Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:59:02.394Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Diverse Family Structures and the Care of Older Persons

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2015

Karen A. Roberto  and
Rosemary Blieszner
Karen A. Roberto*
Affiliation:
Center for Gerontology and Institute for Society, Culture, and Environment, Virginia Tech
Rosemary Blieszner
Affiliation:
Center for Gerontology and Department of Human Development, Virginia Tech
*
†La correspondance et les demandes de tirés-à-part doivent être adressées à: / Correspondence and requests for offprints should be sent to: Karen A. Roberto, Ph.D. Center for Gerontology and Institute for Society, Culture, and Environment 230 Grove Lane (0555) Virginia Tech Blacksburg, VA 24061 ([email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Demographic and social trends lead to a variety of micro-level and internal structural contexts that influence caregiving in families with older members. The results of macro-level changes have received little focused attention in the aging literature, where much of the caregiving research has addressed issues within the context of traditional family structure. Yet the conventional nuclear family model is increasingly uncommon as new, pluralistic models of family life are emerging in contemporary society. The majority of elder care is provided by relatives, albeit with varying patterns of involvement and responsibility across family structures. Both conventional and pluralistic families face challenges in meeting the care needs of their oldest members, leaving some older adults at risk of having unmet needs. Additional research on family risk and resilience related to the care of older relatives is warranted, particularly with respect to pluralistic models of family life.

Résumé

Les tendances démographiques et sociales aboutissent à une variété de contextes structurels internes à un niveau micro qui influent sur la prestation de soins pour les familles avec des membres plus âgés. Les résultats des changements au niveau macro ont attiré peu d'attention sur les études du vieillissement, où une grande partie des recherches sur la prestation de soins a traité de questions dans le contexte de la structure familiale traditionnelle. La plupart des soins aux personnes agées est fournie par des parents, bien qu'avec les modes d'engagement et de responsabilité dans les structures familiales variées. Pourtant, le modèle de la famille nucléaire conventionnelle devient de plus en plus rare, puisque nouveaux modèles pluralistes de la vie familiale apparaîssent dans la société contemporaine. Les familles conventionnelles et pluralistes, tous les deux, font face aux défis en répondant à la nécessité pour les soins de leurs membres les plus anciens, en laissant certaines personnes âgées à risque de ne pas avoir réponse aux besoins. Des recherches supplémentaires seront justifiées au sujet du risque et de la résilience de la famille relative à la prise en charge des parents âgés, particulièrement concernant les modèles pluralistes de la vie familiale.

Keywords

agingaging familiesfamily caregivingfamily diversityfamily rolesfamily structurevieillissmentfamilles vieillissantsoins familiauxdiversité de la famillerôles familiauxstructure familiale
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement , Volume 34 , Special Issue 3 , September 2015 , pp. 305 - 320
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agree, E. M., & Hughes, M. E. (2012). Demographic trends and later life families in the 21st century. In Blieszner, R. & Bedford, V. H. (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 9–33). Denver, CO: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertini, M., & Kohli, M. (2009). What childless older people give: Is the generational link broken? Ageing & Society, 29, 1261–1274. doi:10.1017/S0144686X0999033X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Albertini, M., & Mencarini, L. (2014). Childlessness and support networks in later life: New pressures on familistic welfare states? Journal of Family Issues, 35, 331–357. doi:10.1177/0192513X12462537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, K., Blieszner, R., & Roberto, K. A. (2000). Families in the middle and later years: A review and critique of research in the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 911–926. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00911.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, K. R., Blieszner, R., Roberto, K. A., Farnsworth, E. B., & Wilcox, K. L. (1999). Older adults and their children: Family patterns of structural diversity. Family Relations, 48, 151–157. doi:10.2307/585078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, K. R., Blieszner, R., & Roberto, K. A. (2011). Perspectives on extended family and fictive kin in the later years: Strategies and meanings of kin reinterpretation. Journal of Family Issues, 32, 1156–1177. doi:10.1177/0192513X11404335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, R. E. S., & Wiles, J. L. (2013). How older people position their late-life childlessness: A qualitative study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 206–220. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.01019.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: Does it matter? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 1–10. doi:10.2307/2137284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arber, S. (2004). Gender, marital status, and ageing: Linking material, health, and social resources. Journal of Aging Studies, 18, 91–108. doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2003.09.007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldassar, L., Baldock, C., & Wilding, R. (2007). Families caring across borders: Transnational migration, aging and long distance care. London: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltes, P. B. (1987). Theoretical propositions of life-span developmental psychology: On the dynamics between growth and decline. Developmental Psychology, 23, 611–626. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.5.611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, S. R., Schulz, R., Williamson, G. M., Miller, L. S., Weiner, M. F., & Lance, C. E. (2005). Risk factors for potentially harmful informal caregiver behavior. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 255–261. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53111.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bengtson, V. L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00001.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtson, V. L., Lowenstein, A., Putney, N. M., & Gans, D. (2003). Global aging and the challenge to families. In Bengtson, V. L. & Lowenstein, A. (Eds.), Global aging and challenges to families (pp. 1–24). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Bengtson, V. L., Rosenthal, C., & Burton, L. (1990). Families and aging: Diversity and heterogeneity. In Binstock, R. H. & George, L. (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (3rd ed., pp. 263–287). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Benson, J. J. (in press). Living apart together (LAT) relationships. In Whitbourne, S. K. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of adult development and aging. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Biegel, D. E., Sales, E., & Schulz, R. (1991). Family caregiving in chronic illness. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Blieszner, R., & Bedford, V. H. (Eds.). (1995). Handbook of aging and the family. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar
Blieszner, R., & Bedford, V. H. (2012). The family context of aging. In Blieszner, R. & Bedford, V. H. (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 3–8). Denver, CO: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowen, D. J., Balsam, K. F., & Ender, S. R. (2008). A review of obesity issues in sexual minority women. Obesity, 16, 221–228. doi:10.1038/oby.2007.34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Brown, S. L., Bulanda, J. R., & Lee, G. R. (2012). Transitions into and out of cohabitation in later life. Journal of Marriage and Family, 74, 774–793. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2012.00994.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brubaker, T. H. (1990). Families in later life: A burgeoning research area. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 52, 959–981. doi:10.2307/353313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, L. M. (1990). Teenage childbearing as an alternative life-course strategy in multigeneration black families. Human Nature, 1, 123–143. doi:10.1007/BF02692149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, L. M., Obeidallah, D. A., & Allison, K. (1996). Ethnographic insights on social context and adolescent development among inner-city African-American teens. In Jessor, R., Colby, A., & Shweder, R. A. (Eds.), Ethnography and human development: Context and meaning in social inquiry (pp. 395–418). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Cahill, S., South, K., & Spade, J. (2000). Outing age: Public policy issues affecting gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender elders. Washington, DC: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Calasanti, T., & Kiecolt, J. (2012). Intersectionality and aging families. In Blieszner, R. & Bedford, V. H. (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 263–286). Denver, CO: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calasanti, T., & King, N. (2007). Taking “women’s work” “like a man”: Husbands’ experiences of care work. The Gerontologist, 47, 516–527. doi:10.1093/geront/47.4.516.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calasanti, T., & Slevin, K. F. (2006). Aging matters: Realigning feminist thinking. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cantor, M. H. (1979). Neighbors and friends: An overlooked resource in the informal support system. Research on Aging, 1, 434–463. doi:10.1177/016402757914002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantor, M. H. (1991). Family and community: Changing roles in an aging society. The Gerontologist, 31(3), 337–346. doi:10.1093/geront/31.3.337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cantor, M. H., Brennan, M., & Shippy, R. A. (2004). Caregiving among older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender New Yorkers. New York: National Gay and Lesbian Task Force Policy Institute. Retrieved from http://www.thetaskforce.org/static_html/downloads/reports/reports/CaregivingAmongOlderLGBT.pdf.Google Scholar
Caputo, R. K. (1999). Age-condensed and age-gapped families: Coresidency with elderly parents and relatives in a mature women’s cohort, 1967–1995. Marriage and Family Review, 29, 77–95. doi:10.1300/J002v29n01_06.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, M., McLanahan, S., & England, P. (2004). Union formation in fragile families. Demography, 41, 237–261. doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Checkovich, T. J., & Stern, S. (2002). Shared caregiving responsibilities of adult siblings with elderly parents. Journal of Human Resources, 37, 441–478. doi:10.2307/3069678.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherlin, A. J. (2006). On single mothers “doing” family. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68, 800–803. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00294.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cherlin, A. J. (2010). The marriage-go-round: The state of marriage and the family in America today. New York, NY: Vintage.Google Scholar
