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WOMEN IN FRONTIER ARKANSAS

Settlement in a Post-Reconstruction Racial State

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 January 2020

Cheryl Elman ,
Barbara Wittman ,
Kathryn M. Feltey ,
Corey Stevens  and
Molly Hartsough
Cheryl Elman*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology [Emeritus], The University of Akron and Visiting Research Fellow, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University
Barbara Wittman
Affiliation:
Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge, U.K.
Kathryn M. Feltey
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, The University of Akron
Corey Stevens*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Southern Illinois University - Edwardsville
Molly Hartsough
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, The University of Akron
*
*Corresponding author: Professor Cheryl Elman, Department of Sociology [Emeritus], The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-1905, [email protected] and Visiting Research Fellow, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham N.C. 27708 [email protected]
*Corresponding author: Professor Cheryl Elman, Department of Sociology [Emeritus], The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325-1905, [email protected] and Visiting Research Fellow, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham N.C. 27708 [email protected]
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Abstract

Arkansas was a demographic frontier after the U.S. Civil War. Despite marked agricultural land deforestation and development after the 1870s, it remained agrarian well into the twentieth century. We fuse life course and racial state frameworks to examine Black and White women’s settlement in Arkansas over the post-Civil War period (1880-1910). A racial state empowers residents and enacts policies based on race rather than equal citizenship rights. We highlight three institutional domains shaped by racial state policies: productive economies (subsistence, mixed commercialism, and plantation production); stratification on an agricultural ladder (from sharecropping to forms of tenancy to farm ownership); and rules of raced (and gendered) social control. We examine women’s settlement patterns and related outcomes in an institutional context at different life course stages using mixed methods: women’s oral histories and Census data analysis. We find that by 1880 White women and families, less attracted by forces of marketization, had largely migrated to subsistence and mixed commercial subregions. Black women and families, generally desiring to rise on the agricultural ladder to farm ownership, largely migrated to the rich lands found in plantation production counties. Black women in Arkansas could rise but, by 1910, new racial state (Jim Crow) policies more severely limited travel, material resources, and education for tenant farm families, predominantly Black, in the plantation subregion. Commensurate with this, Black women in the plantation subregion had experienced less status mobility on the agricultural ladder, with reduced living standards, by later life.

Keywords

Racial State TheoryGendered Life CourseMixed MethodsU.S. Postbellum SouthTrans-Mississippi SettlementBlack MigrationSharecropping System
Type
State of the Art
Information
Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , Fall 2019 , pp. 575 - 612
Copyright
Copyright © Hutchins Center for African and African American Research 2020 

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