Modern Chinese literature, which I date from the deliberate new beginnings made at the time of the May Fourth movement, is distinguished by its conscious effort at Europeanisation, which is in itself a catchall term embracing a whole assembly of themes and techniques, images and linguistic features taken and adopted from the vast literature beyond the seas and vaguely and often incorrectly designated as European. To be European was in fact simply to be non-traditional Chinese.
1 This is speaking of the situation in general in 1937. As a matter of fact, novels dealing with Japanese invasion in the north-east were written and published in the early 1930s. The most successful of this group, namely, Chun, Hsiao's Village in August (Pa-yueh te Hsiang-ts'un, 1935)Google Scholar, had a tremendous influence on later writers of war stories. However, in the autumn of 1937, when all-out war suddenly confronted the people, it caught most writers unprepared.
2 Quoted from Shou-sung, Liu, Chung-kuo Hsin Wen-hsueh Shih Ch'u-kao (Peking: Tso-chia Ch'u-pan-she, 1957), Vol. 2, pp. 12–13.Google Scholar
3 Tse-tung, Mao, Selected Works (New York: International Publishers, 1954), II, p. 260.Google Scholar
4 Tun, Mao, Fan-ying She-hui Chu-i Yueh-chin ti Shih-tai, T'ui-tung, She-hui Chu-i Shih-tai ti Yueh-chin! (Peking: Jen-min Wen-hsueh Ch'u-pan-she, 1960), p. 20.Google Scholar
5 Tse-tung, Mao, Selected Works (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1956), Vol. IV.Google Scholar
6 Li, Wang, Chung-kuo Yü-fa Li-lun (Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1944), Vol. II.Google Scholar
7 Tzu-nan, Shao, Yen Yung-t'ang Chiu-ssu I-sheng (Shantung: Hsin-hua Book Co., 1947).Google Scholar This passage is borrowed from a play in Yuan-ch'ü Hsuan (A Selection of Yuan Drama), most likely a play by Kuan Han-ching.
8 Feng, Ma, Jung, Hsi, Lü-liang Ying-hsiung Chuan (Peking: Hsin-hua Book Co., 1952).Google Scholar
9 Chueh, K'ung, Ching, Yuan, Hsin Erh-nü Ying-haung Chuan (Shanghai: Hsin wen-yi Ch'u-pan-she, 1952).Google Scholar
10 Chung-hua Ch'uan-kuo Wen-hsueh I-shu Kung-tso che Tai-piao To-hui Chi-nien Wen-hsien (Peking: Hsin-hua Book Co., 1950), pp. 436–445.Google Scholar
11 Erh-fu, Chou, Yen-su Yai (Shanghai: Hsin-hua Book Co., 1954).Google Scholar
12 Ling, Ting, Wo tsai Hsia-tsün ti Shih-hou (Peking: Jen-min Wen-hsueh Ch'u-pan-she, 1946).Google Scholar This story is also included in Yenan Chi (1954)Google Scholar in which a few added sentences depict Cheng-cheng as working against the Japanese rather more consciously.
13 Po-yü, Liu, Chan-huo fen-fei (Shanghai: Hsin-hua Book Co., 1949).Google Scholar
14 Po-yü, LiuHuo-kuang tsai Ch'ien (Peking: Jen-min Wen-hsueh Ch'u-pan-she, 1952).Google Scholar
15 Shuo, Yang, San-ch'ien Li Chiang Shan (Peking: Jen-min Wen-hsueh Ch'u-pan-she, 1953).Google Scholar
16 Yang, Chou, Chien-chueh kuan-ch'e Mao Tse-tung ti Wen-yi Lu-hsien (Peking: Jen-min wen-hsueh Ch'u-pan-she, 1952), p. 81.Google Scholar
17 Tun, Mao, op. cit., p. 65.Google Scholar
18 Mo, Hai, T'u-p'o Lin-chin Chiang (Peking: Tso-chia Ch'u-pan-she, 1954), p. 176.Google Scholar
19 A line in one of two poems by Mao, , People's Daily, 10 3, 1958.Google Scholar
20 Shuo, Yang, op. cit., p. 105.Google Scholar
21 Mo, Hai, op. cit., p. 189.Google Scholar
22 Shuo Yüeh ch'üan chuan, popular Ching edition of the story of the Sung General Yueh Fei.
23 Birch, Cyril, “Fiction of the Yenan Period,” The China Quarterly, No. 4, 10–12 1960, p. 11.Google Scholar
24 Yang-chia-chiang Yen-i, a story of the military careers of the Sung General Yang Yeh and his sons.