Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T15:15:10.180Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Haemodynamics during cycling and long-distance running: a clue to footstrike haemolysis in Indian athletes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 September 2011

Kamal Janakiraman ,
Shweta Shenoy  and
Jaspal Singh Sandhu
Kamal Janakiraman*
Affiliation:
College of Physiotherapy, Cherraan's Institute of Health Sciences, 521, Siruvani Main Road, Telungupalayam Pirivu, Coimbatore641 039, Tamilnadu, India
Shweta Shenoy
Affiliation:
Department of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Jaspal Singh Sandhu
Affiliation:
Department of Sports Medicine and Physiotherapy, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
*
*Corresponding author: [email protected]
Get access

Abstract

Foot impact force during running has been suggested as one of the important causes of haemolysis in runners. However, intravascular haemolysis has also been reported among athletes involved in sports in which foot impact does not occur. The purpose of our study was to analyse intravascular haemolysis in athletes during running and compare it with cycling. Twenty male long- and middle-distance runners volunteered to participate in this study. They were divided into two groups (group 1: running and group 2: cycling), with 10 participants in each group. Each athlete completed 1 h of running or cycling at their calculated target heart rate (60–70%). Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after the running and cycling protocols. Unconjugated bilirubin (UBR; P < 0.01) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; P <0.05) levels were increased significantly after running, indicating the occurrence of haemolysis in this group of athletes. A significant variation was observed in the mean values of haematological variables between post-run (UBR: 1.40 ± 0.29, LDH: 225 ± 69.13, haemoglobin (Hb): 11 ± 1.09) and pre-run (UBR: 0.88 ± 0.31, LDH: 183 ± 40.42, Hb: 12.10 ± 1.19) during the running protocol. No significant differences in haematological variables were found between athletes who did cycling and non-exercising group participants. Our results indicate that intravascular haemolysis occurred significantly during running when compared with cycling. Hence, we conclude that the mechanical trauma due to footstrike is the major cause of intravascular haemolysis during running.

Keywords

intravascular haemolysisfoot impact forceuneven surface
Type
Research Paper
Information
Comparative Exercise Physiology , Volume 7 , Issue 4 , November 2010 , pp. 209 - 214
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1Dixon, SJ, Collop, AC and Batt, ME (2000). Surface effects on ground reaction forces and lower extremity kinematics in running. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 32: 1919–1926.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
2Dressendorfer, RH, Wade, CE and Frederick, EC (1992). Effect of shoe cushioning on the development of reticulocytosis in distance runners. American Journal of Sports Medicine 20: 212–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3de Paz, JA, Villa, JG, Lopez, P and Gonzalez-Gallego, J (1995). Effects of long-distance running on serum bilirubin. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 27: 1590–1594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4Weight, LM, Klein, M, Noakes, TD and Jacobs, P (1992). ‘Sports anemia’ – a real or apparent phenomenon in endurance-trained athletes? International Journal of Sports Medicine 13: 344–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5Schmidt, W, Maassen, N, Trost, F and Boning, D (1988). Training induced effects on blood volume, erythrocyte turn over, and hemoglobin oxygen binding properties. European Journal of Applied Physiology 57: 490–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6Miller, BJ, Pate, RR and Burgess, W (1988). Foot impact force and intravascular hemolysis during distance running. International Journal of Sports Medicine 9: 56–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7Telford, RD, Sly, GJ, Hahn, AG, Cunningham, RB, Bryant, C and Smith, JA (2003). Foot strike is the major cause of hemolysis during running. Journal of Applied Physiology 94: 38–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8Falsetti, HL, Burke, ER, Feld, RD, Frederick, EC and Ratering, C (1983). Hematological variations after endurance running with hard and soft soled running shoes. Physician and Sports Medicine 11: 118–127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9Poortmans, JR and Haralambie, G (1979). Biochemical changes in a 100 km run: proteins in serum and urine. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 40: 245–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
10Dufaux, B, Hoederath, A, Streitberger, I, Hollmann, W and Assmann, G (1981). Serum ferritin, transferrin, haptoglobin, and iron in middle- and long-distance runners, elite rowers, and professional racing cyclists. International Journal of Sports Medicine 2: 43–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11Roberts, D and Smith, D (1990). Serum ferritin values in elite speed and synchronized swimmers and speed skaters. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 116: 661–665.Google ScholarPubMed
12Selby, GB and Eichner, ER (1986). Endurance swimming, intravascular hemolysis, anemia, and iron depletion. New perspective on athlete's anemia. The American Journal of Medicine 81: 791–794.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13Rowland, TW, Black, SA and Kelleher, JF (1987). Iron deficiency in adolescent endurance athletes. Journal of Adolescent Health Care 8: 322–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14Pizza, FX, Flynn, MG, Boone, JB, Rodriguez-Zayas, JR and Andres, FF (1997). Serum haptoglobin and ferritin during a competitive running and swimming season. International Journal of Sports Medicine 18: 233–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15Senturk, UK, Gunduz, F, Kuru, O, Kocer, G, Ozakaya, YG, Yesilkaya, A, et al. (2005). Exercise induced oxidative stress leads hemolysis in sedentary but not trained humans. Journal of Applied Physiology 99: 1434–1441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16Bonilla, JF, Narvaez, R and Chuaire, L (2005). Sports as a cause of oxidative stress and hemolysis. Columbia Medica Online.Google Scholar
17Chevion, S, Moran, D, Heled, Y, Shani, Y, Regev, G, Abbou, B, et al. (2003). Plasma antioxidant status and cell injury after severe physical exercise. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 100: 5119–5123.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18Martinez, AC, Villa, G, Aguilo, A, Tur, JA and Pons, A (2006). Hand strike-induced hemolysis and adaptations in iron metabolism in Basque ball players. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 50: 206–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19Deitrick, RW (1991). Intravascular haemolysis in the recreational runner. British Journal of Sports Medicine 25: 183–187.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20Wu, H-J, Chen, K-T, Shee, B-W, Chang, H-C, Huang, Y-J and Yang, R-S (2004). Effects of 24 h ultra-marathon on biochemical and hematological parameters. World Journal of Gastroenterology 10: 2711–2714.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21Spurgeon, Benjamin EJ (2005). Do running shoes protect all runners? Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 4: 617.Google ScholarPubMed
22Frederick, EC (1984). Physiological and ergonomics factors in running shoe design. Applied Ergonomics 15: 281–287.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23Nigg, BM and Morlock, M (1987). The influence of lateral heel flare of running shoes on pronation and impact forces. Medicine and Science in Sports Exercise 19: 294–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
24Aguinaldo, A and Mahar, A (2003). Impact loading in running shoes with cushioning column systems. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 19: 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25Cook, SD, Kester, MA, Brunet, ME and Haddad, RJ (1985). Biomechanics of running shoe performance. Clinics in Sports Medicine 4: 619–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26Fredrick, EC, Clarke, TE and Hamil, CL (1984). The effect of running shoe design on shock attenuation. In: Fredrick, EC (ed.) Sports Shoes and Playing Surfaces. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, pp. 190–198.Google Scholar
27Hardin, EC and Hamill, J (2002). The influence of midsole cushioning on mechanical and hematological responses during a prolonged downhill run. Research Quartely for Exercise and Sports 73: 125–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28Bula, B, Ziobro, E and Sutylo, Z (1966). Myogenic causes of hemolysis. Physical Education and Sports 2: 33–68.Google Scholar
29Smith, JA (1995). Exercise, training and red blood cell turnover. Sports Medicine 19: 9–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
30Stenner, E, Gianoli, E, Biasioli, B, Piccinini, C, Delbello, G and Bussani, A (2006). Muscular damage and intravascular haemolysis during an 18 hour subterranean exploration in a cave of 700 m depth. British Journal of Sports Medicine 40: 235–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31Peter, P, Brian, D, Carmel, G, Grant, L, Erwin, TW, Dorine, WS, et al. (2009). Training surface and intensity: inflammation, hemolysis, and hepcidin expression. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 41: 1138–1145.Google Scholar
32Schwellnus, NP, Penfold, GK, Cilliers, JF, Kuyl, JM and van der Heever, DP (1989). Intravascular hemolysis in aerobic dancing: the role of floor surface and type of routine. Physician and Sports Medicine 17: 55–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33Stiles, VH and Dixon, SJ (2006). The influence of different playing surfaces on the biomechanics of a tennis running forehand foot plant. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 22: 14–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34Feehery, RV Jr (1986). The biomechanics of running on different surfaces. Clinics in Pediatric Medicine Surgery 3: 649–659.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35Grimmer, S, Ernst, M, Gunther, M and Blickhan, R (2008). Running on uneven ground: leg adjustment to vertical steps and self-stability. Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 2989–3000.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36Kaur, K, Yadav, VS and Sandhu, JS (2008). A survey of injuries in field hockey players in relation to playing surface. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy 2: 20–23.Google Scholar
37Robinson, Y, Cristancho, E and Boning, D (2006). Intravascular hemolysis and mean red blood cell age in athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38: 480–483.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38Schumacher, YO, Schmid, A, Grathwohl, D, Bultermann, D and Berg, A (2002). Hematological indices and iron status in athletes of various sports and performances. Medical Science in Sports and Exercise 34: 869–875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39Smith, JA, Martin, DT, Telford, RD and Ballas, SK (1999). Greater erythrocyte deformability in world class endurance athletes. The American Journal of Physiology 276: 2188–2193.Google ScholarPubMed
40Hunding, A, Jordal, R and Paulev, PE (1981). Runner's anemia and iron deficiency. Acta Medica Scandinavica 209: 315–318.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41Ehn, L, Carlmark, B and Hoglund, S (1980). Iron status in athletes involved in intense physical activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 12: 61–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42Green, HJ, Carter, S, Grant, S, Tupling, R, Coates, G and Ali, M (1999). Vascular volumes and hematology in male and female runners and cyclists. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 79: 244–250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43Rogers, G, Goodman, C, Mitchell, D and Hattingh, J (1986). The response of runners to arduous triathlon competition. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 55: 405–409.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed