Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2plfb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:17:59.853Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Hua Kuo-feng's Pre-Cultural Revolution Hunan Years, 1949–66: The Making of a Political Generalist

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2009

Michel Oksenberg  and
Sai-cheung Yeung
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Speaking to his comrades at the important Chengtu meeting in March 1958, nearly two months after he had already announced his intention to resign the chairmanship of the People's Republic, Chairman Mao described the dynamics of Chinese politics:

Comrades working in the provinces will sooner or later come to the Centre. Comrades at the Centre will sooner or later either die or leave the scene. Khrushchev came from a local area. At the local level the class struggle is more acute, closer to natural struggle, closer to the masses. This gives the local comrades an advantage over those at the Centre.

Type
Research Article
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 69 , March 1977 , pp. 3 - 53
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 1977

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

*. This article is based primarily on the available issues of the Hsin Hunan Poo (New Hunan Daily - henceforth HHNP), the provincial paper of Hunan province. Mr Yeung read all issues of the microfilms of the Union Research Service and the Library of Congress (LC), and the as yet unmicrofilmed holdings of the Hoover Institution were graciously surveyed by Henry Tam. The authors are indebted to Wang Chi and Edmund Worthy for facilitating our use of the LC collection, to Ramon Myers and Paul Cocks for assisting at Hoover, and to Ma Wei-yi for his typical, excellent assistance at Michigan. Lau Yei-fei and John Dolfin of the Universities Service Centre supplied us with materials from Hong Kong. Special thanks go to Edwin Winckler for providing the incentive and encouragement to work on Hunan; this article would not have appeared without his kind understanding. James Tong, Michigan Ph.D. candidate, arranged and checked footnotes. Maria Camp generously gave of her time to prepare the manuscript on time.

1. Tse-tung, Mao, “Talks at Chengtu,” 22 03 1969Google Scholar; transl. in Schram, Stuart, Chairman Mao Talks to the People (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974), pp. 114–15Google Scholar.

2. Taiyuan Shansi Service, 14 December 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-242, 15 December 1976.

3. Jen-min jih-pao, 11 December 1976, p. 4.

4. See Whitson, William, The Chinese High Command (New York: Praeger Press, 1973), Ch. 3, especially pp. 164CrossRefGoogle Scholar and 172, where Whitson describes activities that match 1976 accounts of Hua's role in the 1940s. See also Klein, Donald and Clark, Anne, Biographic Dictionary of Chinese Communism, 1921–1965 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971)Google Scholar, especially biographies of P'och'eng, Liu, Hsiao-p'ing, Teng, Keng, Chen, and Fu-chih, Hsieh; and Rinden, Robert and Witke, Roxanne, The Red Flag Waves (Berkeley: Center for Chinese Studies monograph, 1968), p. 109Google Scholar.

5. Jen-min, 26 November 1976, p. 2.

6. See Jen-min, 14 November 1976, p. 1.

7. HHNP, 30 December 1950, p. 2.

8. See Foochow Fukien Service, 9 December 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-242 (15 December 1976), pp. 1–3.

9. For articles on land reform in Hsiang-yin, see HHNP, 11 February 1951, p. 1; 7 March 1951, p. 1; 22 March 1951, p. 1; 24 March 1951, p. 2; and 29 March 1952, p. 2.

10. The story below comes from HHNP, 22 February 1953, p. 1; 3 March 1953, p. 2; 19 March 1953, pp. 1–2.

11. See Peking NCNA Domestic, 23 November 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-228 (24 November 1976), K-l; Naming Kwangsi Service, 2 December 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-236 (7 December 1976), H-6; Nanchang Kiangsi Service, 13 December 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-244 (17 December 1976), G-5; Foochow Fukien Service, 3 December 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-237 (8 December 1976), G-3.

12. See Shenyang Liaoning Service, 2 December 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-237 (8 December 1976), L-2,3.

13. See Peking NCNA in English, 2 December 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-234 (3 December 1976), M-2,3.

