution of brachiopod assemblages in relation to Ordovician palaeogeography. SPEC PAP PALAEONTOL 12, 241–69.Google Scholar
Williams, A. 1976. Plate tectonics and biofacies evolution as factors in Ordovician correlation. In Bassett, M. G. (ed.) The Ordovician System, 29–66. Cardiff: University of Wales Press & National Museum of Wales.Google Scholar
Williams, A., Strachan, I., Bassett, D. A., Dean, W. T., Ingham, J. K., Wright, A. D. & Whittington, H. B. 1972. A Correlation of Ordovician rocks in the British Isles. GEOL SOC LONDON SPEC REP 3.Google Scholar
Williams, H. 1978. Tectonic lithofacies map of the Appalachian Orogen. MEM UNIV NEWFOUNDLAND, ST JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND MAP 1.Google Scholar
Williams, H. 1980. Structural telescoping across the Appalachian orogen and the minimum width of the Iapetus Ocean. In Strangway, D. W. (ed.) The Continental Crust of the Earth and its Mineral Deposits. GEOL ASSOC CANADA SPEC PAP 20, 421–40.Google Scholar
Williams, H. 1984. Miogeoclines and suspect terranes of the Caledonian–Appalachian Orogen: tectonic patterns in the North Atlantic region. CAN J EARTH SCI 21, 887–901.Google Scholar
Williams, H. & Hatcher, R. D. 1982. Suspect terranes and accretionary history of the Appalachian orogen. GEOLOGY 10, 530–6.Google Scholar
Williams, H. & Hatcher, R. D. 1983. Appalachian suspect terranes. In Hatcher, R. D., Williams, H. & Zietz, I. (eds) Contributions to the tectonics and geophysics of mountain chains, 33–53. GEOL SOC AM MEM 158.Google Scholar
Williams, H. & Hiscott, R. N. 1987. Definition of the Iapetus rift-drift transition in western Newfoundland. GEOLOGY 15, 1044–7.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. T. 1966. Did the Atlantic close and then re-open? NATURE 210, 678–81.Google Scholar
Zhou, J.-X. 1987. An occurrence of shoshonites near Kilmelford in the Scottish Caledonides and its tectonic implications. J GEOL SOC LONDON 144, 699–706.Google Scholar
Ziegler, P. A. 1982. Geological atlas of western and central Europe. Shell International Petroleum Maatschappi B. V. Haguue, 1–130.Google Scholar
Ziegler, P. A. 1984. Caledonian and Hercynian crustal consolidation of Western and Central Europe—a working hypothesis. GEOL MIJNBOUW 63, 93–108.Google Scholar
Ziegler, P. A. 1986a. Late Caledonian framework of western and central Europe. In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 3–18. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Ziegler, P. A. 1986b. Caledonian, Acadian–Ligerian, Bretonian, and Variscan orogens—is a clear distinction justified? In Gee, D. G. & Sturt, B. A. (eds) The Caledonide Orogen–Scandinavia and Related Areas, 1241–8. Chichester: Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Ziegler, P. A. 1986c. Geodynamic model for the Palaeozoic crustal consolidation of Western and Central Europe. TECTONOPHYSICS 126, 303–28.Google Scholar