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Beijing and Taipei: Dialectics in Post-Tiananmen Interactions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 February 2009

Chong-Pin Lin
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Extract

The brutality of the 4 June 1989 Tiananmen Square crackdown ordered by Beijing quickly checked the former growing “mainland fever” among the inhabitants of Taiwan. It seemed that, with their aspiration to reunify with the People's Republic of China shattered forever, Taiwan's expanding non-governmental interactions with the mainland would cease indefinitely. Yet, on 5 July, 76 Taiwanese businessmen crossed the Taiwan Strait to attend an export commodities fair in Dalian. There, one Taiwanese visitor even made an investment of US$5 million.

Type
Greater China
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 136 , December 1993 , pp. 770 - 804
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 1993

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References

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33. “Jiang Zemin chongshen bu fangqi wuli jiejue Taihai wenti” (“Jiang Zemin reiterates not to renounce the use of force in resolving the Taiwan Strait problem”), Shijie ribao, 29 June 1990, p. 1; “Yang Shangkun on China's reunification,” Beijing Review, 26 November–2 December 1990, pp. 15–16.

34. “Taiwan tewu jiguan chashou dalu dongluan zongshu” (“Summary of the involvement of Taiwanese spies in mainland unrest”), Liaowang, 7 August 1989, pp. 4–6. “Zhonggong gongji maotou zhuan xiang liuwang haiwai yiyi renshi” (“Chinese Communists turned criticism at exiled dissidents”), Lianhebao, 3 August 1989, p. 9.

35. “Chien Fu zhi Beijing cai zhengge shi ‘Kaizi Waijiao’ “ (“Fredrick Chien points out that Beijing applies the real ‘silver dollar diplomacy’“), Shijie ribao, 29 December 1990, p. 2; “Ma Yingjiu zhi Zhonggong dui Tai zhengce ren shui ye nanyi jieshou” (“Ying-jeou Ma held that Communist China's policy towards Taiwan is intolerable to anyone”), Zhongyang ribao, 13 November 1990, p. 1.

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38. Yang said, “Mr Deng Xiaoping has proposed that it is better for both the mainland and Taiwan to establish contacts and realize the goal of the country's reunification when the senior leaders of the CPC and KMT in Taiwan are still alive.” See “Yang Shangkun on China's reunification,” p. 17.

39. “Policy on Taiwan unchanged,” Beijing Review, 10–16 July 1989, p. 12.

40. “Zhonggong tiaozheng dui Tai guanxi” (“Communist China adjusted its relations with Taiwan”), Shijie ribao, 16 September 1989, p. 1.

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44. Qinghua, Li, “Dui xian jieduan dalu zhengce de ji dian jianyi” (“A few suggestions on the current mainland policy”), Zhongguo shibao (China Times Daily, Taipei), 10 05 1988Google Scholar.

45. The three organizations include the National Unification Council (a consultative body for the President, established on 17 October 1990), the Mainland Affairs Council (a policy planning agency of the Executive Yuan, established 18 October 1990), the Strait Exchange Foundation (a non-governmental organization for implementing Taipei's policy while dealing with the mainland, established 21 November 1990). The “guideline for national unification” was formally enunciated by President Lee on 7 March 1991. On 25 December 1990, he announced that Taipei would terminate the “Period of Mobilization for Suppression of the Communists Rebellion by the ROC” by May 1991. See Jiangrong, Li, “Shutu tonggui de dalu zhengce jigou” (“Mainland policy agencies have different functions but same objectives”), Shibao zhoukan, 27 10–2 11 1990, pp. 28–29Google Scholar; Wang Zaixi, “Zhongzhi ‘Kanluan’ dui Taiwan zhengju he liangan guanxi de yingxiang” (“Impact of terminating ‘rebellion suppression’ on Taiwan and interactions across the Strait”), Liaowang, 28 January 1991, pp. 8–9; “Coordinating mainland affairs,” Free China Journal, (Taipei) 25 02 1991, p. 1Google Scholar; “Guojia tongyi gangling quanwen” (“Guidelines for national unification: the full text”), Zhongyang ribao, 1 March 1991, p. 1.

46. “Article views mainland–Taiwan relations,” Renmin ribao, 6 February 1991, p. 4 in FBIS, 1 February 1991, pp. 57–58; “National People's Congress: Li Peng delivers report at 25 March session,” Beijing Domestic Service, 25 March 1991, in FBIS, 27 03 1991, p. 33Google Scholar.

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49. “Liangan jianjie maoyi zong'e qunian zengzhi 37 yi meiyuan” (“Indirect trade across the Straits increased to $3.7 billion last year”), Shijie ribao, 10 February 1990, p. 31.

50. “Two-way trade with mainland,” p. 41.

51. “Huaqi yinhang jinbannian yewu beizeng” (“Chase Manhattan Bank's business in the second half of 1989 more than doubled”), Shijie ribao, 16 February 1990, p. 8.

52. “Xiamen-Taiwan de ling yige jiagong chukou qu” (“Xiamen-Taiwan's additional special manufacture export district”), Zhongyang ribao, 6 February 1990, p. 1.

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57. Mainly due to Taiwan's problems of capital flight, declining export, and collapsing stockmarket, Taipei announced in July 1990 an effort to “cool off the mainland (economic) fever.” See Changqiu, Gan, “Ruhe kandai Taiwan dangju ‘lengque Dalu re’ “ (“How to view Taiwan authority's efforts to ‘Cool off the mainland fever’“), Liaowang, 8 10 1990, pp. 26–27Google Scholar; and “Efforts to slow down mainland trade viewed,” CNA, Taipei, 17 September 1990, in FBIS, 17 09 1990, p. 55Google Scholar.

58. The higher figures came from Beijing and the lower, Taipei. See “Taishang zai bi an touzi yi yu 15 yi mei yuan” (‘Taiwanese businessmen have invested over $1.5 billion across the Strait”), Shijie ribao, 24 January 1991, p. 2; ‘Taishang touzi dalu chuxian xin reliu” (‘Taiwanese businessmen are investing on the mainland with renewed enthusiasm”), Renmin ribao, 4 January 1991, p. 5; “Liangan zhuankou maoyi jinnian jiang da sishi yi meiyuan” (“Indirect trade across the Strait reach $4 billion this year”), Shijie ribao, 28 December 1990, p. 10.

59. The estimate varies between Taipei's $7 billion and Beijing’s $9 billion. See “Some 8,000 firms register mainland ventures,” CNA, Taipei, 4 June 1993, in FBIS, 7 06 1993, p. 73Google Scholar.

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63. “Wang Yung-ching baozheng ba gen liu zai Taiwan” (“Wang Yung-ching guaranteed to leave roots in Taiwan”), Shijie ribao, 28 January 1990, p. 6.

64. “Ni luan wo zou! Fuweng yiwofeng yimin” (“When chaos arrives, one leaves! The rich swarmed to emigrate”), Lianhebao, 4 January 1990, p. 4. See for example, Kaye, Lincoln, “Capital fright: Taiwan plans tough law to combat crime and labor unrest,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 12 1989, pp. 52–53Google Scholar.

65. Ziyan, Chen, “Taiwan shi Yazhou piaofu ducheng?” (“Is Taiwan the Asian floating casino?”), Zhongguo shibao, 27 01–9 02 1990, p. 71Google Scholar.

66. “Qunian gegou huobi dui meiyuan huilu, taibi shengzhi fudu shijie diyi” (‘Taiwanese currency was number one among other currencies in appreciation rate against U.S. dollars”), Shijie ribao, 13 February 1990, p. 1.

67. “Dalu fang pin chukou er chaoyu Taiwan” (“Mainland textile export value surpassed Taiwan's”), Shijie ribao, 3 February 1990, p. 31.