14. Changsha Hunan Service, 25 November 1976, in FBIS-CHI-76-230 (29 November 1976), H-4.

15. Kuo-feng, Hua, “The experience of Hsiang-t'an Ting-chia hsiang in mobilizing the masses to expose cover-up and report fraud in land-reform reinvestigation,” HHNP, 9 02 1952, p. 3Google Scholar.

16. Not until 9 April 1953 did the provincial paper proclaim land reform to have been completed throughout the province. See HHNP, 9 April 1953, p. 1.

17. The full texts of Hua's three essays are published in “The views of Hsiang-t'an county on the state of old forms of mutual assistance and its propagation,” HHNP, 10 May 1952, p. 2; “The leadership of the mutual-aid co-operative movement must be strengthened - speaking from the state of the 45 mutual aid groups in Hsiang-t'an,” HHNP, 15 May 1952, p. 2; and “How to reform consolidate and elevate the existing year-round mutual aid groups - speaking from the conference of mutual aid group leaders,” HHNP, 18 June 1952, p. 2.

18. HHNP, 23 May 1952, p. 1.

19. See HHNP, 29 June 1952, p. 2; and Hua Kuo-feng, “Overcome the two types of deviations in our study,” HHNP, 9 July 1952, p. 2.

20. HHNP, 9 July 1952, p. 2.

21. HHNP, 29 June 1952, p. 2.

22. Hua, , “Overcome the two types,” 9 07 1952Google Scholar.

23. HHNP, 20 November 1952.

24. For example, see HHNP, 12 May 1952; 2 July 1952.

25. See Jen-min Shou-ts'e, 1951, and HHNP, 21 November 1952, p. 1. The four additional hsien were Ch'a-ling and Yü-hsien to the south and Wang-ch'eng and Ning-hsiang to the north-west.

26. HHNP, 1 July 1952, p. 1.

27. HHNP, 1 October 1952.

28. HHNP, 13 November 1952.

29. HHNP, 4 November 1952, p. 1.

30. See HHNP, 30 November 1952, p. 3 and 1 December 1952, p. 2; Chang-chiang Jih-pao (CCJP), 21 November 1952, p. 1. The photograph of 1 December from Shao-shan has someone with a distinct likeness to Hua standing in the background.

31. HHNP, 23 December 1952, p. 1. As a note in history, the membership list included Yang Jung-kuo, the historian who helped launch the “Criticism of Confucius Campaign” with his 1973 article written at Chung-shan University in Canton. But in 1952 he was head of the Literature School at Hunan University.

32. HHNP, 20 January 1954.

33. HHNP, 27 January 1954, p. 1.

34. HHNP, 16 March 1955, p. 1 and 18 March 1955, p. 1.

35. On this Central decision, see Tse-tung, Mao, “On the question of agricultural co-operation,” 31 07 1955Google Scholar; transl. in Bowie, and Fairbank, , Communist China, 1955–1959: Policy Documents with Analysis (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962). p. 95Google Scholar.

36. HHNP, 18 March 1955, p. 1, and Chung-kuo nung-yueh ho-tso-hua yuntung shih-liao, Volume II, p. 1,011.

37. Kuo-feng, Hua, “Labour management work in agricultural productive co-operatives of No. 4 district, Hsiang-t'an county,” HHNP, 16 03 1955, p. 1Google Scholar.

38. MacFarquhar, R., The Origins of the Cultural Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), p. 128Google Scholar.

39. For Mao's comments on Chou, , see “Talks on Chengtu,” 20 03 1958Google Scholar, in Schram (ed.), Chairman Mao Talks to the People. For more on this debate, see MacFarquhar, The Origins of the Cultural Revolution; and Chang, Parris, Power and Policy in China (University Park: Penn. State Press, 1975)Google Scholar, Ch. 1.

