Since the mid-1980s, Canada's social security system has been undergoing a profound transformation. Virtually every major social program has been or is in the process of being changed. The pension system is no exception: every element of Canada's complex retirement income system, both public and private, has been altered in some manner, in some cases profoundly. This paper analyses the various changes to Old Age Security and other elderly benefits under the Mulroney and Chrétien governments, culminating in the new Seniors Benefit. The Conservatives used “social policy by stealth” to make significant changes to elderly benefits, paving the way for the Liberals' plan to rationalize programs into a single income-tested Seniors Benefit. Arguments for and against the Seniors Benefit are considered. The Canada Pension Plan also is under scrutiny by the federal and provincial governments, which are considering two routes to reform — a move from paygo to partial funding, including a more rapid ramp-up in contribution rates, and various options to trim benefits.

As policy emerges from the interplay of economic, political, and social forces, determining whether research has made a difference to policy choices on aging issues is extremely difficult. Such a determination demands attention to the "black box" of the policy process, and the setting within which policy ultimately operates. This paper presents a Seniors' Independence Research Program as a case illustration of how research has made a difference to policy choices by stakeholder involvement throughout the research process. Strategies ensure stakeholder collaboration in policy issue search, filtration, definition, and prioritization; involvement in the design, implementation, and evaluation of health services models; and participation in achieving long-term evidence-based changes in policy and practice.

This study examined the relationship between attachment styles and subjective well-being in late adulthood. Seventy-six elderly adults (mean age = 67.9 years) completed the Relationship Questionnaire (a measure of attachment styles), the MUNSH (a measure of subjective well-being) and ratings of perceived health and marital status. Results indicated that both health and attachment style produced significant main effects, but no interaction, on well-being. Specifically, healthy individuals were happier than unhealthy ones; participants with secure and dismissive attachment styles were significantly happier than those classified as fearful. The distribution of attachment style classification across secure, preoccupied, fearful, and dismissive styles showed differences compared to previous research with younger adults.

This research examined transportation problems of non-institutionalized elders with ambulatory difficulties. The purpose was to explore their responses to their needs, and their satisfaction levels. The sample is composed of 67 elderly persons divided into three levels of mobility (low, medium and severely-reduced), and three types of localities (large, rural and semi-rural). In general, transportation is supplied by family and friends. The need which receives the highest level of satisfaction is meals. For elders with medium and severe ambulatory difficulties recreational activities are absent and their satisfaction is low. Urban elders, as opposed to rural elders, are the most unsatisfied. Their insecurity and fear of going outside is one explanation for these results.

Social gerontologists have observed that economic determinism is problematic to the policy-making process and that there are too few inputs from other sources. The purpose of this research is to illustrate how social research can inform the current pension debate which revolves around the issues of raising the age of retirement, the merits of partial retirement and the adequacy of the new Seniors Benefit. An analysis of data on post-retirement workers is presented using the Survey of Ageing and Independence as an example of how social research can make a difference to choices about public pension policies.

This case study examines the exposure risk of Quebec drivers aged 68 and over in five different difficult driving situations. 307 cases were identified based on driving performance (three or more accidents or traffic violations over a 3-year period) and paired on a 2:1 basis according to age, sex and area (urban/rural) with a random-selected control group (clean driving record). The response rate to this mail survey was 60 per cent. Assumptions were validated using the logistic regression method. Results show that as drivers get older, they gradually give up driving in risky situations; regardless of age, the number of drivers who stop driving in difficult conditions is proportionally higher in the control group. On the other hand, vulnerability would seem to increase with the exposure level. The analysis also shows that rural drivers are more vulnerable than urban drivers, regardless of exposure factors. Finally, the perception of health would seem to have little impact on the elderly drivers' performance.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to develop, based on the ethnographic method, a research approach aimed at understanding the experience of widowhood as well as the coping strategies used by elderly men and women facing this experience. Ethnographic interviews were conducted at informants' homes, using a semi-structured format developed from a conceptual framework based on a stress and coping model. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were coded by two independent raters according to the study's conceptual framework and categories generated from the data. Results illustrate that personal factors such as biographical history, centrality of the spouse in personal life and self-efficacy influence the meanings of widowhood and the use of coping strategies; also, contextual factors, namely normative standards and cultural values, seem to have a differential influence on the meanings of widowhood and the coping strategies of widows and widowers. As a coping strategy, seeking social support is related to qualitative characteristics of social resources, more specifically reciprocity and reliability. The research approach developed in this project provides a means to better understand the contextual factors which might explain the great variability of mental health responses of elderly widows and widowers as well as elderly's responses to other stressors in their daily life.

The purpose of this research is to examine what factors influence the economic circumstances of widowed women who were in the labour force at some time in their lives. Using the Survey of Ageing and Independence, widows are compared to the married, separated/divorced and the ever single who retired. Widows above and below Statistics Canada Low Income Cut-Off (LICO) are also compared. Models predicting who falls below the Low Income Cut-Off are estimated for all women and for the widows. The findings indicate that 49 per cent of the widows live below the Low Income Cut-Off. Factors associated with living below the poverty line include widowhood, a smaller household, lower levels of education and an occupation at the bottom of the occupational hierarchy. Sources of income that would enhance the likelihood of being above the poverty line, such as RRSPs, investments and a job-related pension, are not common amongst these women despite their previous attachment to the labour force.

Previous papers in this series noted a positive association between aluminum water concentrations and a measure of mental impairment, and a negative association between fluoride concentrations and the same measure of mental impairment. The results obtained were qualitatively similar to the corresponding associations obtained from death certificate data that list Alzheimer's disease as the underlying cause of death. In addition, the results were also qualitatively similar to the results obtained in a number of other studies carried out at different times, in different areas and using different outcome measures for the measure of mental impairment. The present study concerns the role of iron concentrations and specifically, whether when taking iron concentrations into account, the previously noted associations involving aluminum are maintained. The results show that this seems to be the case and also suggest that iron can compete with aluminum, and can both increase or decrease the likelihood of showing signs of mental impairment. The results do not indicate consistently that by modifying the methods of water purification, using iron instead of aluminum, the treated water will be less biotoxic, although there could be instances, particularly when the aluminum concentrations are relatively high, when the use of iron compounds is beneficial.

Escalating medication prices are forcing drug benefit programs worldwide to change their payment policies. Physicians object that this intrudes on their long established authority to prescribe medications they judge best for their patients. This paper reports data from focus groups and a large random sample of seniors in British Columbia who were asked for their views towards Pharmacare's reference based pricing (RBP) policy. Seniors expressed the desire for physicians to be more knowledgeable and more involved in all aspects of medical care including policy changes. They have confidence in physicians as a credible source of information, but they also have as much confidence in pharmacists and almost as much in the Ministry of Health. Seniors overwhelmingly accept, and the majority support government's efforts with their cost-saving Pharmacare policies. Furthermore, those who know more about the policy are more likely to support it. The paper closes with a discussion of the feedback process with decision-makers.

Volunteering has become increasingly recognized as governments try to shrink the public purse, yet it is an area where little knowledge has been established. Using the National Survey on Volunteer Activity (1987) conducted in Canada, this paper examines types of and reasons for volunteering among Canadian seniors, compares these with types of and reasons given by younger adults, and examines the predictors of different types of reasons. The data reveal that seniors are less likely to volunteer out of self-interest but are more likely to volunteer for reasons of obligation and social value than is true of younger adults. Reason for volunteering, furthermore, is related to the type of volunteer activity in which individuals engage. Those volunteering out of obligation and for social value rather than self-interest (that is, seniors) are more likely to be involved in service provision. The reason for volunteering is also related to satisfaction with the experience.

Drug benefits policy-making for seniors in British Columbia has been increasingly influenced by research since 1993. The "evidence-based medicine" paradigm, which emphasizes the primacy of direct evidence from randomized control trials, inspired key policy-makers and influenced policy concerning coverage of new and existing drugs. New drugs, if more expensive than existing similar drugs, are not covered unless published randomized control trials show superior effectiveness. Indirect evidence of effectiveness, based on surrogates, is given less weight, and non-randomized studies are rarely considered. Evidence of cost-effectiveness of new drugs is reviewed separately. For existing drugs, a new reimbursement policy, Reference Based Pricing (RBP), was introduced, based on both direct and indirect evidence of comparative effectiveness of drugs. Implementation of RBP was complex and necessarily rapid, which meant that independent systematic review of evidence relevant to implementation issues was infeasible, particularly in regard to rapid prior authorization of exemptions to RBP. Contrasts between the processes for new and existing drugs provide insights into the difficulties of applying the idea of direct evidence-based policy-making in practice.

This paper is about the television representation of aging and the ensuing social discourse. We analysed the content of 756 hours of television (3 weeks from 2 television networks: Société Radio-Canada and TVA in March 1992). We found that television discourse in different types of programs (information, talkshows, fiction, advertising) uses many strategies that deny the aging process and, in doing so, reassure the public about aging. Television also talks about the exclusion of the elderly in our society. But, at the same time, it must charm these potential consumers. Old people watching several hours of television daily know that they are excluded from society, except as consumers.

The goal of this collective work of about 20 international contributors is to examine the interface between public intergenerational solidarity, central to the welfare state, and intergenerational solidarity within families, including the interaction and interference between the public and private systems. Despite the title, not all contributions address the central theme, although all present varied and useful perspectives. Formal and informal caregiving is discussed extensively as a manifestation of the tension between public and familial solidarity. A key message is that, although social policies regarding intergenerational solidarity are designed to be an instrument of risk management, they are also the source of risk for the continuity and development of intergenerational solidarity.