Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-s22k5 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-23T20:53:27.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rabies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Alan C. Jackson
Alan C. Jackson*
Affiliation:
Departments of Medicine (Neurology) and of Microbiology and, Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Rabies is an important disease in wildlife in the United States and Canada, and dog rabies is still a major public health problem in many developing countries of the world. Rabies virus is transmitted in saliva by animal bites. Bats transmitted most recent cases of human rabies in the United States, often without known exposures. There have been recent developments in our understanding of rabies pathogenesis. Characteristic clinical features should raise the possibility of a diagnosis of rabies and initiation of appropriate diagnostic tests. Therapy of human rabies has been futile except in four patients who were immunized with rabies vaccine prior to the onset of their disease. Rabies can be prevented after an exposure in unimmunized patients with local wound cleansing and administration of rabies vaccine and human rabies immune globulin.

Résumé:

RÉSUMÉ:

La rage est une maladie importante chez les animaux sauvages aux Etats-Unis et au Canada et la rage chez le chien demeure un problème important en santé publique dans plusieurs pays en voie de développement. Le virus de la rage est transmis par la salive lors de morsures par des animaux rabiques. La chauvesouris a été le vecteur de la rage chez la majorité des cas récents aux États Unis, souvent sans exposition connue. Il y a des développements récents dans notre compréhension de la pathogenèse de la rage. Les manifestations cliniques caractéristiques devraient faire penser au diagnostic de la rage et inciter à effectuer les tests diagnostiques appropriés. Le traitement de la rage chez l'humain a été futile sauf chez quatre patients qui avaient été immunisés au moyen du vaccin antirabique avant le début de leur maladie. La rage peut être prévenue après une exposition chez les patients non immunisés en nettoyant la plaie et en administrant le vaccin antirabique et de l'immunoglobuline antirabique.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 27 , Issue 4 , November 2000 , pp. 278 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences Inc. 2000

References

1. Haupt, W. Rabies – risk of exposure and current trends in prevention of human cases. Vaccine 1999;17:1742–1749.Google Scholar
2. Noah, DL, Drenzek, CL, Smith, JS, et al. Epidemiology of human rabies in the United States, 1980 to 1996. Ann Intern Med 1998;128:922–930.Google Scholar
3. Varughese, PV. Rabies in Canada in 1985. Can Med Assoc J 1987;136:1277–1280.Google Scholar
4. Jackson, AC. The fatal neurologic illness of the fourth Duke of Richmond in Canada: rabies. Ann R Coll Physicians Surg Can 1994;27:40–41.Google Scholar
5. World Health Organization. World survey of rabies for the year 1997. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1999;33:1–29.Google Scholar
6. Jackson, AC. Rabies. In: Nathanson, N, Ahmed, R, Gonzalez-Scarano, F, et al, eds. Viral Pathogenesis. Philadelphia: Lippincott – Raven, 1997:575–591.Google Scholar
7. Charlton, KM, Nadin-Davis, S, Casey, GA, Wandeler, AI. The long incubation period in rabies: delayed progression of infection in muscle at the site of exposure. Acta Neuropathol 1997;94:73–77.Google Scholar
8. Lentz, TL, Burrage, TG, Smith, AL, Crick, J, Tignor, GH. Is the acetylcholine receptor a rabies virus receptor? Science 1982;215:182–184.Google Scholar
9. Tsiang, H, Ceccaldi, PE, Lycke, E. Rabies virus infection and transport in human sensory dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Gen Virol 1991;72:1191–1194.Google Scholar
10. Jacob, Y, Badrane, H, Ceccaldi, PE, Tordo, N. The cytoplasmic dynein LC8 interacts with the lyssavirus phosphoprotein P. Presented at the Eleventh International Conference on Negative Strand Viruses in Quebec City, Canada on June 26, 2000.Google Scholar
11. Jackson, AC, Phelan, CC, Rossiter, JP. Infection of Bergmann glia in the cerebellum of a skunk experimentally infected with street rabies virus. Can J Vet Res (In press).Google Scholar
12. Thoulouze, MI, Lafage, M, Schachner, M, et al. The neural cell adhesion molecule is a receptor for rabies virus. J Virol 1998;72: 7181–7190.Google Scholar
13. Tuffereau, C, Benejean, J, Blondel, D, Kieffer, B, Flamand, A. Low-affinity nerve-growth factor receptor (P75NTR) can serve as a receptor for rabies virus. EMBO J 1998;17:7250–7259.Google Scholar
14. Jackson, AC, Park, H. Experimental rabies virus infection of p75 neurotrophin receptor-deficient mice. Acta Neuropathol 1999;98:641–644.Google Scholar
15. Jackson, AC, Ye, H, Phelan, CC, et al. Extraneural organ involvement in human rabies. Lab Invest 1999;79:945–951.Google Scholar
16. Smith, JS, Fishbein, DB, Rupprecht, CE, Clark, K. Unexplained rabies in three immigrants in the United States: a virologic investigation. N Engl J Med 1991;324:205–211.Google Scholar
17. Warrell, DA, Davidson, NM, Pope, HM, et al. Pathophysiologic studies in human rabies. Am J Med 1976;60:180–190.Google Scholar
18. Hattwick, MAW. Human rabies. Public Health Rev 1974;3:229–274.Google Scholar
19. Hattwick, MAW, Weis, TT, Stechschulte, CJ, Baer, GM, Gregg, MB. Recovery from rabies: a case report. Ann Intern Med 1972;76:931–942.Google Scholar
20. Porras, C, Barboza, JJ, Fuenzalida, E, et al. Recovery from rabies in man. Ann Intern Med 1976;85:44–48.Google Scholar
21. Tillotson, JR, Axelrod, D, Lyman, DO. Rabies in a laboratory worker – New York. MMWR 1977;26:183–184.Google Scholar
22. Tillotson, JR, Axelrod, D, Lyman, DO. Follow-up on rabies – New York. MMWR 1977;26:249–250.Google Scholar
23. Alvarez, L, Fajardo, R, Lopez, E, et al. Partial recovery from rabies in a nine-year-old boy. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:1154–1155.Google Scholar
24. Anderson, LJ, Nicholson, KG, Tauxe, RV, Winkler, WG. Human rabies in the United States, 1960 to 1979: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Ann Intern Med 1984;100:728–735.Google Scholar
25. Bryceson, ADM, Greenwood, BM, Warrell, DA et al. Demonstration during life of rabies antigen in humans. J Infect Dis 1975;131:71–74.Google Scholar
26. Crepin, P, Audry, L, Rotivel, Y, et al. Intravitam diagnosis of human rabies by PCR using saliva and cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1117–1121.Google Scholar
27. Babes, V. Sur certains caractères des lesions histologiques de la rage. Ann Inst Pasteur 1892;6:209–223.Google Scholar
28. Gonzalez-Angulo, A, Marquez-Monter, H, Feria-Velasco, A, Zavala, BJ. The ultrastructure of Negri bodies in Purkinje neurons in human rabies. Neurology 1970;20:323–328.Google Scholar
29. Jackson, AC, Rossiter, JP. Apoptosis plays an important role in experimental rabies virus infection. J Virol 1997;71:5603–5607.Google Scholar
30. Jackson, AC, Park, H. Apoptotic cell death in experimental rabies in suckling mice. Acta Neuropathol 1998;95:159–164.Google Scholar
31. Theerasurakarn, S, Ubol, S. Apoptosis induction in brain during the fixed strain of rabies virus infection correlates with onset and severity of illness. J Neurovirol 1998;4:407–414.Google Scholar
32. Jackson, AC. Apoptosis in experimental rabies in bax-deficient mice. Acta Neuropathol 1999;98:288–294.Google Scholar
33. Ubol, S, Sukwattanapan, C, Utaisincharoen, P. Rabies virus replication induces Bax-related, caspase dependent apoptosis in mouse neuroblastoma cells. Virus Res 1998;56:207–215.Google Scholar
34. Morimoto, K, Hooper, DC, Spitsin, S, Koprowski, H, Dietzschold, B. Pathogenicity of different rabies virus variants inversely correlates with apoptosis and rabies virus glycoprotein expression in infected primary neuron cultures. J Virol 1999;73:510–518.Google Scholar
35. Allsopp, TE, Fazakerley, JK. Altruistic cell suicide and the specialized case of the virus-infected nervous system. Trends Neurosci 2000;23:284–290.Google Scholar
36. Krebs, JW, Smith, JS, Rupprecht, CE, Childs, JE. Rabies surveillance in the United States during 1998. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1786–1798.Google Scholar
37. Wandeler, AI, Rosatte, RC, Williams, D, et al. Update: raccoon rabies epizootic – United States and Canada, 1999. MMWR 2000;49:31–35.Google Scholar
38. Morimoto, K, Patel, M, Corisdeo, S, et al. Characterization of a unique variant of bat rabies virus responsible for newly emerging human cases in North America. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93:5653–5658.Google Scholar
39. Hanlon, CA, Childs, JE, Nettles, VF. Article III: Rabies in wildlife. The National Working Group on Rabies Prevention and Control. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999;215:1612–1619.Google Scholar
40. Fearneyhough, MG, Wilson, PJ, Clark, KA, et al. Results of an oral rabies vaccination program for coyotes. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:498–502.Google Scholar
41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Human rabies prevention – United States, 1999: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR 1999;48(No. RR-1):1–21.Google Scholar
42. Baer, GM, Fishbein, DB. Rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (Editorial). N Engl J Med 1987;316:1270–1272.Google Scholar
43. Shill, M, Baynes, RD, Miller, SD. Fatal rabies encephalitis despite appropriate post-exposure prophylaxis. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1257–1258.Google Scholar
44. Fishbein, DB, Sawyer, LA, Reid-Sanden, FL, Weir, EH. Administration of human diploid-cell rabies vaccine in the gluteal area (Letter). N Engl J Med 1988;318:124–125.Google Scholar
45. Jackson, AC. Rabies. Curr Treatment Options Neurology 2000;2:369–373.Google Scholar