40. Jen-min, 29 November 1976, p. 1.

41. HHNP, 4 November 1955, p. 1.

42. HHNP, 4 March 1956, p. 2.

43. HHNP, 28 August 1956.

44. Kuo-feng, Hua, “Eliminate rightist thought, actively greet the arrival of the co-operativization movement hightide,” HHNP, 25 09 1955, p. 1Google Scholar.

45. Kuo-feng, Hua, “Fully research the situation of various strata in the country,” Hsueh-hsi (Peking), No. 11 (1955)Google Scholar. His August article was entitled, “We must resolutely rely on poor peasants in the co-operativization movement,” HHNP, 28 August 1955, pp. 1–2.

46. Wang became full secretary by December, and can be considered Hua's successor. The term “acting” is used because he was not yet confirmed. See HHNP, 18 May 1956, p. 2; 3 December 1956, p. 1.

47. HHNP, 29 October 1956, p. 1, gives a summary of the speech; the full text is not published.

48. HHNP, 29 November 1956, p. 1.

49. HHNP, 19 May 1956, p. 1.

50. HHNP, 3 September 1956, p. 1; 29 September 1956, p. 3.

51. HHNP, 17 September 1956, p. 6.

52. HHNP, 8 December 1956, p. 1.

53. HHNP, 30 December 1956, p. 2.

54. HHNP, 10 June 1957, p. 3; 22 August 1957, p. 1; 30 September 1957, p. 1.

55. HHNP, 11 June 1957, p. 1.

56. HHNP, 6 December 1956, p. 1.

57. HHNP, 8 April 1957, p. 1.

58. HHNP, 18 May 1957, p. 1.

59. Kuo-feng, Hua, “How to solve the main contradiction in the present middle and primary education work of our province,” HHNP, 29 05 1957, p. 2Google Scholar.

60. HHNP, 19 May 1957, p. 1.

61. HHNP, 17 September 1956, p. 6.

62. Li Jui-shan, in 1976 Shensi province first secretary, was particularly active in the industrial realm. He outranked Hua in the Hunan Party apparatus, but one senses the publicity he received was partly his choice.

63. HHNP, 29 September 1956, p. 3.

64. Hua, , “How to Solve,” 29 05 1957Google Scholar.

65. For a description of a particularly chaotic situation, see HHNP, 29 September 1956, p. 3.

66. The Hunan problem was described in HHNP, 22 August 1957, p. 1.

67. See the Jen-min 26 August 1957 editorial, reprinted in HHNP, 27 August 1957. One reason why the leaders participated in physical labour, of course, was to convince the populace that physical labour was perfectly dignified, etc.

68. See Ch'i-shih nien-tai (The Seventies) (Hong Kong), 11 1976, p. 1Google Scholar. See also Hua-ch'iao Jih-pao (New York), 5 01 1977, p. 2Google Scholar.

69. HHNP, 27 June 1956, p. 1; 6 July 1956, p. 1; 8 July 1956, p. 1; and 31 July 1956, p. 1.

70. HHNP, 21 August 1957, p. 3.

71. Jen-min, 24 March 1957, p. 16; HHNP, 22 May 1957, p. 1; and 1 June 1957, p. 2.

72. HHNP, 20 May 1957, p. 1.

73. HHNP, 17 July 1957, p. 1.

74. HHNP, 3 August 1957, p. 6; 16 August 1957, p. 3; and 17 August 1957, P. 3.

75. HHNP, 8 August 1957, p. 1; 16 September 1957, p. 2.

76. The personnel selection process is similar to that of the Soviet Union. See inter alia, Barghorn, Frederick, Politics in the USSR (Boston: Little Brown, 1966), pp. 205–12Google Scholar.

77. Kuo-feng, Hua, “Thoroughly knock down the bourgeois capitalist rightists - on the rectification campaign in the democratic parties and the industrial and commercial sector and the question of fundamental transformation,” abstracted in HHNP, 27 12 1957, p. 6Google Scholar.

