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The Failure of Feminism? Young Women and the Bourgeois Feminist Movement in Weimar Germany 1918–1933

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Elizabeth Harvey
Elizabeth Harvey
Affiliation:
University of Liverpool
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Extract

In a pamphlet published in 1932 entitled “Women's Status and Women's Vocation,” the chairwoman of the German Women Teachers' Association, Emmy Beckmann, looked back at how the position of women in German society had developed since the founding of the Weimar Republic. She painted a pessimistic picture:

It is well known how things have developed since the Weimar Constitution came into force. How little it has been possible for women to make their views and their goals count in the machinery of party politics, which quickly srestabilized itself and slipped back into old patterns; how soon the rise of unemployment made women's paid employment come to be viewed merely in terms of competition. At the same time, a new generation of women has grown up, equipped with the education which a previous generation had fought for so hard, and with new rights and freedoms. These young women now see the tasks and lifestyle which await them as an unwanted burden and responsibility, a cold and empty substitute for the fulfillment to be gained from a peaceful home and the close family ties of husband, wife, and child. And, just as among the German people generally over the last ten years the concepts of liberty and the individual personality have faded like waning stars in the firmament of our values while other stars have begun to outshine them, so for these young women the ideal of liberation into a condition of enlightened humanity, which the previous generation followed with such conviction, has faded away.

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Articles
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Central European History , Volume 28 , Issue 1 , March 1995 , pp. 1 - 28
Copyright
Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1995

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84. Nath, “Der Studienassessor im Dritten Reich,” 283.

85. Ibid.

86. “Das Schicksal der Studienassessorin,” ADLV Pressestelle 1932. HLA, ADLV 128/21.Google Scholar

87. Protocol of the meeting of the General Board of the ADLV in Berlin, 23/24 November 1929. HLA, ADLV 19/36. The Deutscher Lehrerverein was composed mainly of male elementary schoolteachers, but had around 10,000 women members in 1922 and around 12,000 women members in 1930 (out of a total membership of approx. 150,000). Around 18,000 women elementary school teachers belonged at this time to the ADLV. Bölling, Rainer, “Zum Organisationsgrad der deutschen Lehrerschaft im ersten Drittel des 20. Jahrhunderts,” in Heinemann, Manfred, ed., Der Lehrer und seine Organisation (Stuttgart, 1977), 121–34;Google ScholarKampmann, Doris, “Die politische Einstellung und soziale Situation der Lehrerinnen in der Weimarer Republik,” Staatsexamensarbeit, Free University, Berlin, 1978 (ms.) 50–51.Google Scholar

88. Meeting of the General Board of the ADLV on 23/24 November 1929 (see previous note).

89. Protocol of the meeting of the General Board of the ADLV in Leipzig, 7 October 1931. HLA, ADLV 132/8.

90. Schäfer, A., “Zur rechtlichen Stellung der weiblichen Beamten,” ADLV-Zeitung 61, no. 33 (1932): 596–98.Google Scholar

91. Protocol of the meeting of the General Board of the ADLV on 22 and 23 January 1932 in Berlin. HLA, ADLV, 129/3.

92. Kulesza, Anny von, in protocol of the meeting with women deputies in the Prussian Landtag on 22 January 1932. HLA, ADLV 19/44.Google Scholar

93. Letter to Hähnle, , quoted in “An die Junglehrerinnen,” ADLV-Zeitung 49, no. 28 (1932): 325–30.Google Scholar

94. Protocol of the meeting of the Executive Board (geschäftsführender Vorstand) of the ADLV in Berlin, 7 January 1933. HLA, ADLV 123/23.

95. Hähnle, Klara to Beckmann, Emmy, 4 July 1932. HLA, ADLV 143/14.Google Scholar

96. Beckmann, Emmy to Hähnle, Klara, 12 July 1932. HLA, ADLV 143/15.Google Scholar

97. Hähnle, Klara, “An die Junglehrerinnen,” 328.Google Scholar

98. Goebel, Lisa, “Die Auseinandersetzung der Generationen,” Die Frau 39 (1931/1932): 296–300.Google Scholar

99. Proceedings of the 17th General Assembly of the BDF in Leipzig, 8–10 October 1931. HLA, BDF 70–295/1; Minutes of the meeting of the Executive Board (engerer Vorstand) of the BDF in Leipzig on 10 October 1931; Minutes of the 2nd meeting of the Executive Board of the BDF in Berlin on 20 January 1932, HLA, BDF 75–307/1.

100. Bäumer, Gertrud, “Neue Formen der Verbundenheit,” Die Frau 40, no. 4 (1932/1933): 193–96;Google ScholarTreuge, Margarete, “Vom ‘Frauenverein’ zur ‘bündischen’ Tatgemeinschaft,” Die Frau 40, no. 6 (1932/1933): 329–33.Google ScholarOn this point, see Stoehr, , “Neue Frau und alte Bewegung,” 400.Google Scholar

101. Landwehr, Hanna, “Über Stellung und Beruf der Frau,” ADLV-Zeitung 50, no. 5 (1933): 52–53.Google Scholar

102. Semler, Anneliese, “Um Stellung und Beruf der Frau,” ADLV-Zeitung 50, no. 9 (1933): 100;Google ScholarKretschmer, Herta, “Um Stellung und Beruf der Frau,”Google Scholar and Kühn, Margarete, “Um Stellung und Beruf der Frau,” ADLV-Zeitung 50, no. 11 (1933): 123–24.Google Scholar

103. Die Frau 40, no. 2 (1932/1933): 181.Google Scholar

104. Groening, Erika, “Junge Frauenbewegung,” ADLV-Zeitung 50, no. 8 (1933): 92–94.Google Scholar See also G. G. “Aus der Arbeit der jungen Frauenbewegung,” Die Frau 40, no. 7 (1932/1933): 439;Google Scholar“Junge Frauenbewegung,” Die Frau 40, no. 8 (1932/1933): 498–500.Google Scholar

105. Annemarie Wald had spoken at the Hamburg meeting of the Verband der Studentinnenvereinigungen Deutschlands in May 1930 as a representative of the “Altmitgliederbund”:Google Scholar“Tagung des Verbandes der Studentinnenvereinigungen Deutschlands,” ADLV-Zeitung 49, no. 22/23 (1932): 66.Google ScholarShe was voted onto the BDF's newly-created Beirat: Minutes of the 2nd meeting of the Executive Board of the BDF in Berlin, 20 January 1932. HLA, BDF 75–307/1. In February 1932 she wrote expressing delight at joining the Beirat: Annemarie Wald to Agnes von Zahn-Harnack, 2 February 1932. HLA, BDF 1–10/2.Google Scholar

106. Wald, Annemarie to Zahn-Harnack, Agnes von, 17 May 1933, HLA, BDF 2–12/1.Google Scholar

107. This position was maintained by the BDF leadership despite the dissenting view of the Verband der deutschen Reichspost- und Telegraphenbeamtinnen, which did not oppose the reintroduction of the ruling allowing for the dismissal of married civil servants. Greven-Aschoff, Bürgerliche Frauenbewegung, 177.

108. Bäumer, G., “Neue Formen der Verbundenheit,” Die Frau 40, no. 4 (1932/1933): 193–96;Google ScholarTreuge, M., “Vom ‘Frauenverein’ zur ‘bündischen’ Tatgemeinschaft,” Die Frau 40, no. 6 (1932/1933): 329–33.Google Scholar