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Building Scotland, Building Solidarity: A Scottish Architect's Knowledge of Nation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 October 2018
Abstract
This article examines the work of Robert Hurd (1905–1963), a Scottish nationalist architect, planner, and admirer of Scottish civic traditions, in order to query and enrich current anthropological approaches to “material politics” with their focus on material assemblies, infrastructures, and interactions that operate across scales and beyond discourse. Hurd was both an expert and planner and also an “artisan of nationalism” who sought to restore Scotland's built environment as at once a civic heritage and a material resource for a future of independence and self-determination. Hurd's attention to distinctively Scottish architectural forms and to historic centers and their development over time is significant as an idiom of nationalist thought, while his architectural work highlights the formal manipulation of scale and centrality to express political aspirations. He was an expert not only of infrastructure, plans, or populations and their needs, but also of the mediation of such material facts into architectural form and, in a broader sense, forms of life. Finally, Hurd's writing on “burgh” civic and architectural traditions, and his work as a conservation architect, together allow a better understanding of the role played by a conservative, tradition-minded modernism, and of narratives of tradition and national evolution, in the twentieth-century history and present development of Scotland's national and constitutional politics.
Keywords
- Type
- Architectural Politics
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Society for the Comparative Study of Society and History 2018
References
REFERENCES
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Herzfeld, Michael. 1997. Portrait of a Greek Imagination: An Ethnographic Biography of Andreas Nenedakis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
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Hull, Matthew S. 2011. Communities of Place Not Kind: American Technologies of Neighborhood in Postcolonial Delhi. Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, 4: 757–90.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1930. Stockholm Exhibition: Functionalism Boldly Expressed. Architects’ Journal 30 (16 July): 82–86.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1932. Building Scotland. In Johnson, David Cleghorn, ed., Scotland in Quest of Her Youth: An Inquiry. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 172–90.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1936. Will Edinburgh Face These Problems? Outlook [Glasgow] 1, 6: 42–48.Google Scholar
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Hurd, Robert. 1939a. Scotland under Trust: The Story of the National Trust for Scotland and Its Properties. London: A & C Black.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1939b. The Face of Modern Edinburgh: A Lecture Delivered to a Joint Meeting of the Saltire Society and the Fine Arts Society of the University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh [Pamphlet].Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1941. Planning and Building Post-War Scotland. Listener, 6 Feb.: 199–200.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1942. “Planning and Building: An Architectural Survey.” In The New Scotland: 17 Chapters on Scottish Reconstruction Highland and Industrial. London: London Scots Self-Government Committee, 59–73.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1947. Architecture. In Meikle, Henry, ed., Scotland: A Description of Scotland and Scottish Life by Various Authors. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 174–93.Google Scholar
Khan, Naveeda. 2011. Geddes in India: Town Planning, Plant Sentience, and Cooperative Evolution. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 29: 840–56.Google Scholar
Kidd, Colin. 2008. Union and Unionisms: Political Thought in Scotland, 1500–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kidd, Colin. 2016. The World of Mr. Casaubon: Britain's Wars of Mythography, 1700–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Knox, Hannah. 2017. Affective Infrastructures and the Political Imagination. Public Culture 29, 2: 363–84.Google Scholar
Larkin, Brian. 2015. Form. In Hannah Appel, Nikhil Anand, and Akhil Gupta, eds., The Infrastructure Toolbox. Cultural Anthropology website, 24 Sept.: https://culanth.org/fieldsights/725-the-infrastructure-toolbox (accessed 25 Feb. 2018).Google Scholar
Manning, Paul. 2009. The City of Balconies: Elite Politics and the Changing Semiotics of the Post-Socialist Cityscape. In Assche, Kristof Van, Salukvadze, Joseph, and Shavishvili, Nick, eds., City Culture and City Planning in Tbilisi: Where Europe and Asia Meet. Lewiston: Edwin Mellon Press, 71–102.Google Scholar
Mazzarella, William. 2009. Affect: What Is It Good For? In Dube, Saurabh, ed., Enchantments of Modernity: Empire, Nation, Globalization. New York: Routledge, 291–309.Google Scholar
