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Modifications of 2:1 Clay Minerals in a Kaolinite-Dominated Ultisol under Changing Land-Use Regimes

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Jason C. Austin ,
Amelia Perry ,
Daniel D. Richter  and
Paul A. Schroeder
Jason C. Austin*
Affiliation:
Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708-0328 USA University of Georgia, Department of Geology, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Amelia Perry
Affiliation:
University of Georgia, Department of Geology, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
Daniel D. Richter
Affiliation:
Duke University, Nicholas School of the Environment, Durham, NC 27708-0328 USA
Paul A. Schroeder
Affiliation:
University of Georgia, Department of Geology, Athens, GA 30602-2501 USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract

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Chemical denudation and chemical weathering rates vary under climatic, bedrock, biotic, and topographic conditions. Constraints for landscape evolution models must consider changes in these factors on human and geologic time scales. Changes in nutrient dynamics, related to the storage and exchange of K+ in clay minerals as a response to land use change, can affect the rates of chemical weathering and denudation. Incorporation of these changes in landscape evolution models can add insight into how land use changes affect soil thickness and erodibility. In order to assess changes in soil clay mineralogy that result from land-use differences, the present study contrasts the clay mineral assemblages in three proximal sites that were managed differently over nearly the past two centuries where contemporary vegetation was dominated by old hardwood forest, old-field pine, and cultivated biomes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the oriented clay fraction using K-, Mg-, and Na-saturation treatments for the air-dried, ethylene glycol (Mg-EG and K-EG) solvated, and heated (100, 350, and 550°C) states were used to characterize the clay mineral assemblages. XRD patterns of degraded biotite (oxidized Fe and expelled charge-compensating interlayer K) exhibited coherent scattering characteristics similar to illite. XRD patterns of the Mg-EG samples were, therefore, accurately modeled using NEWMOD2® software by the use of mineral structure files for discrete illite, vermiculite, kaolinite, mixed-layer kaolinite-smectite, illite-vermiculite, kaolinite-illite, and hydroxy-interlayered vermiculite. The soil and upper saprolite profiles that formed on a Neoproterozoic gneiss in the Calhoun Experimental Forest in South Carolina, USA, revealed a depth-dependence for the deeply weathered kaolinitic to the shallowly weathered illitic/vermiculitic mineral assemblages that varied in the cultivated, pine, and hardwood sites, respectively. An analysis of archived samples that were collected over a five-decade growth period from the pine site suggests that the content of illite-like layers increased at the surface within 8 y. Historical management of the sites has resulted in different states of dynamic equilibrium, whereby deep rooting at the hardwood and pine sites promotes nutrient uplift of K from the weathering of orthoclase and micas. Differences in the denudation rates at the cultivated, pine, and hardwood sites through time were reflected by changes in the soil clay mineralogy. Specifically, an increased abundance of illite-like layers in the surface soils can serve as a reservoir of K+.

Keywords

Calhoun Experimental ForestDegraded BiotiteKaolinitic UltisolX-ray Pattern Modeling
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 66 , Issue 1 , February 2018 , pp. 61 - 73
Copyright
Copyright © Clay Minerals Society 2018

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