Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T07:26:18.761Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

China's Defence Industrial Base in 1985

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 May 2013

David Bachman
David Bachman*
Affiliation:
University of Washington. Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This essay assesses various dimensions of China's defence industrial enterprises. It argues that the defence industrial system should be divided into two tiers: tier one, composed of weapons and equipment producers for the military, and tier two, composed of “civilian” industrial enterprises that provided critical inputs for tier one enterprises, and which in national emergencies could be mobilized to produce weapons themselves. In 1985, there were 1,158 tier one defence enterprises and 827 tier two enterprises among China's 8,285 large- and medium-scale enterprises. Additional information is provided on defence enterprise shares of the economy at the provincial and the national levels, on enterprise distribution by industrial sector, and on when enterprises were built. The article attempts to estimate the total number of workers, output value and fixed assets of the defence industrial sector, and their weight in the national economy.

Keywords

defence industryindustrylarge- and medium-scale enterprisesprovincial economieslabour forceMao periodChina
Type
Articles
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 214 , June 2013 , pp. 432 - 455
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anhui sheng zhi: junshi gongye zhi. (Anhui Provincial Gazetteer: Military Industry Volume). 1996. N.p.: Anhui renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Baotou shi zhi: guofang gongye juan. (Baotou Municipal Gazetteer: National Defence Industry Volume). 1995. Huhehaote: Neimenggu renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Berthelemy, Jean-Claude, and Deger, Saadat. 1995. Conversion of Military Industries in China. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.Google Scholar
Brommelhorster, Jorn, and Frankenstein, John (eds.) 1997. Mixed Motives, Uncertain Outcomes. Boulder, CO: Lynn Reiner.Google Scholar
Chengdu wufeng gang guan chang yejin jungong shi (1964–1985). (Chengdu Seamless Steel Pipe Factory's Military Metallurgy Industrial History). 1987. N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
China Statistics Consultants (BJ) Limited. 1997. Zhongguo di san ci gongye pucha guangpan. (CD ROM of Materials on China's Third Industrial Census). Beijing.Google Scholar
Cheung, Tai Ming. 2009. Fortifying China. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Chongqing shi zhi: guofang keji gongye juan. (Chongqing Municipal Gazetteer: National Defence Science Technology and Industry Volume). 1996. N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Dalian gangchang yejin jungong shi (1946–1985). (Dalian Steel Mill's Military Metallurgy Industrial History). 1988. Dalian: Dalian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Dangdai Beijing guofang gongye. (The National Defence Industry of Contemporary Beijing). 1990. Beijing: Beijing ribao chubanshe.Google Scholar
Dangdai Hubei gongye: qiye juan. (Industry in Contemporary Hubei). 1988. Beijing: Jingji ribao chubanshe.Google Scholar
Daye gangchang yejin jungong shi (1949–1985). (Daye Steel Mill's Military Metallurgy Industry History). 1989. N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Di er ci quanguo gongye pucha yunnan sheng da zhong xing gongye pucha jiben qingkuang. (Basic Conditions of Large and Medium Industrial Enterprises in Yunnan Province from the Second National Industrial Census). 1987. N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Frieman, Wendy S. 1993. “China's defence industries.” Pacific Review 6 (1), 51–62.Google Scholar
Frieman, Wendy S. 1989. “China's military R&D system.” In Denis, Fred Simon and Merle, Goldman (eds.) Science and Technology in Post-Mao China. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 251–286.Google Scholar
Folta, Paul Humes. 1992. From Swords to Ploughshares? Defense Industry Reform in the PRC. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Fujian sheng di er ci quanguo gongye pucha ziliao huibian: da zhong xing ji sanzi qiye gaikuang. (Fujian Province Compendium of Materials from the Second National Industrial Census: Conditions of Large and Medium Sized and Foreign Invested Enterprises). 1987. N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Gaddy, Clifford. The Price of the Past. 1996. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar
Gansu san xian jianshe. (Third Line Construction in Gansu). 1993. Lanzhou: Lanzhou daxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Gansu sheng zhi, di 43 juan: junshi gongye zhi. (Gansu Provincial Gazetteer, Vol. 43: Military Industry Volume). 1992. Lanzhou: Lanzhou Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Guangdong jungong ziliao (2), 1949–1987. (Materials on Guangdong's Military Industries (2): 1949–1987). 1990? N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Guangdong sheng zhi: junshi gongye zhi. (Guangdong Provincial Gazetteer: Military Industry Volume). 1995. N.p.: Guangdong renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Guangxi guofang gongye. (Guangxi's National Defence Industry). 1996. Nanning: N.p.Google Scholar
Guizhou gongye, 1949–1989. (Guizhou Industry, 1949–1989). 1989. Guiyang: Guizhou renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Handan shi guofang gongye zhi. (Handan Municipal National Defence Industry Gazetteer). 1991. Beijing: Bingqi gongye chubanshe.Google Scholar
Harbin shi zhi: junshi, junshi gongye. (Harbin Municipal Gazetteer: Military Affairs, Military Industry Volume). 1994. Harbin: Heilongjiang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hebei jingji tongji nianjian 1987. (1987 Hebei Economic Statistical Yearbook). 1988. Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Hebei sheng Hengshui diqu guofang gongye zhi (1970–1988). (Hengshui Prefecture, Hebei Province National Defence Industry Gazetteer). 1988? N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Hebei sheng zhi, di 34 juan: guofang keji gongye zhi. (Hebei Provincial Gazetteer, Vol. 34: National Defence Science, Technology, and Industry Volume). 1995. Beijing: Zhongguo shuji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jammes, Sydney. 1983. “China.” In Ball, Nicole and Leitenberg, Milton (eds.), The Structure of the Defense Industry. New York: St. Martin's Press, 257–277.Google Scholar
Jencks, Harlan. 1982. From Muskets to Missiles. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Jiangsu sheng zhi: junshi gongye zhi. (Jiangsu Gazetteer: Military Industry Volume). 2000. Nanjing: Jiangsu renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Jiangxi Gongye. (Jiangxi Industry). 1988. Nanchang: n.p.Google Scholar
Jiaozuo junshi gongye zhi: 1945–1985. (Jiaozuo Military Industry Gazetteer, 1945–1985). 1989. Beijing: Bingqi gongye chubanshe.Google Scholar
Lewis, John Wilson, and Litai, Xue. 1988. China Builds the Bomb. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, John Wilson, and Litai, Xue. 1994. China's Strategic Seapower. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Lewis, John Wilson, and Litai, Xue. 2006. Imagined Enemies. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Liaoning sheng gongye pucha qiye minglu. (Directory of Enterprises in the Industrial Census of Liaoning Province). 1986. Shenyang: n.p.Google Scholar
Liaoning sheng guofang keji gongye zhi (1881–1985). (Liaoning Provincial National Defence Science, Technology, and Industry Gazetteer, 1881–1985). 1992. Shenyang: Liaoning kexue jishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Medeiros, Evan S., Cliff, Roger, Crane, Keith and Mulvenon, James C.. 2005. A New Direction for China's Defense Industry. Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.Google Scholar
Mulvenon, James C. 2001. Soldiers of Fortune. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Naughton, Barry. 1988. “The third front: defence industrialization in the Chinese interior.” The China Quarterly 115, 351–386.Google Scholar
Naughton, Barry. 1995. Growing Out of the Plan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Neimenggu zizhiqu di er ci quanguo gongye pucha ziliao huibian, di yi ce (Collected Materials from the Second National Industrial Census of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Vol.1) 1987. N.p: n.p.Google Scholar
Quanguo ge sheng, zizhiqu, zhixiashi lishi tongji ziliao huibian(1949–1989). (Compendium of Historical Statistical Material for Each Chinese Province, Autonomous Region and Centrally Administered City). 1990. Zhengzhou: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David. 1983. “China's defense industries.” In Godwin, Paul H. B. (ed.), The Chinese Defense Establishment. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 43–86.Google Scholar
Shambaugh, David. 2002. Modernizing China's Military. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shanghai guofang keji gongye wushi nian. (Fifty Years of Shanghai's National Defence Science Technology and Industry). 2005. Shanghai: Shanghai Renmin Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shanghai shi yejin gongye ju yejin jun gong shi (1949–1985). (Shanghai Municipality Metallurgical Bureau's Military Metallurgy Industrial History). 1988. N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Shanxi jungong jianshe. (Shanxi Military Industrial Construction). 1993. Taiyuan: Shanxi kexue jishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shanxi tongzhi, di 18 juan: junshi gongye zhi. (Shanxi History, Volume 18: Military Industry Volume). 1997. Beijing: Zhongguo shuju.Google Scholar
Shenyang shi zhi di liu juan: junshi gongye. (Shenyang Municipal Gazetteer, Volume Six: Military Industry). 1992. Shenyang: Shenyang chubanshe.Google Scholar
Shijiazhuang shi zhi: guofang gongye. (Shijiazhuang Municipal Gazetteer: National Defence Industry). 1990. N.p.: n.p.Google Scholar
Sichuan shengzhi: jixie gongye zhi. (Sichuan Provincial Gazetteer: Machinery Industry Volume). 1994. Chengdu: Sichuan cishu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhongguo bingqi gongye nianjian (1986–1990). (China Ordinance Industry Yearbook, 1986–1990). 1991. Beijing: Bingqi Gongye Chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhongguo qiye gaikuang. (Survey of Chinese Enterprises, 12 volumes). 1988. Beijing: Qiye guanli chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhongguo zhongyao jingji shili paixu yaolan. (Priority Listing of China's Major Economic Strengths). 1991. Beijing: Gaige chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo 1985 nian gongye pucha ziliao. (Material from the 1985 Industrial Census of the People's Republic of China, 10 Volumes.) 1988. Beijing: Tongji chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo gongye qiye jiben gaikuang: huaxue gongye juan. (Basic Survey of Industrial Enterprises of the People's Republic of China: Chemical Industries, 2 volumes). 1997. Beijing: Huaxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo gongye qiye jiben gaikuang: jixie gongye juan. (Basic Survey of Industrial Enterprises of the People's Republic of China: Machinery Industry, 10 volumes). 1997. Beijing: Jixie gongye chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo gongye qiye jiben gaikuang: yejin gongye juan: youse yejin gongye fence. (Basic Survey of Industrial Enterprises of the People's Republic of China: Metallurgical Industries Volume, Non-ferrous Metals Industry Sub-volume). 1997. Beijing: Yejin gongye chubanshe.Google Scholar