Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T07:28:33.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Oxygen Isotope Compositions of Mixed-Layer Serpentine-Chlorite and Illite-Smectite in the Tuscaloosa Formation (U.S. Gulf Coast): Implications for Pore Fluids and Mineralogic Reactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

P. C. Ryan ,
M. E. Conrad ,
K. Brown ,
C. P. Chamberlain  and
R. C. Reynolds Jr.
P. C. Ryan
Affiliation:
Environmental Science Program, Salish Kootenai College, Pablo, Montana 59855
M. E. Conrad
Affiliation:
MS 70A-3363, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
K. Brown
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
C. P. Chamberlain
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
R. C. Reynolds Jr.
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Oxygen isotopic compositions were determined for coexisting mixed-layer serpentine-chlorite (Sp-Ch) and illite-smectite (I-S) from 5 Tuscaloosa Formation sandstone cores sampled between 1937 and 5470 m burial depth. High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) was used to concentrate Sp-Ch and I-S from the <0.5 μm fraction of each core sample into fractions with a range in the Sp-Ch: I-S ratio, and end-member δ18O compositions were determined by extrapolation. The Sp-Ch δ18O values range from + 10.4 to 13.7% and increase with burial between 3509 and 5470 m. The only exception is Sp-Ch from 1937 m, which has an anomalously high δ18O value of +12.6‰ The I-S δ18O values range from +16.1 to 17.3% and do not change significantly between 3509 and 5470 m burial depth.

Pore water δ18O compositions calculated from Sp-Ch and I-S values and measured borehole temperatures range from −2.6 to +10.3‰ The isotopically light values indicate that Sp-Ch formed at shallow burial depths in the presence of brackish to marine water and/or meteoric water. The depth-related increase in δ18O of Sp-Ch is attributed to oxygen exchange between mineral and pore water during diagenetic mineral reactions. Increasing δ18O values, in conjunction with XRD and SEM data, indicate that transformation of serpentine layers to chlorite layers and Ibb polytype layers to Iaa polytype layers occurred on a layer-by-layer basis when individual layers dissolved and recrystallized within the confines of coherent crystals. Possible explanations for the variation in I-S δ18O values include depth-related differences in pore water δ18O values present at the time of I-S crystallization, contamination by detrital 2M, mica and 1M polytype rotations that facilitated oxygen exchange.

Keywords

DiagenesisIllite-SmectiteOxygen IsotopesSandstoneSerpentine-ChloriteTuscaloosa Formation
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 46 , Issue 4 , August 1998 , pp. 357 - 368
Copyright
Copyright © 1998, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Aczel, A.D., 1995 Statistics: Concepts and applications Chicago Irwin.Google Scholar
Ahn, J.H. and Peacor, D.R., 1985 Transmission electron microscopic study of diagenetic chlorite in Gulf Coast argillaceous sediments Clays Clay Miner 33 33–237 10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Afford, E.V., 1983 Compositional variations of authigenic chlorites in the Tuscaloosa Formation, Upper Cretaceous of the Gulf Coast Basin [M.S. thesis] New Orleans, LA Univ of New Orleans.Google Scholar
Altaner, S.P. and Bethke, C.M., 1986 Layer-by-layer mechanism of smectite illitization and application to a new rate law Clays Clay Miner 34 136–145 10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340517.Google Scholar
Altaner, S.P. and Ylagin, R.F., 1993 Interlayer-by-interlayer dissolution: A new mechanism for smectite illitization Progr Abstr, 30th Annu Meet Clay Miner Soc 88.Google Scholar
Ayalon, A. and Longstaffe, F.J., 1988 Oxygen-isotope studies of diagenesis and porewater evolution in the western Canada sedimentary basin: Evidence from the Upper Cretaceous basal Belly River sandstone, Alberta J Sed Petrol 58 489–505.Google Scholar
Bailey, S.W. and Bailey, S.W., 1988 Structures and compositions of other 1:1 trioctahedral phyllosilicates Hydrous phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas), Rev Mineral 19 Washington, DC Mineral Soc Am. 169–188 10.1515/9781501508998-011.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W. and Bailey, S.W., 1988 Chlorites: Structures and crystal chemistry Hydrous phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas), Rev Mineral 19 Washington, DC Mineral Soc Am. 347–403 10.1515/9781501508998-015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., 1988 Odinite, a new dioctahedral-trioctahedral Fe3+-rich 1:1 clay mineral Clay Miner 23 23–247 10.1180/claymin.1988.023.3.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banfield, J.F. and Bailey, S.W., 1996 Formation of regularly interstratified serpentine-chlorite by tetrahedral inversion in long-period serpentine polytypes Am Mineral 81 81–91 10.2138/am-1996-1-211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., 1961 Chlorite minerals The X-ray identification and crystal structures of clay minerals London Mineral Soc. 242–296.Google Scholar
Clayton, R.N. and Mayeda, T.K., 1963 The use of bromine pentafluoride in the extraction of oxygen from oxides and silicates for isotopic analysis Geochim Cosmochim Acta 27 27–52 10.1016/0016-7037(63)90071-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drever, J.I., 1973 The preparation of oriented clay mineral specimens for X-ray diffraction analysis by a filter-membrane peel technique Am Mineral 50 50–751.Google Scholar
Eberl, D.D. and Środoń, J., 1984 Illite Micas, Rev Mineral 13 Washington, DC Mineral Soc Am. 495–544.Google Scholar
Eberl, D Ś J Kralik, M. Taylor, B.E. and Peterman, Z.E., 1990 Ostwald ripening of clays and metamorphic minerals Science 248 248–477 10.1126/science.248.4954.474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eggleton, R.A. and Banfield, J.F., 1985 The alteration of granitic biotite to chlorite Am Mineral 70 70–910.Google Scholar
Ehrenberg, S.N., 1993 Preservation of anomolously high porosity in deeply buried sandstones by grain-coating chlorite: Examples from the Norwegian Continental Shelf Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 77 77–1286.Google Scholar
Eslinger, E.V. and Savin, S.M., 1973 Oxygen isotope geothermom-etry of the burial metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian Belt Supergroup, Glacier National Park, Montana Geol Soc Am Bull 84 2549–2560 10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2549:OIGOTB>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamlin, K.H. and Cameron, C.P., 1987 Sandstone petrology and diagenesis of Lower Tuscaloosa Formation reservoirs in the McComb and Little Creek field areas, southwest Mississippi Trans Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc 37 95–104.Google Scholar
Heald, M.T. and Anderegg, R.C., 1960 Differential cementation in the Tuscarora sandstone J Sed Petrol 30 30–577 10.1306/74D70AA1-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillier, S., 1994 Pore-lining chlorites in siliciclastic reservoir sandstones: Electron microscope, SEM, and XRD data, and implications for their origin Clay Miner 29 665–679 10.1180/claymin.1994.029.4.20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hornibrook, E.R.C. and Longstaffe, F.J., 1996 Berthierine from the Lower Cretaceous Clearwater Formation, Alberta, Canada Clays Clay Miner 44 1–21 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. and Mowatt, T.C., 1966 The mineralogy of illites and mixed-layer illite-montmorillonites Am Mineral 51 51–854.Google Scholar
Jahren, J.S. and Aagaard, P., 1992 Diagenetic illite-chlorite assemblages in arenites. I. Chemical evolution Clays Clay Miner 40 40–546 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, W.-T. Peacor, D.R. and Slack, J.F., 1992 Microstructures, mixed-layering, and polymorphism of chlorite and retrograde berthierine in the Kidd Creek massive sulfide deposit, Ontario Clays Clay Miner 40 501–514 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karhu, J. and Epstein, S., 1986 The implication of the oxygen isotopic composition of selected limestones and fossils Geochim Cosmochim Acta 37 37–1816.Google Scholar
