Background: Every 30-minute delay to ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) reperfusion increases one-year mortality by 7.5%. A local audit found that the third of patient electrocardiograms (ECGs) not initially meeting classic STEMI criteria had an ECG-to-Activation (ETA) time of over 90 minutes, more than five times that of classic STEMIs. However, three quarters of “STEMI negative” ECGs met STEMI-equivalent patterns or rules for subtle occlusion, uncovering an opportunity for improvement. Aim Statement: We aimed to reduce ETA time, from initial emergency department (ED) ECG to activation of the cath lab, for patients whose ECGs did not meet classic STEMI criteria, by 30 minutes within one year (i.e. by Dec 2019). Measures & Design: We reviewed all ED Code STEMIs over a 35-month pre-intervention period. Root Cause analyses, including Ishikawa diagram and Pareto chart, led to our Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles: 1) a survey to engage our team; 2) a Grand Rounds presentation as an educational strategy; and 3) weekly web-based feedback to all ED physicians on STEMI-equivalents and subtle occlusions, using recent local cases. Our outcome measures were ETA times, stratified by ECGs not initially meeting STEMI criteria (primary) and those that did (secondary). Our process measures were the number of website visits and page views. Our balancing measure was the proportion of Code STEMIs without culprit lesion. We used Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts with usual special cause variation rules. Evaluation/Results: ETA time for the 37.5% of 56 ECGs that did not meet classic STEMI criteria decreased from 97.5 to 53.7 minutes (min), a 43.8-min absolute decrease (p = 0.037), while those meeting STEMI criteria remained the same (16.5 to 18.2min, p = 0.75). SPC charts did not show special cause variation. There were 2,634 page views (65.9/week) and 1,092 visits (27.3/week), in a group of 80 physicians—i.e. a third of the group each week. There was no change in Code STEMIs without culprit lesions (28.0 % to 23.3%, p = 0.41). Discussion/Impact: We reduced ETA time by 43.8min for the one third of patients with culprit lesions not initially meeting classic STEMI criteria, a magnitude associated with mortality impact. To do so, we used a multi-modal educational strategy including a novel web-based feedback approach to all ED physicians. Local feedback and education on this challenging-to-diagnose subgroup, guided by ETA time as a quality metric, could be replicated in other centres.

Background: Pediatric pain is often under-treated in emergency departments (EDs), causing short and long-term harm. In Alberta EDs, children's pain outcomes were unknown. A recent quality improvement collaborative (QIC) led by our team improved children's pain care in 4 urban EDs. We then spread to all EDs in Alberta using the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Framework for Going to Full Scale. Aim Statement: To increase the proportion of children <12 years who receive topical anesthetic before needle procedures from 11% to 50%; and for children <17 years with fractures: to 1) increase the proportion receiving analgesia from 31% to 50%; 2) increase the proportion with pain score documentation from 24% to 50%, and 3) reduce time to analgesia from 60 to 30 minutes, within 1 year. Measures & Design: All 97 EDs in Alberta that treat children were invited. Each was asked to form a project team, attend webinars, develop key driver diagrams and perform PDSA tests of change. Sites were given a monthly list of randomly selected charts for audit and entered data in REDCap for upload to a provincial run chart dashboard. Baseline performance measurement informed aims. Measures included proportion of children <12 years undergoing a lab test who received topical anesthetic, and for children <17 years with fracture, the proportion with a pain score, proportion receiving analgesia and median minutes to analgesia. Length of stay and use of opioids were balancing measures. Control charts were used to detect special cause. Interrupted time series (ITS) was performed to assess significance and trends. Evaluation/Results: 36 sites (37%) participated, including rural and urban sites from all regions. 8417 visits were audited. 23/36 sites completed audits before and after tests of change and were analyzed. Special cause occurred for all aims. The proportion receiving topical anesthetic increased from 11% to 30% (ITS p < 0. 001). For children with fractures, the proportion with pain scores increased from 24% to 34% (ITS p = 0.21, underlying trend present), proportion receiving analgesic medication increased from 31% to 39% (ITS p = 0.41, underlying trend present) and minutes to analgesia decreased from 60 to 28 (ITS p < 0. 01). There was no increase in length of stay or use of opioid medications. Discussion/Impact: A pragmatic approach encouraging locally led change was well-received and key to success. The QIC method shows promise for improving outcomes in diverse EDs across large geographic areas. Next steps include further spread and sustainability measurement.

Background: Patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) may be subjected to unnecessary bloodwork. This leads to excessive work for front-line nurses, physicians and laboratory staff, contributing to increased ED length of stay (LOS), patient discomfort, and health care costs. Aim Statement: By January 1, 2020, we will reduce the number of targeted blood tests (AST, GGT, aPTT and CK) by 40% in the Mount Sinai ED, as measured by the percent per 1000 ED visits of AST to ALT, GGT to ALT, aPTT to INR and CK to troponin. Measures & Design: This was a prospective time series quality improvement study. Using the Model for Improvement, we engaged front-line ED staff, as well as stakeholders from Consultant, Laboratory and Information Services. Data was analyzed using run chart rules. Intervention: a) Removed rarely used tests from electronic nursing order sets b) Uncoupled order panels c) Developed six presentation-based medical directives with appropriate blood testing. d) Staff education Family of measures Outcomes: percent of targeted uncoupled test per 1000 ED visits for each of AST to ALT, GGT to ALT, aPTT to INR, and CK to troponin; Total number of blood tests ordered per 1000 ED visits Process: number of “separate and hold” tubes; number of blood tubes used in the ED; proportion of staff attending education Balancing: volume of blood drawn; LOS Evaluation/Results: Outcome: Estimated relative reduction in proportion of all uncoupled tests per 1000 ED visits by: • 33% AST/ALT • 52% GGT/ALT • 50% CK/troponin •18% aPTT/INR Total number of lab tests per 1000 ED visits decreased by 7.7% (5742 to 5331). Evidence of special cause variation on all outcomes. Process measures: 1. 100% reduction in weekly “Separate and Hold” tubes (56 to 0). 2. Monthly total of blood tubes used in the ED decreased by 2.8% (11620 to 11300) 3. Attendance pending. Balancing measures: Monthly average volume of blood drawn decreased by 1.4L(2%) from 50.4L to 49.0L; LOS pending Discussion/Impact: A multi-pronged intervention resulted in a decrease in blood testing in the ED. We achieved the sub-aim of reducing targeted blood tests and are on track to achieve the overall aim of total lab reduction in the ED by April 2020. Final interventions to be implemented in the coming months include changes to the ED paper record and replacement of the paper add-on order process with an electronic ordering tool. Complete data will be available by April 2020. This intervention is scalable and has the potential to reduce costs and preventable harm to patients.

Editor's note:CJEM has partnered with a small group of selected journals of international emergency medicine societies to share from each a highlighted research study, as selected monthly by their editors. Our goals are to increase awareness of our readership to research developments in the international emergency medicine literature, promote collaboration among the selected international emergency medicine journals, and support the improvement of emergency medicine world-wide, as described in the WAME statement at http://www.wame.org/about/policy-statements#Promoting%20Global%20Health. Abstracts are reproduced as published in the respective participating journals and are not peer reviewed or edited by CJEM.

Background: Hemolysis of blood samples is the leading cause of specimen rejection from hospital laboratories. It contributes to delays in patient care and disposition decisions. Coagulation tests (prothrombin time/international normalized ratio [PT/INR] and activated partial thromboplastin time [aPTT]) are especially problematic for hemolysis in our academic hospital, with at least one sample rejected daily from the emergency department (ED). Aim Statement: We aimed to decrease the monthly rate of hemolyzed coagulation blood samples sent from the ED from a rate of 2.9% (53/1,857) to the best practice benchmark of less than 2% by September 1st, 2019. Measures & Design: Our outcome measure was the rate of hemolyzed coagulation blood samples. Our process measure was the rate of coagulation blood tests sent per 100 ED visits. Our balancing measure was the number of incident reports by clinicians when expected coagulation testing did not occur. We used monthly data for our Statistical Process Control (SPC) charts, as well as Chi square and Mann-Whitney U tests for our before-and-after evaluation. Using the Model for Improvement to develop our project's framework, we used direct observation, broad stakeholder engagement, and process mapping to identify root causes. We enlisted nursing champions to develop our Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) cycles/interventions: 1) educating nurses on hemolysis and coagulation testing; 2) redesigning the peripheral intravenous and blood work supply carts to encourage best practice; and 3) removing PT/INR and aPTT from automatic inclusion in our electronic chest pain bloodwork panel. Evaluation/Results: The average rate of hemolysis remained unchanged from baseline (2.9%, p = 0.83). The average rate of coagulation testing sent per 100 ED visits decreased from 41.5 to 28.8 (absolute decrease 12.7 per 100, p < 0.05), avoiding $4,277 in monthly laboratory costs. The SPC chart of our process measure showed special cause variation with greater than eight points below the centerline. Discussion/Impact: Our project reduced coagulation testing, without changing hemolysis rates. Buy-in from frontline nurses was integral to the project's early success, prior to implementing our electronic approach – a solution ranked higher on the hierarchy of intervention effectiveness – to help sustainability. This resource stewardship project will now be spread to a nearby institution by utilizing similar approaches.