Cohen, P. N. (2014). The family: Diversity, inequality, and social change. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar
Cohen, H. L., & Murray, Y. (2007). Caring for families of choice and caring for families of origin. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 14, 275–298. doi:10.1300/J137v14n01_14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coleman, M., & Ganong, L. H. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of contemporary families: Considering the past, contemplating the future. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Connidis, I. A., (2012). Theoretical directions for studying family ties and aging. In Blieszner, R. & Bedford, V. H. (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 35–60). Denver, CO: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coontz, S. (1992). The way we never were. New York, NY: Basic.Google Scholar
Coontz, S. (1997). The way we really are. New York, NY: Basic.Google Scholar
Croghan, C. F., Moone, R. P., & Olson, A. M. (2014). Friends, family, and caregiving among midlife and older lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender adults. Journal of Homosexuality, 61, 79–102. doi:10.1080/00918369.2013.835238.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davey, A., & Szinovacz, M. E. (2008). Division of care among adult children. In Szinovacz, M. E. & Davey, A. (Eds.), Caregiving contexts: Cultural, familial, and societal implications (pp. 133–159). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
de Jong Gierveld, J. (2002). The dilemma of repartnering: Considerations of older men and women entering new intimate relationships in later life. Ageing International, 27, 61–78. doi:10.1007/s12126-002-1015-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dilworth-Anderson, P., Williams, I. C., & Gibson, B. E. (2002). Issues of race, ethnicity, and culture in caregiving research: A 20-year review (1980–2000), The Gerontologist, 42, 237–272. doi:10.1093/geront/42.2.237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykstra, P. A. (2006). Off the beaten track: Childlessness and social integration in late life. Research on Aging, 28, 749–767. doi:10.1177/0164027506291745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dykstra, P. A., & Hagestad, G. O. (2007). Roads less taken: Developing a nuanced view of older adults without children. Journal of Family Issues, 28, 1275–1310. doi:10.1177/0192513X07303822.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elder, G. H. Jr. (1998). The life course and human development. In Lerner, R. M. (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 1, Theoretical models of human development (pp. 939–991). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Etters, L., Goodall, D., & Harrison, B. E. (2008). Caregiver burden among dementia patient caregivers: A review of the literature. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 20, 423–428. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00342.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, G. G., Franks, M. M., Plassman, B. L., Brown, S. L., Potter, G. G., Llewellyn, D., et al. (2011). Caring for individuals with dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia: Findings from the aging, demographics, and memory study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59, 488–494. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03304.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fruhauf, C. A., Jarrott, S. E., & Allen, K. R. (2006). Grandchildren’s perceptions of caring for grandparents. Journal of Family Issues, 27, 887–911. doi:10.1177/0192513X05286019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furstenberg, F. (2009). If Moynihan had only known: Race, class, and family change in the late 20th century. Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science, 621, 94–110. doi:10.1177/0002716208324866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganong, L., & Coleman, M. (2006). Obligation to stepparents acquired in later life: Relationship quality and acuity of needs. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 61B, S80–S88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
George, L. K., & Gold, D. T. (1991). Life course perspective on intergenerational and generational connections. Journal of Marriage & Family Review, 16, 67–88. doi:10.1300/J002v16n01_04.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerstel, N. (2011). Rethinking families and community: The color, class, and centrality of extended kin ties. Sociological Forum, 26, 1–20. doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01222.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, N. D. (1997). A critique of twenty family and marriage and the family textbooks. Family Relations, 46, 197–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glick, P. C. (1977). Updating the life cycle of the family. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 39, 5–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, E., & Jitlal, M. (2007). Socio-demographic variations in moves to institutional care 1991–2001: A record linkage study from England and Wales. Age and Ageing, 36, 424–430. doi:10.1093/ageing/afm067.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamill, S. B. (2012). Caring for grandparents with Alzheimer’s disease: Help from the “forgotten” generation. Journal of Family Issues, 33, 1195–1217. doi:10.1177/0192513X12444858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, K. V. (2005). Not-so-nuclear families: Class, gender, and networks of care. Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Hiedemann, B., & Brodoff, L. (2013). Increased risks of needing long-term care among older adults living with same-sex partners. American Journal of Public Health, 103, e27–e33. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hill, R., & Rodgers, R. H. (1964). The developmental approach. In Christensen, H. T. (Ed.), Handbook of marriage and the family (pp. 171–21 1). Chicago, IL: Rand McNally.Google Scholar
Hofer, S. M., & Piccinin, A. M. (2010). Toward an integrative science of life-span development and aging. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 65B, 269–278. doi:10.1093/geronb/gbq017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooker, K., Manoogian-O’Dell, M., Monahan, D. J., Frazier, L. D., & Shifren, K. (2000). Does type of disease matter? Gender differences among Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease spouse caregivers. The Gerontologist, 40, 568–573. doi:10.1093/geront/40.5.568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobsen, L. A., Kent, M., Lee, M., & Mather, M. (2011). America’s aging population. Population Bulletin 66, no. 1 . Retrieved from www.prb.org/pdf11/aging-in-america.pdf.Google Scholar
Johnson, C. L. (1999). Fictive kin among oldest old African Americans in the San Francisco bay area. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 54B, S368–S375. doi:10.1093/geronb/54B.6.S368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, R. W. (2006). A profile of frail older Americans and their caregivers. The Urban Institute. Retrieved from www.urban.org/UploadedPDF/311284_older_americans.pdf.Google Scholar
Karlsson, S. G., Johansson, S., Gerdner, A., & Borell, K. (2007). Caring while living apart. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 49, 3–27. doi:10.1300/J083v49n04_02.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinney, J. M., & Kart, C. S. (2012). Family gerontology: An emergent agenda for research, policy, and practice. In Blieszner, R. & Bedford, V. H. (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 431–457). Denver, CO: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kung, H.-C., Hoyert, D. L, Xu, J., & Murphy, S. L. (2008). Deaths: Final data for 2005. National Vital Statistics Reports, 56(10). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_10.pdf Google Scholar
Lannutti, P. J. (2011). Security, recognition, and misgivings: Exploring older same-sex couples’ experiences of legally recognized same-sex marriage. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 64–82. doi:10.1177/0265407510386136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lima, J. C., Allen, S. M., Goldscheider, F., & Intrator, O. (2008). Spousal caregiving in later midlife versus old ages: Implications of work and family obligations. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 63, S229–S238. doi:10.1093/geronb/63.4.S229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litwak, E. (1989). Forms of friendship among older people in an industrial society. In Adams, R. G. & Blieszner, R. (Eds.), Older adult friendship: Structure and process (pp. 65–88). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Lüscher, K., & Pillemer, K. (1998). Intergenerational ambivalence. A new approach to the study of parent-child relations in later life. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 60, 413–425. doi:10.2307/353858.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacRae, H. (1992). Fictive kin as a component of the social networks of older people. Research on Aging, 14, 226–247. doi:10.1177/0164027592142004.Google Scholar
Mather, M. (2007). The new generation gap . Retrieved from www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2007/NewGenerationGap.aspx.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. H. (2002). Sisters and brothers/daughters and sons: Meeting the needs of old parents. Bloomington, IN: Unlimited Publishing LLC.Google Scholar
Matthews, S. H., & Sun, R. (2006). Incidence of four-generation family lineages: Is timing of fertility or mortality a better explanation? Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 61, S99–S106. doi:org/10.1093/geronb/61.2.S99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MetLife Mature Market Institute. (2010). Still out and still aging: The MetLife study of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender baby boomers . Retrieved from https://www.metlife.com/assets/cao/mmi/publications/studies/2010/mmi-still-out-still-aging.pdf.Google Scholar
Milardo, R. M. (2010). The forgotten kin: Aunts and uncles. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J., & Krout, J. A. (1998). Discretion and service use among older adults: The behavioral model revisited. The Gerontologist, 38, 159–168. doi:org/10.1093/geront/38.2.159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Muraco, A., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2011). “That’s what friends do”: Informal caregiving for chronically ill LGBT elders. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 28, 1073–1092. doi:10.1177/0265407511402419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muraco, A., & Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I. (2014). The highs and lows of caregiving for chronically ill lesbian, gay, and bisexual elders. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 57, 251–272. doi:10.1080/01634372.2013.860652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
National Alliance for Caregiving in collaboration with AARP (2009). Caregiving in the U.S.: A focused look at those caring for someone age 50 or older . Retrieved from http://www.caregiving.org/pdf/research/FINALRegularExSum50plus.pdf.Google Scholar
Nichols, L. O., Martindale-Adams, J., Burns, R., Graney, M. J., & Zuber, J. (2011). Typical and atypical dementia family caregivers: Systematic and objective comparisons. The International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 72, 27–43. doi: 10.2190/AG.72.1.b.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parker, K., & Patten, E. (2013). Caregiving for older family members . Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/01/30/caregiving-for-older-family-members/.Google Scholar
Parsons, T. (1964). Social structure and personality. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar
Pezzin, L. E., Pollak, R. A., & Schone, B. S. (2008). Parental marital disruption, family type, and transfers to disabled elderly parents. Journals of Gerontology: Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63, 349–358. doi:org/10.1093/geronb/63.6.S349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piccinin, A. M., & Hofer, S. M. (2008). Integrative analysis of longitudinal studies on aging: Collaborative research networks, meta-analysis, and optimizing future studies. In Hofer, S. M., & Alwin, D. F. (Eds.), Handbook on cognitive aging: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 446–476). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piercy, K. W., & Chapman, J. G. (2004). Adopting the caregiver role: A family legacy. Family Relations, 50, 386–393. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2001.00386.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2003). Associations of stressors and uplifts of caregiving with caregiver burden and depressive mood: a meta-analysis. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 112–128. doi:10.1093/geronb/58.2.P112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2007). Correlates of physical health of informal caregivers: A meta-analysis. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, 126–137. doi:10.1093/geronb/62.2.P126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2011). Spouses, adult children, and children-in-law as caregivers of older adults: A meta-analytic comparison. Psychology and Aging, 26, 1–14. doi:10.1037/a0021863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Popenoe, D. (1993). American family decline, 1960–1990: A review and appraisal. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55, 527–542. doi:10.2307/353333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfoot, D., Feinberg, L., & Houser, A. (2013). The aging of the baby boom and the growing care gap: A look at future declines in the availability of family caregivers . Retrieved from http://www.aarp.org/content/dam/aarp/research/public_policy_institute/ltc/2013/baby-boom-and-the-growing-care-gap-insight-AARP-ppi-ltc.pdf.Google Scholar
Riley, M. W., & Riley, J. W. (1993). Connections: Kin and cohort. In Bengtson, V. L. & Achenbaum, W. A. (Eds.), The changing contract across generations (pp. 169–189). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Roberto, K. A. (2010). Families experiencing chronic physical and mental health conditions. In Craft-Rosenberg, M. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of family health (pp. 441–448). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Roberto, K. A., Allen, K. R., & Blieszner, R. (2001). Older adults’ preferences for future care: Formal plans and familial support. Applied Developmental Science, 5, 112–120. doi:10.1207/S1532480XADS0502_6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberto, K. A., Blieszner, R., & Allen, K. R. (2006). Theorizing in family gerontology: New opportunities for research and practice. Family Relations, 55, 513–525. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00422.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberto, K. A., McCann, B. R., & Blieszner, R. (2013). Trajectories of care: Spouses coping with changes related to MCI. Dementia, 12, 45–62. doi:10.1177/1471301211421233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, A. S. (1987). Parenthood in transition: From lineage to child to self-orientation. In Lancaster, J., Altman, J., Rossi, A., & Sherrod, L. (Eds.), Parenting across the lifespan: Biosocial dimensions (pp. 435–456). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Sarkisian, N., Gerena, M., & Gerstel, N. (2006a). Extended family ties among Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Whites: Superintegration or disintegration? Family Relations, 55, 331–344. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2006.00408.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkisian, N., Gerena, M., & Gerstel, N. (2006b), Extended family integration among Euro and Mexican Americans: Ethnicity, gender, and class. Journal of Marriage and Family, 6, 40–54. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00342.x.Google Scholar