McCrone, David. 1992. Understanding Scotland: The Sociology of a Stateless Nation. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McKean, Charles. 1987. The Scottish Thirties: An Architectural Introduction. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mears, Frank C. 1948. A Regional Survey and Plan for Central and South-East Scotland. Edinburgh: Central and South-East Scotland Regional Planning Advisory Committee.Google Scholar
Mitchell, James. 1996. Strategies for Self-Government: The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament. Edinburgh: Polygon.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Technopolitics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Muehlebach, Andrea. 2017. The Body of Solidarity: Heritage, Memory, and Materiality in Post-Industrial Italy. Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, 1: 96–126.Google Scholar
Murawski, Michał. 2016. Big Affects: Size, Sex and Stalinist “Architectural Power” in Post-Socialist Warsaw. In Bille, Mikkel and Sørensen, Tim Flohr, eds., Elements of Architecture: Assembling Archaeology, Affect and the Performance of Building Spaces. London: Routledge, 63–83.Google Scholar
Arthur, Oswald. 1961. Renascence in the Royal Mile. Country Life, 27 Apr. and 4 May: 950–53, 1022–25.Google Scholar
Parry, Jonathan and Simpson, Edward. 2010. David Pocock's Contributions and the Legacy of Leavis. Contributions to Indian Sociology 44, 3: 331–59.Google Scholar
Prakash, Gyan. 1999. Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rabinow, Paul. 1989. French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rapport, Nigel. 2012. Tensile Nationality: National Identity as an Everyday Way of Being at a Scottish Hospital. Anthropology in Action 19, 1: 60–73.Google Scholar
Reiach, Alan and Hurd, Robert. 1944 [1941]. Building Scotland: A Cautionary Guide. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Saltire Society.Google Scholar
Schwenkel, Christina. 2015. Spectacular Infrastructure and Its Breakdown in Socialist Vietnam. American Ethnologist 42, 3: 520–34.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1999. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, George. 2007. The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann. 1995. Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Strathern, Marilyn. 1996. Cutting the Network. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2, 3: 517–35.Google Scholar
Tomaney, John. 2005. Anglo-Scottish Relations: A Borderlands Perspective. In Miller, William L., ed., Anglo-Scottish Relations, from 1900 to Devolution and Beyond. New York: Oxford University Press and the British Academy, 231–48.Google Scholar
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. 2008. The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Valverde, Mariana. 2008. Law versus History: Foucault's Genealogy of Modern Sovereignty. In Dillon, Michael and Neal, Andrew W., eds., Foucault on Politics, Security, and War. New York: Palgrave, 135–50.Google Scholar
Zarecor, Kimberly. 2011. A Vision of Socialist Architecture: The Late Career of Jiří Kroha. In Manufacturing a Socialist Modernity: Housing in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1960. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 177–223.Google Scholar
Hurd-Rolland Collection, Historic Environment Scotland, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Manuscript Collections, National Library of Scotland, EdinburghGoogle Scholar
Frank Cameron Yeaman Papers, Acc. 12944.Google Scholar
Saltire Society Papers, Acc. 9393.Google Scholar
Scottish National Party Papers, Acc. 7295.Google Scholar
Scottish Secretariat/R. E. Muirhead Papers, Acc. 3721.Google Scholar
Abu-Lughod, Lila. 2005. Dramas of Nationhood: The Politics of Television in Egypt. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Balibar, Étienne. 1991. The Nation-Form: History and Ideology. In Balibar, Étienne and Wallerstein, Immanuel, eds., Race, Nation, Class: Ambiguous Identities. Turner, Chris, trans. New York: Verso, 86–106.Google Scholar
Barry, Andrew 2013. Material Politics: Disputes along the Pipeline. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Boyer, Dominic and Lomnitz, Claudio. 2005. Intellectuals and Nationalism: Anthropological Engagements. Annual Review of Anthropology 43: 105–20.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Craig. 1993. Ethnicity and Nationalism. Annual Review of Sociology 19: 211–29.Google Scholar
Carey, Hugh. 1984. Mansfield Forbes and His Cambridge. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Anthony P. 1996. Personal Nationalism: A Scottish View of Some Rites, Rights, and Wrongs. American Ethnologist 23, 4: 802–15.Google Scholar
Coleman, Leo. 2017. A Moral Technology: Electrification as Political Ritual in New Delhi. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Collins, John. 2012. Reconstructing the “Cradle of Brazil”: The Detachability of Morality and the Nature of Cultural Labor in Salvador, Bahia's Pelourinho World Heritage Site. International Journal of Cultural Property 19, 3: 423–52.Google Scholar
Darling, Elizabeth. 2011. Finella, Mansfield Forbes, Raymond McGrath, and Modernist Architecture in Britain. Journal of British Studies 50, 1: 125–55.Google Scholar
Derluguian, Georgi M. 2005. Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus: A World-System Biography. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 1993. Ethnicity and Nationalism: Anthropological Perspectives. London: Pluto.Google Scholar
Feeley-Harnik, Gillian. 1985. Issues in Divine Kingship. Annual Review of Anthropology 14: 273–313.Google Scholar
Fennell, Catherine. 2015. Last Project Standing: Civics and Sympathy in Post-Welfare Chicago. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Finlay, Richard. 1994. Independent and Free: Scottish Politics and the Origins of the Scottish National Party, 1918–1945. Edinburgh: John Donald.Google Scholar
Forbes, Mansfield. 1922. Scottish Architecture from Examples in Aberdeenshire. Arena: The Architectural Association Journal 37 (Jan.): 142–48.Google Scholar
Foucault, Michel. 2003. “Society Must Be Defended”: Lectures at the College de France, 1975–76. Macey, David, trans. New York: Picador.Google Scholar
Gideon, Sigfried. 1944. The Need for a New Monumentality. In Zucker, Paul, ed., The New Architecture and City Planning: A Symposium. New York: Philosophical Library, 549–68.Google Scholar
Glendinning, Miles. 2004. Towards a New Parliament. In The Architecture of Scottish Government: From Kingship to Parliamentary Democracy. Dundee: Dundee University Press, 316–64.Google Scholar
Glendinning, Miles. 2008. Modern Architect: The Life and Times of Robert Matthew. London: RIBA Publishing.Google Scholar
Glendinning, Miles, MacInnes, Ranald, and MacKechnie, Aonghus. 1996. A History of Scottish Architecture: From the Renaissance to the Present Day. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Handler, Richard. 1988. Nationalism and the Politics of Culture in Quebec. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Harvey, Penny, Jensen, Casper Bruun, and Morita, Atsuro. 2017. Introduction: Infrastructural Complications. In Harvey, Penny, Jensen, Casper Bruun, and Morita, Atsuro, eds., Infrastructures and Social Complexity: A Companion. New York: Routledge, 1–22.Google Scholar
Hearn, Jonathan. 2000. Claiming Scotland: National Identity and Liberal Culture. Edinburgh: Polygon.Google Scholar
Hearn, Jonathan. 2002. Narrative, Agency, and Mood: On the Social Construction of National History in Scotland. Comparative Studies in Society and History 44, 4: 745–69.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. 1997. Portrait of a Greek Imagination: An Ethnographic Biography of Andreas Nenedakis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Herzfeld, Michael. 2005. Cultural Intimacy: Social Poetics in the Nation State. 2d ed. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hill, Jonathan. 2016. Architecture in Ruins: Palladio, Piranesi, and Kahn. In Bille, Mikkel and Sørensen, Tim Flohr, eds., Elements of Architecture: Assembling Archaeology, Atmosphere, and the Performance of Building Spaces. New York: Routledge, 84–104.Google Scholar
Hirschkind, Charles, de Abreu, Maria José A., and Caduff, Carlo. 2017. New Media, New Publics? An Introduction. Current Anthropology 58, S15: S3–S12.Google Scholar
Hobsbawm, Eric and Ranger, T. O., eds. 1983. The Invention of Tradition. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holston, James. 1989. The Modernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Hull, Matthew S. 2011. Communities of Place Not Kind: American Technologies of Neighborhood in Postcolonial Delhi. Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, 4: 757–90.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1930. Stockholm Exhibition: Functionalism Boldly Expressed. Architects’ Journal 30 (16 July): 82–86.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1932. Building Scotland. In Johnson, David Cleghorn, ed., Scotland in Quest of Her Youth: An Inquiry. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 172–90.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1936. Will Edinburgh Face These Problems? Outlook [Glasgow] 1, 6: 42–48.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1938. Design for To-Day. In Allan, John Robertson, ed., Scotland 1938: Twenty-Five Impressions. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd, 120–27.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1939a. Scotland under Trust: The Story of the National Trust for Scotland and Its Properties. London: A & C Black.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1939b. The Face of Modern Edinburgh: A Lecture Delivered to a Joint Meeting of the Saltire Society and the Fine Arts Society of the University of Edinburgh. Edinburgh [Pamphlet].Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1941. Planning and Building Post-War Scotland. Listener, 6 Feb.: 199–200.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1942. “Planning and Building: An Architectural Survey.” In The New Scotland: 17 Chapters on Scottish Reconstruction Highland and Industrial. London: London Scots Self-Government Committee, 59–73.Google Scholar
Hurd, Robert. 1947. Architecture. In Meikle, Henry, ed., Scotland: A Description of Scotland and Scottish Life by Various Authors. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 174–93.Google Scholar
Khan, Naveeda. 2011. Geddes in India: Town Planning, Plant Sentience, and Cooperative Evolution. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 29: 840–56.Google Scholar
Kidd, Colin. 2008. Union and Unionisms: Political Thought in Scotland, 1500–2000. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kidd, Colin. 2016. The World of Mr. Casaubon: Britain's Wars of Mythography, 1700–1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Knox, Hannah. 2017. Affective Infrastructures and the Political Imagination. Public Culture 29, 2: 363–84.Google Scholar
Larkin, Brian. 2015. Form. In Hannah Appel, Nikhil Anand, and Akhil Gupta, eds., The Infrastructure Toolbox. Cultural Anthropology website, 24 Sept.: https://culanth.org/fieldsights/725-the-infrastructure-toolbox (accessed 25 Feb. 2018).Google Scholar
Manning, Paul. 2009. The City of Balconies: Elite Politics and the Changing Semiotics of the Post-Socialist Cityscape. In Assche, Kristof Van, Salukvadze, Joseph, and Shavishvili, Nick, eds., City Culture and City Planning in Tbilisi: Where Europe and Asia Meet. Lewiston: Edwin Mellon Press, 71–102.Google Scholar
Mazzarella, William. 2009. Affect: What Is It Good For? In Dube, Saurabh, ed., Enchantments of Modernity: Empire, Nation, Globalization. New York: Routledge, 291–309.Google Scholar
McCrone, David. 1992. Understanding Scotland: The Sociology of a Stateless Nation. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
McKean, Charles. 1987. The Scottish Thirties: An Architectural Introduction. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press.Google Scholar
Mears, Frank C. 1948. A Regional Survey and Plan for Central and South-East Scotland. Edinburgh: Central and South-East Scotland Regional Planning Advisory Committee.Google Scholar
Mitchell, James. 1996. Strategies for Self-Government: The Campaigns for a Scottish Parliament. Edinburgh: Polygon.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Timothy. 2002. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Technopolitics, Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Muehlebach, Andrea. 2017. The Body of Solidarity: Heritage, Memory, and Materiality in Post-Industrial Italy. Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, 1: 96–126.Google Scholar
Murawski, Michał. 2016. Big Affects: Size, Sex and Stalinist “Architectural Power” in Post-Socialist Warsaw. In Bille, Mikkel and Sørensen, Tim Flohr, eds., Elements of Architecture: Assembling Archaeology, Affect and the Performance of Building Spaces. London: Routledge, 63–83.Google Scholar
Arthur, Oswald. 1961. Renascence in the Royal Mile. Country Life, 27 Apr. and 4 May: 950–53, 1022–25.Google Scholar
Parry, Jonathan and Simpson, Edward. 2010. David Pocock's Contributions and the Legacy of Leavis. Contributions to Indian Sociology 44, 3: 331–59.Google Scholar
Prakash, Gyan. 1999. Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rabinow, Paul. 1989. French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rapport, Nigel. 2012. Tensile Nationality: National Identity as an Everyday Way of Being at a Scottish Hospital. Anthropology in Action 19, 1: 60–73.Google Scholar
Reiach, Alan and Hurd, Robert. 1944 [1941]. Building Scotland: A Cautionary Guide. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Saltire Society.Google Scholar
Schwenkel, Christina. 2015. Spectacular Infrastructure and Its Breakdown in Socialist Vietnam. American Ethnologist 42, 3: 520–34.Google Scholar
Scott, James C. 1999. Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Steinmetz, George. 2007. The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and West Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Stoler, Ann. 1995. Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Durham: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Strathern, Marilyn. 1996. Cutting the Network. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2, 3: 517–35.Google Scholar
Tomaney, John. 2005. Anglo-Scottish Relations: A Borderlands Perspective. In Miller, William L., ed., Anglo-Scottish Relations, from 1900 to Devolution and Beyond. New York: Oxford University Press and the British Academy, 231–48.Google Scholar
Trevor-Roper, Hugh. 2008. The Invention of Scotland: Myth and History. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Valverde, Mariana. 2008. Law versus History: Foucault's Genealogy of Modern Sovereignty. In Dillon, Michael and Neal, Andrew W., eds., Foucault on Politics, Security, and War. New York: Palgrave, 135–50.Google Scholar
Zarecor, Kimberly. 2011. A Vision of Socialist Architecture: The Late Career of Jiří Kroha. In Manufacturing a Socialist Modernity: Housing in Czechoslovakia, 1945–1960. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 177–223.Google Scholar