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Mechanical support of the functionally single ventricle

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 January 2006

Chitra Ravishankar  and
J. William Gaynor
Chitra Ravishankar
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
J. William Gaynor
Affiliation:
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Extract

Children with a functionally single ventricle constitute just over 1% of congenital cardiac defects.1 A majority of children with the functionally univentricular circulation undergo a three-staged reconstruction to achieve completion of the Fontan circulation. The first stage is usually performed in the neonatal period, and is either banding of the pulmonary trunk, an aorto-pulmonary shunt alone, or the shunt included as part of the first stage of reconstruction. In recent years, a conduit placed from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries is being used as an alternate source of flow of blood to the lungs. The second stage is the bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis, the two surgical variations being the so-called “hemifontan”, and “bidirectional Glenn” procedures, while the third stage is the completion of the Fontan circulation, the two surgical variations being either construction of a lateral tunnel, or placement of an extra-cardiac conduit, each being possible with or without a fenestration. In many centres, patients with the functionally univentricular circulation make up one-fifth of the total surgical volume. The syndrome of low cardiac output is quite common in this population through all three stages of reconstruction, and some of these patients will eventually require cardiac transplantation. While conventional therapy, with inotropic support and afterload reduction, remains the mainstay of therapy for the failing heart in children, mechanical support is being increasingly used.3 Most of this experience is limited to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.2–5 In this review, we discuss the current experiences with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with a functionally univentricular circulation, and describes some of their unique features. We also focus on the pulsatile ventricular assist devices capable of providing support over the longer term, and other new devices that may have a role in the future in these patients.6

Keywords

Univentricular circulationextracorporeal membrane oxygenationventricular assist devicehypoplastic left heart syndromecavopulmonary connections
Type
Research Article
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 16 , Supplement S1: Controversies and Challenges in the Management of the Functionally Univentricular Heart , February 2006 , pp. 55 - 60
Copyright
© 2006 Cambridge University Press

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