Schoen, R., Landale, N. S., Daniels, K. and Cheng, Y.-H. A. (2009), Social background differences in early family behavior. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 384–395. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2009.00606.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seltzer, J. A., Yahirun, J. J., & Bianchi, S. M. (2013). Coresidence and geographic proximity of mothers and adult children in stepfamilies. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 1164–1180. doi:10.1111/jomf.12058.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Settersten, R. A. Jr. (2007). Social relationships in the new demographic regime: Potentials and risks, reconsidered. Advances in Life Course Research, 12, 3–28. doi:10.1016/S1040-2608(07)12001-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shafer, K., & James, S. L. (2013), Gender and socioeconomic status differences in first and second marriage formation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 7, 544–564. doi:10.1111/jomf.12024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M., Lendon, J., & Giarrusso, R. (2012). Ethnic and cultural diversity in aging families: Implications for resource allocation and well-being across generations. In Blieszner, R. & Bedford, V. H. (Eds.), Handbook of families and aging (2nd ed., pp. 287–307). Denver, CO: Praeger.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, M., Parrott, T. M., & Bengtson, V. L. (1995). Factors that predispose middle-aged sons and daughters to provide social support to older parents. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 57, 465–475. doi:10.2307/353699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skrbiš, A. (2008). Transnational families: Theorising migration, emotion, and belonging. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 29, 231–246. doi:10.1080/07256860802169188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, D. E. (1993). The Standard North American Family: SNAF as an ideological code. Journal of Family Issues, 14, 50–65. doi:10.1177/0192513X93014001005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, M. A. P., & Franks, M. M. (2009). All in the family: Providing care to chronically ill and disabled older adults. In Qualls, S. H. & Zarit, S. H. (Eds.), Aging families and caregiving (pp. 61–84). New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Stoller, E. P., & Miklowski, C. S. (2008). Spouses caring for spouses: Untangling the influences of relationship and gender. In Szinovacz, M. E. & Davey, A. (Eds.), Caregiving contexts: Cultural, familial, and societal implications (pp. 115–131). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Streib, G. F., & Beck, R. W. (1980). Older families: A decade review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 42, 937–956. doi:10.2307/351834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, K. C. (2012). Fashioning the reciprocal norms of elder care: A case of immigrants in the United States and their parents in Taiwan. Journal of Family Issues, 33, 1240–1271. doi:10.1177/0192513X12445564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sweeney, M. (2010). Remarriage and stepfamilies: Strategic sites for family scholarship in the 21st century. Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 667–684. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00724.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennstedt, S. L., McKinlay, J. B., & Sullivan, L. M. (1989). Informal care for frail elders: The role of secondary caregivers. The Gerontologist, 29, 677–683. doi:10.1093/geront/29.5.677.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Troll, L. E. (1971). The family of later life: A decade review. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 33, 263–290. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00749.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uhlenberg, P., & Cheuk, M. (2008). Demographic change and the future of informal caregiving. In Szinovacs, M. & Davey, A. (Eds.), Caregiving contexts. Cultural, familial and societal implications (pp. 9–33). New York, NY: Springer.Google Scholar
Upton-Davis, K. (2012). Living apart together relationships (LAT): Severing intimacy from obligation. Gender Issues, 29, 25–38. doi:10.1007/s12147-012-9110-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vespa, J. (2012). Union formation in later life: Economic determinants of cohabitation and remarriage among older adults. Demography, 49, 1103–1125. doi:10.1007/s13524-012-0102-3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ward, R. A. (2008). Multiple parent-child relations and well-being in middle and late life. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 61B, S239–S247. doi:org/10.1093/geronb/63.4.s239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, G. M., & Shaffer, D. R. (2001). Relationship quality and potentially harmful behaviors by spousal caregivers: How we were then, how we are now. Psychology and Aging, 16, 217–226. doi:10.1037//0882-7974.16.2.217.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolf, D. A. (1994). The elderly and their kin: Patterns of availability and access. In Martin, L. G. & Preston, S. H. (Eds.), Demography of aging (pp. 146–194). Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Zarit, S. H., & Eggebeen, D. J. (2002). Parent-child relationships in adulthood and later years. In Bornstein, M. H. (Ed.), Handbook of parenting, Vol. 1: Children and parenting (2nd ed., pp. 135–161). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., & Hayward, M. D. (2001). Childlessness and the psychological well-being of older persons. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 56B, S311–S320. doi:10.1093/geronb/56.5.S311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar