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Intelligence decline across major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 March 2021

Kazutaka Ohi Open the ORCID record for Kazutaka Ohi [Opens in a new window] ,
Kentaro Takai ,
Shunsuke Sugiyama ,
Hiromi Kitagawa ,
Yuzuru Kataoka ,
Midori Soda ,
Kiyoyuki Kitaichi ,
Yasuhiro Kawasaki ,
Munechika Ito  and
Toshiki Shioiri
Kazutaka Ohi*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
Kentaro Takai
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
Shunsuke Sugiyama
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
Hiromi Kitagawa
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
Yuzuru Kataoka
Affiliation:
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
Midori Soda
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
Affiliation:
Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
Yasuhiro Kawasaki
Affiliation:
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku, Japan
Munechika Ito
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
Toshiki Shioiri
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
*
*Author for correspondence: Kazutaka Ohi, MD, PhD, Email: [email protected]
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Abstract

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) are associated with impaired intelligence that predicts poor functional outcomes. However, little is known regarding the extent and severity of intelligence decline, that is, decreased present intelligence quotient (IQ) relative to premorbid levels, across psychiatric disorders and which clinical characteristics affect the decline.

Methods

Premorbid IQ, present IQ, and intelligence decline were compared across patients with MDD (n = 45), BD (n = 30), and SCZ (n = 139), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 135). Furthermore, we investigated which factors contribute to the intelligence decline in each diagnostic group.

Results

Significant differences were observed in premorbid IQ, present IQ, and intelligence decline across the diagnostic groups. Patients with each psychiatric disorder displayed lower premorbid and present IQ and more intelligence decline than HCs. Patients with SCZ displayed lower premorbid and present IQ and more intelligence decline than patients with MDD and BD, while there were no significant differences between patients with MDD and BD. When patients with BD were divided based on bipolar I disorder (BD-I) and bipolar II disorder (BD-II), degrees of intelligence decline were similar between MDD and BD-II and between BD-I and SCZ. Lower educational attainment was correlated with a greater degree of intelligence decline in patients with SCZ and BD but not MDD.

Conclusions

These findings confirm that although all psychiatric disorders display intelligence decline, the severity of intelligence decline differs across psychiatric disorders (SCZ, BD-I > BD-II, MDD > HCs). Higher educational attainment as cognitive reserve contributes to protection against intelligence decline in BD and SCZ.

Keywords

Major depressive disorderbipolar disorderschizophreniapremorbid IQpresent IQintelligence decline
Type
Original Research
Information
CNS Spectrums , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , August 2022 , pp. 468 - 474
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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