78. See Proceedings of the Fourth Session of the First NPC (in Chinese) (Peking: People's Press, 1957), p. 1,642Google Scholar; also Doolin, Dennis, Communist China: The Politics of Student Opposition (Stanford: Hoover Institution, 1964), pp. 23–42Google Scholar.

79. See Teiwes, Frederick C., “The Purge of provincial leaders, 1957–1958,” in The China Quarterly (CQ), No. 27 (1966), p. 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

80. HHNP, 26 September 1958, p. 1.

81. HHNP, 15 March 1958, p. 3 did not publish the text of the speech, but carried an editorial on the same subject.

82. HHNP, 16 March 1958, p. 3.

83. Jen-min, 27 February 1958 carried an editorial on the anti-schistosomiasis campaign.

84. HHNP, 10 March 1958, p. 3; 15 March 1958, p. 3; and 16 March 1958, p. 1.

85. HHNP, 19 May 1958, p. 1.

86. HHNP, 14 May 1958, p. 1.

87. HHNP, 27 March 1958, p. 1.

88. HHNP, 13 June 1958, p. 3.

89. See, for example, his activities in HHNP, 6 July 1958, p. 1.

90. Hua's speech was not printed in HHNP, 22 September 1958, p. 1, but an editorial and accompanying articles discussed the issue in HHNP, 23 September 1958, p. 1.

91. HHNP, 15 March 1958, p. 3.

92. A recent Hong Kong source dates his elevation to the position of Provincial Party Committee member in 1956, but the evidence does not support this assertion: for example, Hua played no major role in the 1956 Hunan Party Congress and was not described as Committee member when he engaged in physical labour in 1957.

93. HHNP, 3 July 1958, p. 1.

94. HHNP, 11 July 1958, p. 1.

95. Kuo-feng, Hua, “Thoroughly implement the mass line, hasten our province's economic construction,” HHNP, 11 07 1958, pp. 1–2Google Scholar.

96. Personal contact of one of the authors.

97. See Tse-tung, Mao, “60 points on work methods,” 31 01 1958Google Scholar; transl. in Ch'en, Jerome, Mao Papers (London: Oxford University Press, 1970), especially p. 56Google Scholar.

98. HHNP. 22 September 1958, p. 1; 23 September 1958, p. 1.

99. HHNP, 26 September 1958, p. 1; 29 September 1958, p. 1.

100. HHNP, 6 October 1958, p. 2.

101. HHNP, 12 October 1958, p. 2.

102. HHNP, 6 January 1959, p. 1.

103. The problem was described in Jen-min of 20 December 1958 and 12 January 1959. See Hsin-hua pan-yueh-k'an (New China Semi-monthly), No. 21 (1959), pp. 96–97Google Scholar.

104. See Lieberthal, Kenneth, A Research Guide to Central Party and Government Meetings in China, 1949–1975 (New York: International Arts and Sciences Press, 1976), pp. 131–32Google Scholar.

105. HHNP, 25 February 1959, p. 1.

106. Hua made an “important speech” at a conference on finance convened by the Provincial Party Committee; see HHNP, 3 March 1959, p. 1.

107. HHNP, 25 February 1959, p. 1.

108. HHNP, 6 March 1959, p. 1.

109. Again, Hua's speech was unavailable, but HHNP, 11 March 1959, p. 1. carried an editorial and a long article which was probably based on Hua's talk. For other activities of this small group in June, see HHNP, 10 June 1959, p. 1.

110. HHNP, 26 March 1959, p. 1.

111. Lieberthal, , Research Guide, pp. 133–34Google Scholar, and reference contained therein.

112. HHNP, 21 June 1959, p. 1.

113. HHNP, 17 June 1959, p. 1.

114. HHNP, 8 July 1959, p. 1.

115. HHNP, 25 February 1959, p. 1.

116. HHNP, 23 November 1958, p. 1; 9 February 1959, p. 1.

117. CCJP, 21 November 1952, p. 1.

118. For a reference to Mao's visit, see HHNP, 24 June 1957.

119. See The Case of P'eng Teh-huai, 1959–1968 (Hong Kong: Union Research Institute, 1968), especially pp. 1–38Google Scholar.

120. See ibid. especially p. 1.

121. Reference to this demonstration is in Charles, David, “The dismissal of Marshall P'eng Teh-huai,” in MacFarquhar, Roderick, China under Mao (Cambridge: M.I.T., 1966), p. 25Google Scholar.

122. HHNP, 12 August 1959, p. 1.

123. HHNP, 8 September 1959, p. 1.

124. HHNP, 3 October 1959, p. 4.

125. HHNP, 5 October 1959, p. 1; publication of the news item on the meeting was delayed for 20 days.

126. See above, pp. 13–14.

127. Tse-tung, Mao, “Shaoshan revisited,” 06 1959Google Scholar; transl. in Mao Tse-tung Poems (Peking: 1976), p. 36Google Scholar.

128. See Jen-min, 22 December 1976, p. 3.

129. Jen-min, 29 November 1976, p. 1.

130. For more on this, see the section below.

131. See “Mao Tse-tung's comment on a report: the Tao Chu production brigade of Tan-ling commune in Ping chiang county, Hunan, abolished scores of mess halls and then restored them again,” in The Case of P'eng Teh-huai, p. 485.

132. Ibid, transl. on p. 317.

133. Kuo-feng, Hua, “Victory belongs to the people who hold high the red banner of the Great Leap,” Hsueh-hsi tao-pao (Changsha), No. 46 (1 12 1959)Google Scholar. The journal itself has not been located, but its table of contents appeared in HHNP, 28 November 1959, p. 4.

134. This was not the first reference to Hai Jui in 1959, of course. Even before the Lushan meetings began, on 16 June 1959, Wu Han had published a People's Daily article on Hui Jui. See Perkin, Linda, The Chinese Communist Party: The Lushan Meeting and Plenum, July–August 1959 (Columbia University M.A. essay, 1971), p. 23Google Scholar.

135. See Lieberthal, , Research Guide, pp. 144–48Google Scholar. Hunan was not the only province to launch the movement before the open publication of the resolution concerning it. Kwangtung, Liaoning and Shansi also started early.

136. HHNP, 21 September 1959, p. 1.

137. HHNP, 25 September 1959, p. 1.

138. See HHNP, 8 December 1959, p. 3; 15 December 1959, p. 1; and 26 December 1959, p. 1.

139. HHNP, 16 December 1959, p. 1.

140. HHNP, 19 March 1960, p. 1.

141. HHNP, 12 August 1959, p. 1.

142. HHNP, 8 September 1959, p. 1.

143. The key slogan of the campaign was fan-yu-ch'ing ku-kan-ching (oppose rightist tendencies, go all out).

144. Hua's speech did not solve the problem, of course. In fact, less than three weeks later another conference was held on the topic; see HHNP, 25 September 1959, p. 1.

145. HHNP, 16 October 1959, p. 1.

146. HHNP, 27 October 1959, p. 3.

147. HHNP, 25 November 1959, p. 2.

148. HHNP, 1 December 1959, p. 1.

149. HHNP, 13 December 1959, p. 1.

150. Note here that in Hunan, at least, the tzu-li keng-sheng slogan began not as a response to the withdrawal of Soviet advisors, with the search for an indigenous pattern of development, nor as part of a national defence strategy - as post hoc rationalizations would have it - but as the higher administrative level's answer to worsening local conditions.

151. HHNP, 8 July 1959, p. 1.

152. HHNP, 7 October 1959, p. 1.

153. HHNP, 24 October 1959, p. 1.

154. HHNP, 27 October 1959, p. 3.

155. Hua appeared in Chu-chou to greet provincial delegates to National Masses Assembly; see HHNP, 15 November, p. 1.

156. HHNP, 25 November 1959, p. 2. Hua was presiding over a conference on trade and finance.

157. For more on this, see Oksenberg, Michel, “Methods of communications within the Chinese bureaucracy,” in CQ, No. 57 (1974) pp. 1–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

158. HHNP, 9 November 1959, p. 2.

159. HHNP, 13 December 1959, p. 1.

160. HHNP, 30 October 1959, p. 1.

161. HHNP, 9 November 1959, p. 2.

162. HHNP, 12 November 1959, p. 2.

163. HHNP, 19 November 1959, p. 1.

164. HHNP, 6 December 1959, p. 1.

165. See Lieberthal, , Research Guide, pp. 14–23Google Scholar. Also see Gerson, David, “Decision making China, 1959–1962” (University of Michigan M.A essay 05 1976)Google Scholar.

166. Harding, Harry, “Maoist theories of policy making and organisation,” in Robinson, Thomas (ed.), The Cultural Revolution in China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971), especially pp. 130–34Google Scholar.

167. HHNP, 12 November 1959, p. 1.

168. HHNP, 3 December 1959, pp. 1–2.

169. HHNP, 14 June 1960, p. 1.

170. HHNP, 16 December 1959, p. 1. For the resolution on this report and the HHNP edit., see HHNP, 23 December 1957, pp. 1–2.

171. HHNP, 18 December 1959, p. 1.

172. HHNP, 12 March 1960, p. 1.

173. HHNP, 20 January 1960, p. 1.

174. HHNP, 23 March 1960, p. 1; text not available.

175. Ming-fang, Ma, “Several problems in finance and trade work under the new forms,” in Red Flag, No. 10 (1960), pp. 23–30Google Scholar.

176. HHNP, 5 May 1960, p. 1.

177. Kuo-feng, Hua, “Create a hightide in urban people's communalization,” in Hsueh-hsi Tao-pao (Changsha), No. 5 (1960)Google Scholar. The journal has not been located; the title of the article appeared in HHNP, 1 May 1960, p. 4.

178. HHNP, 5 August 1960, p. 1.

179. HHNP, 3 July I960, p. 1.

180. HHNP, 6 July 1960, p. 1.

181. HHNP. 5 September 1960, p. 1.

182. HHNP, 4 September 1960, p. 1.

183. HHNP, 17 September 1960, p. 1.

184. HHNP, 22 November 1960, p. 1.

185. Ahn, Byung-joon, “Adjustments in the Great Leap Forward and their ideological legacy, 1952–1962,” in Johnson, Chalmers, (ed.), Ideology and Politics in Contemporary China (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1973), p. 265Google Scholar.

186. HHNP, 31 December 1960, p. 1.

187. HHNP, 29 December 1960, p. 1.

188. Available HHNP terminate in December 1960. From now on the narrative is based on provincial radio broadcasts and 1976 newspaper accounts. Further, no material has yet been located to trace Hua's precise activities in 1961–62. The trail picks up again in 1963.

189. Jen-min, 29 November 1976, p. 1. See also Peking NCNA English in FBIS-CHI-76-232 (1 December 1976), p. H–3.

190. See Lewis, John, “The leadership doctrine of the Chinese Communist party: the lesson of the people's commune,” Asian Survey, Vol. III, No. 10 (10 1963) pp. 457–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

191. For key provincial activities at which Hua was not present, see FBIS 17 March, 10 April, 6 May, 15 August, 19 September, 1 October, and 12 December 1973.

192. Jen-min, 14 December 1976, p. 2.

193. Ibid. 27 November 1976, p. 1.

194. See Changsha Hunan Service, 5 December 1976, in FBIS–CHI–76–239 (10 December 1976) p. H–6 and Peking NCNA English, 21 November 1976, in FBIS–CHI–76–226 (22 November 1976) p. H–5.

195. Jen-min, 29 November 1976, p. 1. For another reference to Hua's supposed role in Mao-t'ien, see Peking, NCNA English, 30 November 1976 in FBIS–CHI–76–232 (1 December 1976), p. H–5. For contemporaneous references to Mao-t'ien's successes, though without mention of Hua's role in developing it, see Peking Domestic Service, 27 February 1964, in FBIS 28 February 1964; and Changsha Domestic Service, 4 April 1965, in News from Chinese Regional Radio Stations (henceforth RRS), No. 102 (4 04 1965), pp. 6–8Google Scholar.

196. Jen-min, 14 November 1976, p. 1.

197. See Baum, Richard, Prelude to Revolution (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975)Google Scholar.

198. Tse-tung, Mao, “Speech at the Hangchow conference,” May 1963, transl. in Miscellany of Mao Tse-tung Thought (1949–1968), Joint Publication Research Service 61269–2 (20 02 1974), p. 319Google Scholar.

199. See “Draft resolution of the CCP Central Committee on some problems in rural work,” 20 May 1963, transl. in Baum, Richard and Teiwes, Frederick C., Ssu-ch'ing: The Socialist Education Movement of 1962–66 (Berkeley: University of California, Center for Chinese Studies, 1968), p. 63Google Scholar.

200. Ibid. p. 59.

201. On Ling-ling county, see Mao, “Speech at Hanchow,” 05 1963, p. 320Google Scholar.

202. See Wen Hui Poo (Hong Kong) 11 12 1976, p. 1Google Scholar and FBIS–CHI–76–232, H–3.

203. See P'i T'ao Chan Poo (Combat Bulletin to Criticize T'ao) 8 May 1967, p. 2, column 2 and p. 3, column 1 in Red Guard Publications (Washington: Center for Chinese Research Materials, 1975), Vol. II, p. 3,308Google Scholar. Also Tou T'ao Chan Pao (Combat Bulletin to Struggle T'ao), 18 April 1967, p. 5, column 1, in Ibid. Vol. 12, p. 3,922.

204. See Jen-min 29 November 1976. The 1976 reporting may be somewhat accurate, however, if the implication is that Hua sought to relate szu-ch'ing - essentially an ideological-organizational campaign - to the more pressing problem of increasing agricultural production. At least, Richard Baum observes that a Hunan report of 19 July 1963 expressly linked the task of cleaning up accounts and work points to “making good preparations for production work.” See Baum, , Prelude, p. 36Google Scholar. While this report probably did not come from Hua's bailiwick, it may have reflected the emphasis of the time.

205. Peking NCNA English, 30 November 1976 H–4.

206. Peking NCNA English, 22 September 1964, in FBIS, 24 September 1964.

207. See Changsha Domestic Service, 3 October 1964, in FBIS, 27 October 1964, ddd–1; Changsha Domestic Service, 26 October 1964, in FBIS, 5 November 1964; and Changsha Domestic Service, 3 November 1964, in FBIS, 18 November 1964.

208. See Changsha Domestic Service, 8 October 1964, in FBIS, 27 October 1964, ddd–2; Changsha Domestic Service, 15 October 1964 in FBIS, 6 November 1964; and Changsha Domestic Service, 29 October 1964 in FBIS, 5 November 1964.

209. The following is based on Changsha Domestic Service, 3 October 1964, Changsha Domestic Service, 8 October 1964; Changsha Domestic Service, 15 October 1964; Changsha Domestic Service, 29 October 1964; and Changsha Domestic Service, 3 November 1964.

210. Changsha, Radio, 1 February 1965 in RRS, No. 93 (11 02 1965), p. 13Google Scholar.

211. Changsha, Radio, 28 June 1965, in RRS, No. 113 (30 06 1965), p. 8Google Scholar.

212. Changsha, Radio, 1 May 1965, in RRS, No. 105 (6 05 1965), p. 8Google Scholar.

213. Changsha, Radio, 3 September 1965, in RRS, No. 123 (9 09 1965), p. 9Google Scholar.

214. Changsha, Radio, 20 December 1965, in RRS, No. 138 (20 12 1965), p. 15Google Scholar.

215. Changsha, Radio, 19 July 1965, in RRS, No. 116 (22 07 1965), p. 7Google Scholar.

216. Changsha, Radio, 23 July 1966, in RRS, No. 167 (23 07 1966), pp. 8–9Google Scholar.

217. Changsha, Radio, 2 September 1965, in RRS, No. 123 (9 09 1965), p. 9Google Scholar.

218. Changsha, Radio, 11 March 1966, in RRS, No. 149 (17 03 1966), p. 20Google Scholar.

219. Changsha, Radio, 25 May 1966, in RRS, No. 160 (2 06 1966), p. 6Google Scholar.

220. Changsha, Radio, 30 June 1965, in RRS, No. 114 (8 07 1965), p. 8Google Scholar.

221. Changsha, Radio, 3 August 1965, in RRS, No. 118 (5 08 1965), p. 12Google Scholar.

222. The following account comes from Changsha, Radio, 12 December 1965, in RRS, No. 136 (9 12 1965), p. 8Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 27 December 1965, in RRS, No. 139 (6 01 1966), p. 18Google Scholar.

223. Changsha, Radio, 22 February 1965, in RRS, No. 95 (25 02 1965), p. 15Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 13 March 1965, in RRS, No. 98 (18 03 1965), p. 9Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 21 August 1965, in RRS, No. 121 (26 08 1965), p. 7Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 21 March 1966, in RRS. No. 150 (24 03 1966), p. 8Google Scholar. Texts of Hua's remarks are unavailable.

224. Changsha, Radio, 14 May 1965, in RRS, No. 107 (20 05 1965), p. 7Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 5 June 1965, in RRS, No. 110 (10 06 1965), p. 7Google Scholar. Texts of Hua's remarks are unavailable.

225. Changsha, Radio, 8 March 1965, in RRS, No. 97 (11 03 1965), p. 10Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 21 February 1966, in RRS, No. 146 (24 02 1966), p. 11Google Scholar.

226. Changsha, Radio, 1 September 1965, in RRS, No. 123 (9 09 1965), p. 8Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 2 April 1966, in RRS, No. 152 (7 04 1966), pp. 10–11Google Scholar.

227. Changsha, Radio, 11 June 1965, in RRS, No. 111 (17 06 1965), p. 11Google Scholar; See also “Hua Kuo-feng” in Issues and Studies, Vol. XII, No. 3 (03 1976), p. 82Google Scholar.

228. Changsha, Radio, 25 March 1966, in RRS, No. 151 (31 03 1966), p. 15Google Scholar.

229. Changsha, Radio, 7 January 1966, in RRS, No. 140 (13 01 1966), pp. 10–11Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 19 January 1966, in RRS, No. 142 (27 01 1966), p. 10Google Scholar.

230. Changsha, Radio, 12 April 1965, in RRS, No. 102 (14 04 1965), p. 8Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 11 July 1965, in RRS, No. 115 (15 07 1965), p. 13Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 31 August 1965, in RRS, No. 122 (2 09 1965), p. 9Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 1 January 1966, in RRS, No. 139 (6 01 1966), p. 22Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 19 January 1966, in RRS, No. 142 (27 01 1966), p. 10Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 17 March 1966, in RRS, No. 150 (24 03 1966), p. 7Google Scholar; Changsha, Radio, 22 April 1966, in RRS, No. 155 (28 04 1966), p. 10Google Scholar; and Changsha, Radio, 29 June 1966, in RRS, No. 164 (7 07 1966), p. 11Google Scholar.

231. The most thorough account of Hua's post–1966 career is now “Hua Kuo-feng,” in Issues and Studies, Vol. XII, No. 3 (03 1976), pp. 80–88Google Scholar.

232. See Jen-min 8 December 1976, p. 2; 11 December 1976, p. 4; and “Hua Kuo-feng,” Issues and Studies, p. 81.