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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 31 May 2012
The “cyclostome” subdivision of the Family Braconidae was recognized by Wesmael in 1835 and characterized as having the clypeus emarginated in such a way that a circular opening is left between it and the mandibles. This character has been used as one of the bases for primary segregation of the family into major groups ever since. However, it has long been recognized that other features are involved. For example, the clypeus is not simply emarginate but is also raised or becomes carinate transversely (horizontally) across the middle and it is the portion of the clypeus ventrad of the ridge which is impressed in such a way that the clypeus appears to be cut out. The degree to which the clypeus is infolded (backfolded) varies considerably. In addition, the labrum, which is broad at the base and narrows to the apex, is concave on the anterior side. This concavity is useful in segregating groups such as the Opiinae from the cyclostomes. Authors have tended to retain the cyclostome group as the subfamily Braconinae in the broad sense and to include therein the Rogadinae and Doryctinae.