Paediatric coronary artery bypass surgery with internal thoracic artery grafting is the optimal choice for left main coronary artery atresia; we report successful reconstruction in a patient with bypass graft obstruction. The pulmonary trunk was transected to expose the left main coronary stem, which was opened beyond the obstruction and the incision extended through the left main coronary artery to the circumflex bifurcation and left anterior descending artery. A funnel-shaped coronary ostium was created with a glutaraldehyde-treated autologous pericardium onlay patch. Surgical reconstruction is a good alternative for left main coronary artery atresia with graft obstruction and preserves the remaining internal thoracic artery for future use.

CHD may, at times, occur in the framework of other rare pathologies. These, having similar clinical manifestations, present a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician.

The authors present the case of an infant with non-syndromic complete atrioventricular septal defect, whose post-operative period was surprisingly complicated by progressive pulmonary hypertension. Despite intensive care, the infant ultimately died. The diagnosis of unilateral primary pulmonary lymphangiectasia was only possible post mortem.

Here, we report two rare cases of pulmonary sequestration that were fed by large systemic arteries and embolized with a large Amplatzer duct occluder and their 3-year follow-up, and we discuss the efficacy and safety of the embolization of a large aberrant systemic artery to pulmonary sequestration using an Amplatzer duct occluder. A 9-year-old boy complained of chest pain for 1 month, and a 6-year-old boy initially complained of recurrent cough for 3 months. A series of examinations was launched to evaluate any possible malformation or abnormalities in the patients. Chest CT and CTA identified a right lower pulmonary sequestration with infection. After admission, transcatheter device occlusion was planned after essential antibiotic treatment, and postoperative infection prevention and anti-inflammatory treatment were given. In the following 2 years of follow-up, neither of the children had recurrent chest pain, cough or other related symptoms. However, the CT follow-up demonstrated that a residual mass was visible in both patients. The same chest scan section revealed slight reductions in lung lesions from 38.344 cm2 to 37.119 cm2 (3% reduction) and 14.243 cm2 to 13.178 cm2 (7.5% reduction) for each patient. No follow-up data demonstrated the long-term clinical outcomes of the residual lesion. We do not recommend that embolization be performed for large pulmonary sequestration lesions with an aberrant artery larger than 6 mm that is planned to receive a device larger than 10 mm, as their outcomes showed a higher possibility of rebuilding the vascularization network feeding the pulmonary sequestration, indicating a higher risk for long-term complications.

A previously healthy 15-year-old teenage boy was admitted for fever and heart failure. Myocarditis was suspected, and endomyocardial biopsy revealed giant cell myocarditis. Immunosuppressive treatment was initiated, with excellent response. A plausible link to previous leptospirosis was identified. At 18-month follow-up, left ventricular function is normal. Only one other reported case of paediatric giant cell myocarditis had such a favourable outcome.

Pseudohypoaldosteronism type I is caused by a peripheral resistance to aldosterone and can present with electrolyte abnormalities, poor growth, or dehydration. Although a rare disease, several case reports have been published regarding Pseudohypoaldosteronism type I in neonates and infants. We report a case of failure to thrive and hyponatremia in an infant with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who was subsequently found to have Pseudohypoaldosteronism type I.

We present a case of a hamartoma of mature cardiac myocytes. This is an extremely rare tumour and the first reported paediatric case localised in the left atrium.

We report on a 50-year-old female patient, with several severe comorbidities and high-surgical risk, in whom we successfully performed a simultaneous transcatheter pulmonary and tricuspid valve-in-ring implantation to treat both bioprosthetic pulmonary valve dysfunction and native torrential tricuspid valve regurgitation, the latter previously managed with a Carpentier annuloplasty ring.

Newborn male with symptomatic bradycardia initially diagnosed with complete atrioventricular block. Isoproterenol drip was initiated, and the patient was scheduled for pacemaker implantation. During the hospital course, repeat electrocardiogram and Holter monitor revealed evidence of near continuous blocked atrial bigeminy with occasional aberrantly conducted premature atrial contractions. Flecainide was started, resulting in normal sinus rhythm, and the pacemaker implantation was cancelled.

Abernethy malformation is a rare entity. We report a 5-year-old boy presenting with severe pulmonary hypertension in whom Abernethy malformation and inferior caval vein interruption were diagnosed by CT angiography. In addition, the iliac veins were thrombosed with multiple venous collateral drainage. This abnormal venous anatomy caused difficulty in device closure of the Abernethy malformation, which was successfully closed using a vascular plug.

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from pulmonary artery constitutes 0.5% of all CHD (Boutsikou M, Shore D, Li W, et al, Int J Cardiol 261: 49–53, 2018). Fifteen percent survive into adulthood undiagnosed and 90% present with sudden death (Yau JM, Singh R, Halpern EJ, Fischman D, Clin Cardiol 34: 204–210, 2011; Alexi-Meskishvili V, Berger F, Weng Y, Lange PE, Hetzer R, J Card Surg 10: 309–315, 1995). We describe an enigmatic case of a 29-year-old female who presented after an aborted cardiac arrest and was diagnosed with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from pulmonary artery.

Congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia is a rare but serious cardiac arrhythmia seen in neonates and young infants. It is frequently resistant and refractory to first-line treatment options such as cardioversion with adenosine and direct current shock, and it carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. The aim of this article is to present the case of congenital junctional ectopic tachycardia observed in a 14-day-old neonate, highlighting the role of ivabradine in the management, followed by a discussion about current approaches to treatment.

Venous aneurysms are an atypical presentation of neck masses in the paediatric population. The evaluation and surgical removal of internal jugular vein phlebectasia and a lipoma coexisting are described in this report. Internal jugular vein phlebectasia is theorised as a congenital defect and is becoming more common with advancing imaging technologies. Both phlebectasia and lipomas are considered benign conditions, but clinicians must be aware of tumours producing mass effect.

This case illustrates acute myocarditis with complete heart block in a 13-year-old teenager as a rare complication of acute dengue illness. He required urgent temporary pacing with inotropic support and antifailure medications. Complete heart block in dengue myocarditis is an acute but reversible condition. A similar presentation in a dengue-endemic country or with a history of travelling to tropical countries warrants a suspicion of dengue infection.

Myopericarditis is a condition, which primarily involves the pericardium, with minimal myocardial involvement. In myopericarditis, chest pain, elevated cardiac enzymes, and electrocardiographic changes occur. Although COVID-19 mRNA vaccines significantly contribute to preventing the COVID-19 disease, rarely myocarditis and/or pericarditis may develop due to these vaccines. We present a previously healthy 14-year-old male patient who developed myopericarditis after receiving the second dose of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine.

Congenital left ventricular aneurysm is a rare anomaly consisting of an extroflection from left ventricular walls with a wide connection. Most left ventricular aneurysms are asymptomatic and diagnosed as incidental finding, but can be associated with complications during follow-up. We present a case of congenital left ventricular aneurysm at the level of the interventricular septum with secondary remodelling of the left ventricle.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the conventional treatment for pericarditis. However, some patients will still suffer from persistence pericardial effusion despite exhausting all conventional management options. A 4-year-old girl with idiopathic pericardial effusion who did not respond to 2 months of conventional therapy had complete resolution of effusion within 5 days, with no recurrence after administration of intrapericardial steroids. As far as we know, this is the first published paediatric case who has shown a similar outcome to that seen in adult studies.

A Melody valve was successfully placed across a very stenotic right-sided component of a common atrioventricular valve because of ongoing troublesome arrhythmias in a young woman with an unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect, a very dilated right atrium and a hypoplastic right ventricle. Four years later, she remains well.

Absent pulmonary valve syndrome and double-outlet left ventricle are rare congenital anomalies, with, to the best of our knowledge, no cases reported to date. We present the treatment course in a patient with an absent pulmonary valve, double-outlet left ventricle, dextrocardia, hypoplastic right ventricle, valvular aortic stenosis, and bronchomalacia.

This case report presents an infant patient with the association of trisomy 7p and tetralogy of Fallot(ToF). Patients diagnosed with trisomy 7p should certainly be scheduled for an echocardiographic exam and be scanned for any CHD that may accompany it. The CHD that most frequently accompany this syndrome include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, and patent ductus arteriosis. Yet, it should be known that ToF may also be present, albeit rarely.

A young child presented with syncope attacks. Late-onset post-operative complete atrioventricular block and Torsades de Pointes were diagnosed. She was treated with surgical epicardial pacemaker implantation. This report is the description of Torsades de Pointes due to late-onset post-operative complete atrioventricular block followed by R on T phenomenon in a child.