Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T17:44:36.182Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Sequential structure transformation of illite-smectite-vermiculite during diagenesis of Upper Jurassic shales from the North Sea and Denmark

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

V. A. Drits ,
B. A. Sakharov ,
H. Lindgreen  and
A. Salyn
V. A. Drits
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky per D.7, 109017 Moscow, Russia
B. A. Sakharov
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky per D.7, 109017 Moscow, Russia
H. Lindgreen
Affiliation:
Clay Mineralogical Laboratory, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Thoravej 8, DK2400 Copenhagen NV, Denmark
A. Salyn
Affiliation:
Institute of Geology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pyzhevsky per D.7, 109017 Moscow, Russia
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

For mixed-layer clay fractions from the North Sea and Denmark, X-ray diffractograms have been recorded for specimens saturated with Mg, Ca, Na and NH4, both airdry and intercalated with ethylene glycol, and the patterns have been computer-simulated with a multicomponent program. The mixed-layer fractions consist of an illite-smectite-vermiculite (I-S-V) phase constituting ~90% of the fraction and a kaolinite-illite-vermiculite (K-I-V) phase. For each I-S-V, the degree of swelling in swelling interlayers depends on both interlayer cation and glycolation, whereas the amount of non-swelling illite and swelling interlayers and the interstratification parameters are constant. Based on structural characteristics and the degree of diagenetic transformation, the samples investigated can be divided into three groups. The I-S-V of group one is predominantly detrital and has 0.69-0.73 illite, 0.26-0.20 smectite and 0.04-0.07 vermiculite interlayers, the illite, smectite and vermiculite interlayers being segregated. The I-S-V of group two has been diagenetically transformed and has 0.80 illite, 0.12 smectite and 0.08 vermiculite interlayers, the vermiculite interlayers being segregated whereas the illite and smectite have the maximum ordering possible for R = 1. The I-S-V of group three has been further transformed during diagenesis and has 0.84 illite, 0.08 smectite and 0.08 vermiculite interlayers. Statistical calculations demonstrate that the I-S-V transformation can be described as a single interlayer transformation (SIT) within the crystallites.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , September 1997 , pp. 351 - 371
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahn, J.H. & Peacor, D.R. (1986) Transmission and analytical electron microscopy of the smectite-toillite transition. Clays Clay Miner. 34, 165–179.Google Scholar
Bell, T.E. (1986) Microstructure in mixed-layer illite/smectite and its relationship to the reaction of smectite to illite. Clays Clay Miner. 34, 146–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bethke, C.M. & Altaner, S.P. (1986) Layer-by-layer mechanism of smectite illitization and application to a new rate law. Clays Clay Miner. 34, 136–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burst, J.F. (1969) Diagenesis of Gulf Coast clayey sediments and its possible relation to petroleum migration. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 53, 73–93.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. (1966) Some structural features of layer silicates with a long periodicity along e axis. Pp. 35–45 in: Physical Methods .for Study of Sedimentary Rock Minerals (Kossowskaya, A.G., editor). Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. (1987) Mixed-layer minerals: diffraction methods and structural features. Proc. Int. Clay Conf, Denver, 33-45.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. & Sakharov, B.A. (1976) X-ray Analysis of Mixed-layer Minerals. Nauka, Moskow, 256 pp (in Russian).Google Scholar
Drits, V.A. & Tchoubar, C. (1990) X-ray Diffraction by Disordered Lamellar Structures: Theory and Application to Microdivided Silicates and Carbonates. Springer Verlag, Berlin.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A., Besson, G. & Muller, F. (1996a) An improved model for structural transformations of heat-treated aluminous dioctahedral 2:1 layer silicates. Clays Clay Miner. 43, 718–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A., Lindgreen, H. & Salyn, A. (1997) Determination of the content and distribution of fixed ammonium in illite-smectite by X-ray diffraction: Application to North Sea illite-smectites. Am. Miner. 82, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drits, V.A., Salyn, A.L. & Sucha, V. (1996b) Structural transformations of interstratified illite-smectites from Dolna Ves hydrothermal deposits: Dynamics and mechanisms. Clays Clay Miner. 44, 181–190.Google Scholar
Drits, V.A., Kameneva, M.Ya., Sakharov, B.A., Bookin, A.S., Dainyak, L.G. & Salyn, A.L. (1993) Actual Structure of Glauconites and Related Dioctahedral 2:1 Varieties. Nauka, Novosibirsk (in Russian).Google Scholar
Dypvik, H. (1983) Clay mineral transformations in Tertiary and Mesozoic sediments from North Sea. Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 67, 160–165.Google Scholar
Eberl, D.D. (1978) The reaction of montmorillonite to mixed layer clay: the effect of interlayer alkali and alkaline earth cations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 42, 1–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D.D. (1993) Three zones for illite formation during burial diagenesis and metamorphism. Clays Clay Miner. 41, 26–37.Google Scholar
Eberl, D. & Hower, J. (1976) Kinetics of illite formation. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. 87, 1326–1330.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eberl, D.D., Srodofi, J., Lee, M., Nadeau, P.H. & Northrop, H.R. (1987) Sericite from the Silverton caldera, Colorado: Correlation among structure, composition, origin, and particle thickness. Am. Miner. 72, 914–934.Google Scholar
Foscolos, A.E. & Kodama, H. (1974) Diagenesis of clay minerals from Lower Cretaceous shales of north eastern British Columbia. Clays Clay Miner. 22, 319–335.Google Scholar
Güven, N. (1991) On the definition of illite/smectite mixed-layer. Clays Clay Miner. 39, 661–662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, P.L. & Lindgreen, H. (1989) Mixed-layer illite/ smectite diagenesis in Upper Jurassic elaystones from the North Sea and onshore Denmark. Clay Miner. 24, 197–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J., Eslinger, E.V., Hower, M.E. & Perry, E.A. (1976) Mechanism of burial metamorphism of argillaceous sediments. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 87, 725–737.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A., Kohyama, N., Kitagawa, R. & Watanabe, T. (1987) Chemical and morphological evidence for the conversion of smectite to illite. Clays Clay Miner, 35, 111–120.Google Scholar
Jakobsen, H. J., Nielsen, N. C. & Lindgreen, H. (1995) Sequences of charged sheets in rectorite. Am. Miner, 80, 247–252.Google Scholar
Lanson, B. & Velde, B. (1992) Decomposition of X-ray diffraction patterns: A convenient way to describe complex I/S diagenetic evolution. Clays Clay Miner. 40, 629–643.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H. (1991) Elemental and structural changes in illite/smectite mixed-layer clay minerals during diagenesis in Kimmeridgian- Volgian- (-Ryazanian) clays in the Central Trough, North Sea and the Norwegian- Danish Basin. Bull. Geol. Soc. Denmark 39, 1–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindgreen, H. (1994) Ammonium fixation during illitesmectite diagenesis in Upper Jurassic shale, North Sea. Clay Miner. 29, 527–537.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H. & Hansen, P.L. (1991) Ordering of illitesmectite in Upper Jurassic claystones from the North Sea. Clay Miner. 26, 105–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lindgreen, H., Jacobsen, H. & Jakobsen, H.J. (1991) Diagenetic structural transformations in North Sea Jurassic illite/smectite. Clays Clay Miner. 39, 54–69.Google Scholar
Lindgreen, H., Garnaes, J., Besenbacher, F., Laegsgaard, E. & Stensgaard, I. (1992) Illite-smectite from the North Sea investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Clay Miner. 27, 331–342.Google Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C & Wilson, M.J. (1980) Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals. Pp. 197–248 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification. (Brindley, G.W. & Brown, G., editors). Mineralogical Society, London.Google Scholar
Martin, R.T., Bailey, S.W., Eberl, D.D., Fanning, D.S., Guggenheim, S., Kodama, H., Pevear, D.R., Srodon, J., & Wicks, F.J. (1991) Report of the Clay Minerals Society Nomenclature Committee: Revised classification of clay minerals. Clays Clay Miner. 39, 333–335.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. & Reynolds, R.C. (1989) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals, pp. 321-322. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Nadeau, P.H. & Bain, D.C. (1986) Composition of some smectites and diagenetic illitic clays and implications for their origin. Clays Clay Miner. 34, 455–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadeau, P.H., Wilson, M.J., McHardy, W.J. & Tait, J.M. (1985) The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis: evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones. Mineral. Mag. 49, 393–400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, M.J. (1990) Clay mineral distribution and provenance in Mesozoic and Tertiary mudrocks of the Moray Firth and northern North Sea. Clay Miner. 25, 519–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, M.J. & Small, J.S. (1988) Illite-smectite diagenesis and palaeotemperatures in northern North Sea Quarternary to Mesozoic shale sequences. Clay Miner. 23, 109–132.Google Scholar
Pearson, M.J., Watkins, D. & Small, J.S. (1982) Clay diagenesis and organic maturation in northern North Sea sediments. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Bologna & Pavia, 665-675.Google Scholar
Perry, E.A. & Hower, J. (1970) Burial diagenesis in Gulf Coast pelitic sediments. Clays Clay Miner. 18, 165–177.Google Scholar
Pollard, C.O. (1971) Semi-displacive mechanism for diagenetic alteration of montmorillonite layers to illite layers. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 134, 79–96.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. (1986) The Lorenz-polarization factor and preferred orientation in oriented clay aggregates. Clays Clay Miner. 34, 359–367.Google Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. & Hower, J. (1970) The nature of interlayering in mixed-layer illite-montmorillonite. Clays Clay Miner. 18, 25–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakharov, B.A., Lindgreen, H., Salyn, A.L. & Drits, V.A. (1998) Mixed-layer kaolinite-illite-vermiculite in North Sea shales. Clay Miner. 33 (in press).Google Scholar
Scotchman, I.C. (1987) Clay diagenesis in the Kimmeridge Clay Formation, onshore UK, and its relation to organic maturation. Mineral. Mag. 51, 535–551.Google Scholar
Shutov, V.D., Drits, V.A. & Sakharov, B.A. (1969a) On the mechanism of a postsedimentary transformation of montmorillonite into hydromica. Proc. Int. Clay Conf, Tokyo, 523-532.Google Scholar
Shutov, V.D., Drits, V.A. & Sakharov, B.A. (1969b) On the mechanism of a postsedimentary transformation of montmorillonite into hydromica: discussion. Proc. Int. Clay Conf., Tokyo, 2, 126–129.Google Scholar
Srodon, J. (1980) Precise identification of illite/smectite interstratifications by X-ray powder diffraction. Clays Clay Miner. 28, 401–411.Google Scholar
Sudo, T., Hayashi, H. & Shimoda, S. (1962) Mineralogical problems of intermediate clay minerals. Clays Clay Miner. 9, 378–392.Google Scholar
Tettenhorst, R. & Johns, W.D. (1966) Interstratification in montmorillonite. Clays Clay Miner, 13, 85–93.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E. (1956) The distribution and identification of mixed-layer clays in sedimentary rocks. Am. Miner. 41, 202–221.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E. & Beck, K.C. (1971) Clay water diagenesis during burial: how mud becomes gneiss. Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper 134, 1–78.Google Scholar
Yau, Y.C., Peacor, D.R. & McDowell, S.D. (1987) Smectite-to-illite reactions in Salton Sea shales: A transmission electron microscopy study. J. Sed. Pet. 57, 335–342.Google Scholar