68. “Dalu huo su Mei wei shou liu si yingxiang” (“Mainland export to the U.S. unaffected by 4 June”), Shijie ribao, 18 January 1990, p. 2.

69. Xie Xiangru, “Min–Tai mingjian jiaoliu.”

70. ‘Taiwan da qiye qiu shengcun fen du hai wang dalu touzi” (“Large Taiwanese enterprises busily crossed the Straits to invest in the mainland to survive”), Shijie ribao, 24 January 1990, p. 32.

71. “Xiyin waishang touzi sanzi qiye bu zheng xin sui” (‘To attack foreign investment three foreign enterprise types pay no new taxes”), Shijie ribao, 24 January 1990, p. 32.

72. “Taiwan dui liangan maoyi guan jin bu guan chu” (“Taiwan's policy on trade across the Straits is check import not export”), Huaqiao ribao, 17 January 1989, p. 2.

73. “Taihai zhijie maoyi shizhi jinxing” (“Direct trade across the Taiwan Straits advanced substantively”), Zhongyang ribao, 9 September 1989, p. 2.

74. “Commentary views Taiwan investment on mainland,” Zhongguo xinwen she, Beijing, 29 December 1989, in FBIS, 8 01 1990, p. 52Google Scholar. “Tai shang dalu touzi zhuan xiang changqi xing” (“Taiwanese investment in mainland shifts to long-term commitment”), Shijie ribao, 1 February 1990, p. 31. Xie Xiangru, “Min-Tai mingjian jiaoliu.”

75. “Government may increase pace of mainland trade,” CNA, Taipei, 17 January 1990 in FBIS, 29 01 1990, pp. 52–53Google Scholar.

76. See “Direct trade with mainland still forbidden,” Taipei International Service, 28 January 1990, p. 53; Ran, Louise, “Dangxin, wu guoyu yixiang qinyuan” (“Be careful, do not think wishfully”) Zhongguo shibao, 10–16 02 1990, p. 30Google Scholar.

77. For example, see “Zhonggong liyao Tai shang touzi, que you fangfan bici lianluo” (“Communist China actively invited Taiwan investors but prevented them from networking”), Shijie ribao, 9 February 1990, p. 31.

78. “Taibao tangqin luyou jingshang jinnian renshu chaoguo qunian” (“Number of Taiwan compatriots visiting relatives, touring, and doing business exceeded that of last year”), Shijie ribao, 15 December 1989, p. 32.

79. “Residents in Beijing discuss direct contacts,” Xinhua, Beijing, 18 January 1990, in FBIS, 29 01 1990, p. 53Google Scholar.

80. “Wu Xueqian jiejian Taiwan tongmeng fangtuan” (“Wu Xueqian received Taiwan's reunification alliance visiting delegation”), Shijie ribao, 19 February 1990, p. 1.

81. “Tai nian waichu luyoujing sanbaiwan ren ce” (“Taiwanese abroad were nearly three million”), Renmin ribao (overseas edition), 14 January 1991, p. 5; China Daily, 1 March 1992; Baum, Julian, “Dirty linen: turf war over China policy goes public,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 1 07 1993, p. 21Google Scholar.

82. “Fujian gua wang Taiwan dianhua qunian da sishiwuwan zhang” (“Telephone calls from Fujian to Taiwan reached 450,000 in number last year”), Shijie ribao, 17 January 1990, p. 32.

83. “Fujian sheng zhibo Taiwan dianhua” (“Direct telephone calls from Fujian to Taiwan”), Shijie ribao, 26 December 1990, p. 11.

84. “Liangan hu xie xinjian da yiqianwuwan jian” (“Letter correspondence across the Straits reached ten million in number”), Shijie ribao, 12 February 1990, p. 31.

85. “Liangan tongyou de huigu yu zhanwang” (“Postal exchanges across the Strait: reviews and prospects”), Liaowang, 18–25 February 1991, p. 37.

86. Bao Jifu, “Haixia liangan tiyu jiaoliu huode lishixing tupuo” (“Historical break-through in athlete exchanges across the Straits”), Liaowang, 12 February 1990, p. 40.

87. “Mainland, Taiwan conduct cultural exchanges,” Xinhua, Beijing, 30 December 1989, in FBIS, 8 01 1990, p. 51Google Scholar.

88. “Dalu daibiao lai ding le” (“Mainland representatives will arrive for sure”), Shijie ribao, 7 February 1990, p. 8.

89. “Liangan yantao Ming-Qing xiaoshuo” (“Two sides of the Straits conferred on Ming-Qing novels”), Shijie ribao, 3 February 1990, p. 32.

90. “Jiaoshou fangwentuan yu tigai hui zuo tan” (“Professors of visiting delegation met with system reform committee”), Shijie ribao, 3 February 1990, p. 3.

91. “Wei liangan tijie jiemei xiao Chen Chenan ganmao dangji chufen” (“For establishing sister schools across the Straits, Chen Chenan would rather risk being disciplined by Party”), Shijie ribao, 1 February 1990, p. 7.

92. “Wenhua yanjiu nianjian ji zai Tai chuban” (“Culture research chronology will soon be published in Taiwan”), Shijie ribao, 22 January 1990, p. 2.

93. “Qiu qing shifang Wei Jingsheng Zhongguo bu maizhang, Yang Shangkun cheng Xing Yun shi liwai” (“China submits to no pressure for releasing Wei Jingshen, Yang Shangkan considered Xing Yun exception”), Huaqiao ribao, 24 April 1989, p. 2.

94. “Yilan Meizhou jinxiang hongdong quansheng” (“Yilan-Meizhou pilgrimage electrified the entire province”), Huaqiao ribao, 1 May 1989, p. 3.

95. “Taiwan xintu chusan fu Meizhou jinxiang” (“Taiwan worshippers sailed to Meizhou in pilgrimage on the third of the lunar new year”), Shijie ribao, 16 January 1990, p. 32.

96. Fujian provincial government released the annual number of Taiwanese pilgrims. See “Min–Tai guanxi shida xinwen chulong” (“Top ten news of Fujian-Taiwan relations released”), Shijie ribao, 11 February 1991, p. 12.

97. “Wu nian lai da sanshiwan ci” (“The number reaches 300,000 in five years”), Shijie ribao, 21 October 1991, p. 11.

98. “Mainland said to agree on criminal extradition,” Taipei International Service, 13 February 1989, in FBIS, 13 February 1989.

99. “Liangan bufa fengzi goujie zousi heiqiang, Zhonggong jue qisu shiqi ming Taiwan heidao” (“Criminals from both sides of the Straits co-operated in gun smuggling, Communist China decided to prosecute 17 Taiwan lawbreakers”), Shijie ribao, 4 February 1990, p. 1.

100. “Beijing asked to return local arms traffickers,” CNA, Taipei, 5 February 1990, in FBIS, 6 02 1990, p. 41Google Scholar.

101. “Lian hao heixin hongxin shouqiang cong chi” (“Proliferation of “Blackstar” and “Redstar” pistols bearing consecutive serial numbers”), Zhongyang ribao, 6 November 1989, p. 1.

102. “Shaw condemns mainland arms smuggling,” CNA, Taipei, 29 December 1989, in FBIS, 29 12 1989, p. 54Google Scholar.

103. “Chang Rungfa jijinhui guoce yanjiu zhongxin tichu jing gao” (“The Institute National Policy Research of Chang Rungfa Foundation publicized warnings”), Shijie ribao, 5 November 1989, p. 1.

104. “Taibao piaoji, Dalu fangan” (“Taiwanese visitors frequent prostitution houses, mainland populace resentful”), Shijie ribao, 1 June 1992, p. 32; “Taibao bu guiju zi re mafan” (“Taiwanese visitors behave badly and invite troubles”), Shijie ribao, 14 June 1990, p. 32; “Dalu dongnan yanhai ‘xiandai haidao’ siyi hengxing” (“ ‘Modern pirates’ roam mainland's south-east coast”), Zhongyang ribao, 2 July 1990, p. 1; “Dalu haidao xuexi Jilong yuchan” (“The bloodbath of Keelung fishing boat by mainland pirates”), Shijie ribao, 28 February 1991, p. 10; “Qianfan toudu renshi fasheng liangqi canju” (“Extraditing drifters led to two tragic accidents”), Shijie ribao, 22 August 1990, p. 1.

105. “Gaogan pai junche zhi zhu Taiwan tuan” (“High-ranking cadres dispatched military vehicles to rescue only Taiwan tourists”), Shijie ribao, 5 February 1990, p. 31.

106. “Taiwan Hongshizihui zhengshi xuanbu liangan tong xin fang shi shouli reqi” (“Taiwan Red Cross formally announced the date for handling correspondences across the Straits”), Huaqiao ribao, 18 April 1988, p. 1.

107. Tao's comment, referred to as “five nos and five yeses,” in its entirety is: “Communication by letter but no postal exchanges, exchange of goods but no trade, interflow but no contact, dialogue but no negotiation, and relaxation but no compromise.” See Jiaquan, Li, “More on reunification of Taiwan with mainland,” Beijing Review, 16–22 01 1989, p. 28Google Scholar.

108. “Tonglian dalu fangwentuan sheng min” (“Reunification alliance's announcement for visiting mainland”), Shijie ribao, 16 February 1990, p. 21.

109. “Gang Tai dali zhenzai” (“Hong Kong and Taiwan offer great help in disaster relief”), Shijie ribao, 24 July 1991, p. 10.

110. “Rear Admiral on co-operation with Taiwan navy,” Voice ofPujiang, Shanghai, 30 January 1989, in FBIS, 2 02 1989, p. 73Google Scholar; “Taipei ban haijun Nansha xunyi shouze” (“Taipei decreed naval guidelines for patrolling the Spratlys”), Huaqiao ribao, 12 April 1988, p. 2.

111. Government Information Office (Taipei), A Study of a Possible Communist Attack on Taiwan (Taipei: Good Earth Printing Company, 1991), pp. 30–61Google Scholar.

112. “Zhonggong yinian lai tan wuli dui Tai” (“Communist China's mentioning of the use of force against Taiwan last year”), Shijie ribao, 1 October 1992, p. 2.

113. “Yang Shangkun ming biao ju tan liangan hu bu qinfan tiaoyue” (“Yang Shangkun clearly indicated his refusal to discuss the non-aggression treaty across the Taiwan Strait”), Shijie ribao, 30 May 1992, p. 1.

114. Yang was denouncing both the Taiwanese independence movement and Taipei's insistence on having an equal status when talking to Beijing on a government-to-government basis. See “Yang Shangkun fan Taidu kouqi qiangying” (“Yang Shangkun sounded tough in opposing Taiwanese independence”), Shijie ribao, 8 June 1990, p. 1.

115. “Zhonggong jianchi tongyi zhuzhang” (“Communist China insists on re-unification”), Zhongshi wanbao (China Times Express, Taipei), 12 June 1991, p. 1.

116. Yang was commemorating the 80th anniversary of the 1911 revolution led by Sun Yat-sen whose wish to see China reunified “remained unfulfilled.” See “Yang Shangkun Zhuxi de jianghua” (‘The Speech by President Yang Shangkun”), Remin ribao, 10 October 1991, pp. 1–3.

117. In August 1987, Yang Shangkun said to Taiwanese Americans then visiting Beijing: “Our talk of applying armed forces against Taiwan is for the American audience. We will not actually apply force against Taiwan.” Feibai, Ma, “Deng Xiaoping kaishi bu naifan le!” (“Deng Xiaoping has begun to be impatient!”), Xin Xinwen (The Journalist, Taipei), 26 12–1 01 1989, p. 79Google Scholar; also see “‘Talk’ ridicules Taiwan invasion fears,” Beijing in Mandarin to Taiwan, 27 February 1991, in FBIS, 5 03 1991, p. 72Google Scholar.

118. Shijie ribao, 28 October 1991, p. 9.

119. “Daxuesheng 64% bu zancheng taidu” (“64% of college students disapproved Taiwanese independence”), Zhongyang ribao, 8 June 1993, p. 3.

120. “Chunli shouji Taiwan chuandao shuiwen ziliao” (“Gathering hydrographical data of entire Taiwan with all capabilities”), Zhongyang ribao, 24 November 1989, p. 1.

121. “Zhonggong chuanzhi xu saorao Jinma” (“Chinese Communist vessels continue to harass Jinmen and Mazu”), Shijie ribao, 26 May 1990, p. 7.

122. “Wushi yi dalu chuan bijin Taiwan linhai” (“Some 50 mainland boats near Taiwan's territorial waters”), Shijie ribao, 10 April 1991, p. 8; “Jin liangbai sou dalu chuan jijie Taoyuan waihai” (“About 200 mainland boats gather outside the territorial waters near Taotuan”), Shijie ribao, 6 September 1991, p. 8; and “102 Sou dalu yuchuan jijie Penghu haiyu” (“102 mainland fishing boats gather in territorial waters of Penghu”), Shijie ribao, 12 April 1992, p. 5.

123. Yinghuan, Ji, “Liangan guanxi de yi gu anchao” (“A dark current in the relations across the Taiwan Strait”), Shibao zhoukan, 20–26 09 1991, p. 25Google Scholar.

124. See for example, “Zhonggong guangshou Taishi yu chuan, juxin buze” (“Chinese Communists mass purchase Taiwanese-styled fishing boats with unfathomable motives”), Shijie ribao, 15 March 1991, p. 9.

125. “Taiwan jisijian zhiqin buzai zhiyu shijing” (“Taiwan's anti-smuggling patrol ships no longer restricted to firing warning shots”), Shijie ribao, 24 March 1990, p. 5.

126. “Navy to intensify patrols to protect fisherman,” Taipei, CNA, 3 April 1991, in FBIS, 4 04 1991, p. 83Google Scholar; “Intruding mainland vessels may be destroyed,” Taipei, CNA, 9 April 1991, in FBIS, 8 04 1991, p. 65Google Scholar.

127. See, for example, a report dispatched from Fujian, “Min yanhai yumin dui guofu junjing chongman diyi” (“Fisherman from Fujian coast harbour strong hatred against Taiwanese Navy and coastal police”), Shijie ribao, 10 October 1991, p. 8.

128. “Troops kidnap, torture mainland fisherman,” Beijing in Mandarin to Taiwan, 24 March 1990, in FBIS, 26 03 1990, p. 53Google Scholar. “Zhonggong qitu zhizhao dui Tai buman qing xu” (“Chinese Communists attempt to create anti-Taiwan sentiments”), Shijie ribao, 9 September 1991, p. 8.

129. “Junjing jie yuchuan” (“The Navy and the coastal patrol held up fishing boats”), Shijie ribao, 19 October 1991, p. 8.

130. “Dalu gong an chuan sheji Taiwan yuchuan” (“Mainland public security ships shoot at Taiwanese fishing boats”), Shijie ribao, 18 April 1991, p. 8.

131. The sources include: Renmin ribao, 20 April 1992, p. 1; 24 June 1992, p. 5; FBIS, 3 June 1992, p. 54; 13 July 1992, p. 60; 30 July 1992; Shijie ribao, 22 May 1992, p. 9; 22 July 1992, p. 1; 27 July 1992, p. 6; 7 August 1992, p. 7; 5 October 1992, p. 8; 13 November 1992, p. 9; Far Eastern Economic Review, 6 August 1992, p. 12; Zhongyang ribao, 13 July 1992, p. 1.

132. “Airborne units conduct island paratroop exercise,“ Jiefangjun bao, 5 November 1990, p. 1 in FBIS, 21 November 1990, p. 27.

133. “Paratroops carry out practice drop on island,” Wen Wei Bao, Hong Kong, 6 11 1990, p. 1Google Scholar, originally carried by Jiefangjun bao, 5 November 1990 in FBIS, 9 November 1990.

134. The Military Balance 1991–1992 (London: The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1991), pp. 150, 180Google Scholar.

135. “Tunnel links air force bunkers to Hualien Airport,” Taipei Domestic Service, 12 February 1991, in FBIS, 19 February 1991, p. 59. “Shanfu wakong ke tingfang zhanji liangbai jia” (“Excavated mountains can store 200 fighters”), Zhongyang ribao, 14 February 1991, p. 1.

136. “Mei shou Tai fan qian zhishengji” (“The U.S. sold Taiwan anti-submarine helicopters”), Shijie ribao, 28 July 1991, p. 1. “Mei ning shou Tai 68 jia zhishengji” (“The U.S. about to sell Taiwan 68 helicopters”), Shijie ribao, 3 April 1992, p. 2. Julian Baum, “A foot in the door,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 17 September 1992, p. 12.

137. “Taiwan's IDF bid,” and ‘Taiwan's new fighter enters production,” Aviation Week and Space Technology, Vol. 136, No. 17 (27 04 1992), pp. 7, 38–44Google Scholar. “Taiwan jet blows tire at its debut,” Milwaukee Sentinel, 30 October 1989, p. 11.

138. “Sky bow makes formal bow,” Free China Journal, 28 September 1989, p. 2. “Fazhan duan chang cheng dui kong feidan” (“Developing short and long-range air-to-air missiles”), Shijie ribao, 27 January 1991, p. 2. The Military Balance 1991–1992, p. 180.

139. “Navy launches first Taiwan-built missile frigate,” CNA, Taipei, 7 October 1991, in FBIS, 8 10 1991, p. 76Google Scholar.

140. “ ‘Brave Tiger’ tank roars,” Free China Journal, 19 April 1990, p. 1.

141. “New missile frigate to upgrade naval forces,” CNA, Taipei, 3 October 1991, in FBIS, 3 10 1991, p. 56Google Scholar. “Sale of French frigates to Taiwan protested,” Xinhua, Beijing, 28 September 1991, in FBIS, 30 09 1991, p. 22Google Scholar.

142. “Gou zhi 60 jia huanxiang zhanji Zhong Fa jin qian heyue” (“Taiwan and France sign agreement today on sale of 60 Mirage fighters”), Zhongguo shibao, 17 November 1992, p. 7.

143. Jiansheng, Liu, “Taiwan junhuo cong nali lai?” (“Where are Taiwan's weapons from?”), Jiushi niandai yuekan (The Nineties Weekly, Hong Kong), 05 1991, pp. 68–72Google Scholar; Military Balance 1991–1992, p. 180; “Bilishi shou Tai huojian fadongji” (“Belgium sold Taiwan missile generators”), Shijie ribao, 19 May 1991, p. 1; “Haijun tianshoujingmi yulei” (“Navy acquired sophisticated torpedoes”), Shijie ribao, 4 August 1991, p. 4; Jiansheng, Liu, “Taiwan junhuo,” pp. 71–72Google Scholar.

144. “Israeli trade, aerospace purchases reported,” CNA, Taipei, 7 September 1991, in FBIS, 10 09 1991, p. 71Google Scholar.

145. “Yi qian beiwang lu” (“The memorandum has been signed”), Shijie ribao, 30 July 1991, p. 1.

146. Delfs, Robert, “Premier Li calls for austerity, sacrifice: tighten your belts,” Far Eastern Economic Review, 30 03 1989, p. 10Google Scholar. See also, “Gongjun ‘piluan’ you gong” (“The PLA was rewarded for quelling the rebellion”), Shijie ribao, 22 March 1990, p. 31; “Increased military spending,” South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, 25 March 1991, in FBIS, 26 03 1991, p. 14Google Scholar; “Zhonggong bennian junshi yusuan ju zeng” (“Communist China's military budget this year grows noticeably”), Shijie ribao, 23 March 1992, p. 2; and “Ri juece Zhonggong zai fabiao guofang baipishu” (“Japan decides to urge China to publish defence White Paper”), Lianhebao, 24 May 1993, p. 1.

147. Hooton, Ted, “French to upgrade Chinese Luda destroyers,” International Defense Review, 08 1990, p. 920Google Scholar.

148. Dodds, Henry, “ ‘Hokum’ takes to the air: Yak-141 may find role with air force,” Jane's Defense Weekly, 28 09 1991, p. 551Google Scholar; “Zhonggong xiang Sulian caigou sanjia junyong yunsu ji” (“Communist China purchases three military transport airplanes from the Soviet Union”), Zhongguo shibao, 27 September 1991, p. 10.

149. Zhaofu, Jin, “Youtairen he Zhonggong wuqi susong” (“The Israeli-Chinese arms transfer”), Shijie ribao, 9 04 1992, p. 36Google Scholar; “Beijing fazhan KS1 feidan” (“Beijing develops KS1 missile”), Shijie ribao, 18 January 1992, p. 10; and Foss, Christopher F., “Phased array for China's KS1 SAM,” Jane's Defense Weekly, 11 01 1992, p. 39Google Scholar.

150. “Purchase of Soviet jet fighters considered,” AFP, Hong Kong, 29 October 1990, in FBIS, 29 10 1990, pp. 7–8Google Scholar.

151. “Beijing qiagou Sulian xianjin zhangji” (“Beijing arranges the purchase of advanced Soviet fighters”), Shijie ribao, 30 October 1990, p. 2; Zhaofu, Jin, “Zhonggong damai Erluosi jingmi wuqi” (“Communist China purchases many hi-tech Russian weapons”), Shijie ribao, 23 04 1992, p. 40Google Scholar.

152. Kefu, Pin, “Zhonggong goude Sulian zhanji weili dazeng” (“Communist China obtains Soviet fighters greatly increasing its capabilities”), Zhongguo shibao zhoukan, 19–25 04 1992, pp. 16–17Google Scholar.

153. Starr, Barbara, “China considers carrier plans,” Jane's Defense Weekly, 16 06 1990, p. 17Google Scholar; “Navy's first ship-based aircraft unit inaugurated,” Renmin ribao, 9 January 1991, p. 4, in FBIS, 16 January 1991, p. 46.

154. “China: fighting back,” The Economist, 7 March 1992. Sheryl WuDunn, “China browses for tanks, aircraft and carrier in ex-Soviet lands,” New York Times, 1 June 1992, p. A20.

155. “Zhonggong yanzhi chenggong duozhong zhanshu daodan” (“Communist China succeeded in developing many tactical missiles”), Xinhua, Beijing, 10 October 1991, in Shijie ribao, 11 10 1991, p. 10Google Scholar.

156. “Torpedo developed using nongovernmental funds,” Jiefangjun bao, 25 October 1990, p. 1, in FBIS, 13 November 1990, p. 36; “Zhonggong shishe xinxing yulei” (“Communist China tests new landing vessels”), Shijie ribao, 8 October 1990, p. 31.

157. “Zhonggong bimi zhizao xinxing dengluting” (“Communist China secretly manufactures new landing vessels”), Shijie ribao, 8 October 1990, p. 31.