Kharaka, Y.K. Lico, M.S. Wirght, V.A. and Carothers, W.W., 1979 Geochemistry of formation waters from Pleasant Bayou No., 2 well and adjacent areas in coastal Texas 168–193.Google Scholar
Lee, M. Aronson, J.L. and Savin, S.M., 1989 Timing and conditions of Permian Rotliegende sandstone diagenesis, southern North Sea: K/Ar and oxygen isotopic data Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 73 195–215.Google Scholar
Li, G. and Peacor, D.R., 1993 Sulfides precipitated in chlorite altered from detrital biotite: A mechanism for local sulfate reduction? Abstr Progr Geol Soc Am Ann Meet 25 146–147.Google Scholar
Longstaffe, F.J. and Kyser, T.K., 1987 Stable isotope studies of diagenetic processes Stable isotope geochemistry of low temperature fluids, Miner Assoc Canada Short Course 13 187–257.Google Scholar
Longstaffe, F.J. and Hutcheon, I.E., 1989 Stable isotopes as tracers in clastic diagenesis Short course in burial diagenesis, Miner Assoc Canada Short Course 15 201–277.Google Scholar
Matsuhisa, Y. Goldsmith, J.R. and Clayton, R.N., 1979 Oxygen isotope fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-wa-ter Geochim Cosmochim Acta 43 43–1140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odin, G.S. Bailey, S.W. Amouric, M. Frohlich, F. Waychunas, G.A. and Odin, G.S., 1988 Mineralogy of the facies verdine Green marine clays, Devel Sedimentol 45 Amsterdam Elsevier 159–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pittman, E.D. and Lumsden, D.N., 1968 Relationship between chlorite coatings on quartz grains and porosity, Spiro Sand, Oklahoma J Sed Petrol 38 668–670 10.1306/74D71A28-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1985 NEWMOD©—A computer program for the calculation of one-dimensional diffraction profiles of clays .Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. and Bailey, S.W., 1988 Mixed-layer chlorite minerals Hydrous phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas), Rev Mineral 19 Washington, DC Mineral Soc Am. 601–630 10.1515/9781501508998-020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1992 X-ray diffraction studies of illite/smectite from rocks, <1 μm randomly oriented powders, and <1 μm oriented powder aggregates: The absence of laboratory-induced artifacts Clays Clay Miner 40 387–398 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1993 WILDFIRE©—A computer program for the calculation of three-dimensional diffraction profiles of clays .Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr DiStefano, M.P. and Lahann, R.W., 1992 Randomly interstratified serpentine/chlorite: Its detection and quantification by powder X-ray diffraction methods Clays Clay Miner 40 40–267 10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenbaum, J. and Sheppard, S.M.E., 1986 An isotopic study of siderites, dolomites, and ankerites at high temperatures Geochim Cosmochim Acta 50 50–1150 10.1016/0016-7037(86)90396-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, P.C., 1994 Serpentine/chlorite and illite/smectite in the Tuscaloosa Formation: Origins, chemistry, mineralogic structures, and oxygen isotope compositions [Ph.D. thesis] Hanover, NH Dartmouth College 10.1349/ddlp.1427.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, P.C. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1996 The origin and diagenesis of grain-coating serpentine-chlorite in Tuscaloosa Formation sandstone U.S. Gulf Coast. Am Mineral 81 213–225 10.2138/am-1996-1-226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, P.C. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1997 The chemical composition of serpentine/chlorite in the Tuscaloosa Formation, U.S. Gulf Coast: EDX vs., XRD determinations, implications for mineralogic reactions, and the origin of anatase Clays Clay Miner 45 339–352 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450305.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Savin, S.M. Lee, M. and Bailey, S.W., 1988 Isotopic studies of phyllosilicates Hydrous phyllosilicates (exclusive of micas), Rev Mineral 19 Washington, DC Mineral Soc Am. 189–223 10.1515/9781501508998-012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sheppard, S.M.E. and Gilg, H.A., 1996 Stable isotope geochemistry of clay minerals Clay Miner 31 31 24 10.1180/claymin.1996.031.1.01.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spotl, C. Houseknecht, D.W. and Longstaffe, F.J., 1994 Authigenic chlorites in sandstones as indicators of high-temperature diagenesis, Arkoma Foreland Basin USA. J Sed Res A64 553–566.Google Scholar
Stancliffe, R.J. and Adams, E.R., 1986 Lower Tuscaloosa fluvial channel styles at Liberty Field, Amite County, Mississippi Trans Gulf Coast Assoc Geol Soc 36 305–313.Google Scholar
Suchecki, R.K. and Land, L.S., 1983 Isotopic geochemistry of burial-metamorphosed volcanogenic sediments, Great Valley sequence, northern California Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47 1487–1499 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90308-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suchecki, R.K., 1983 Isotopic evidence for large-scale interaction between formation waters and clastic rocks Abs Prog Geol Soc Am 15 (96th Annu Meet) 701.Google Scholar
Tellier, K.E. Hluchy, M.M. Walker, J.R. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1988 Application of high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) to structural and compositional studies of clay minerals J Sed Petrol 58 761–763 10.1306/212F8E54-2B24-11D7-8648000102C1865D.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thomsen, A., 1982 Preservation of porosity in the Deep Woodbine/Tuscaloosa Trend, Louisiana J Petrol Tech 34 34–1162.Google Scholar
Weedman, S.D. Brantley, S.L. Shiraki, R. and Poulson, S.R., 1996 Diagenesis, compaction, and fluid chemistry modeling of a sandstone near a pressure seal: Lower Tuscaloosa Formation, Gulf Coast AAPG Bull 80 1045–1064.Google Scholar
Wenner, D.B. and Taylor, H.P. Jr., 1971 Temperatures of serpentin-ization of ultramafic rocks based on 18O/16O fractionation between coexisting serpentine and magnetite Contrib Mineral Petrol 32 165–185 10.1007/BF00643332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, G. and Northrop, H.R., 1987 Diagenesis and fluid flow in the San Juan basin, New Mexico—Regional zonation in the mineralogy and stable isotope composition of clay minerals in sandstone Am J Sci 287 353–382 10.2475/ajs.287.4.353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, G. and Northrop, H.R., 1988 Experimental investigation of the smectite to illite reaction: Dual reaction mechanisms and oxygen isotope systematics Am Mineral 73 73–90.Google Scholar
Worrall, D.M. Snelson, S., Bally, A.W. and Palmer, A.R., 1989 Evolution of the northern Gulf of Mexico, with emphasis on Cenozoic growth faulting and the role of salt The geology of North America, an overview: The geology of North America, A Boulder, CO Geol Soc Am. 97–138 10.1130/DNAG-GNA-A.97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiygul, G.J. and Young, L.M., 1987 A subsurface study of the Lower Tuscaloosa Formation at Olive Field, Pike and Amity Counties, Mississippi Trans Gulf Coast Assoc of Geol Soc 37 295–302.Google Scholar
Xu, H. and Veblen, D.R., 1996 Interstratification and other micro-structures in the chlorite-berthierine series Contrib Mineral Petrol 124 124–301 10.1007/s004100050192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yeh, H.-W. and Savin, S.M., 1977 The mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediments: Oxygen isotopic evidence Geol Soc Am Bull 88 88–1330 10.1130/0016-7606(1977)88<1321:MOBMOA>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ziegler, K. Sell wood, B.W. and Fallick, A.E., 1994 Radiogenic and stable isotope evidence for age and origin of authigenic illites in the Rotliegend, southern North Sea Clay Miner 29 555–565 10.1180/claymin.1994.029.4.12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar