Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T16:36:19.840Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Strategy and Tactics of Insect Control1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

D. A. Chant
D. A. Chant
Affiliation:
Research Laboratory, Canada Department of Agriculture, Vineland, Ontario
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The background against which decisions on control strategy and tactics are made is explained and general approaches to pest control are discussed at length. Canadian work on population dynamics that involves research on the processes that regulate numbers is reviewed. The author's conviction that this work provides the best avenue yet explored to the solution rather than temporary alleviation of pest problems is explained. A pest-control strategy for the insects attacking peach in the Niagara Peninsula, in which a logical progression of research, the assignment of priorities, and the concentration of staff and facilities on problems of major importance are advocated, is outlined. Finally, weaknesses in administrative strategy are discussed and it is suggested that the findings of basic researchers on population dynamics should be exploited more fully by parent organizations and applied more energetically by those directly charged with responsibility for insect control.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 96 , Issue 1-2 , February 1964 , pp. 182 - 201
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1964

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Anderson, N. H. 1962. Growth and fecundity of Anthocoris spp. reared on various prey (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Ent. exp. et appl. 5: 40–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrewartha, H. G., and Birch, L. C.. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Arthur, A. P. 1962. Influence of host tree on abundance of Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a polyphagous parasite of the European pine shoot moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Canad. Ent. 94: 337–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, M. M. 1959. Deciduous fruit insects and their control. Annu. Rev. Ent. 4: 343–362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beirne, B. P. 1962a. Trends in applied biological control. Annu. Rev. Ent. 7: 387–400.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beirne, B. P. 1962b. Research Report 1960-61. Ent. Res. Inst. Biol. Control, Res. Br., Can. Dep. Agric., Belleville, Ontario.Google Scholar
Beirne, B. P. 1963. Procedures in biological control of insects. Can. Dep. Agric. Informat. Bull. 1.Google Scholar
Belton, P., and Kempster, R. H.. 1962. A field test on the use of sound to repel the European corn borer. Ent. exp. et appl. 5: 281–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, S. H., and others. 1963. Use of pesticides: A report of the President's science advisory committee. U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Wash., D.C.25 pp.Google Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1928. Welch Faktoren regulieren die Individuenzahl in der Natur? Biol. Zbl. 48: 714–739.Google Scholar
Bucher, G. E. 1961. Artificial culture of Clostridium brevifaciens n. sp. and C. malacosomae n. sp., the causes of brachytosis of tent caterpillars. Canad. J. Microbiol. 7: 641–655.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnett, T. 1960a. Control of insect pests. Fed. Proc. 19: 557–561.Google ScholarPubMed
Burnett, T. 1960b. Effects of initial densities and periods of infestation on the growth-forms of a host and parasite population. Canad. J. Zool. 38: 1063–1077.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnett, T. 1960c. An insect host-parasite population. Canad. J. Zool. 38: 57–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cameron, J. 1963. Factors affecting the use of microbial pathogens in insect control. Annu. Rev. Ent. 8: 265–286.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chant, D. A. 1960. Phytoseiid mites (Acarina: Phytoseiidae). Part I. Bionomics of seven species in southeastern England. Part II. A taxonomic review of the family Phytoseiidae, with descriptions of 38 new species. Canad. Ent. 91, Suppl. 12, 165 pp.Google Scholar
Chant, D. A. 1963. Some mortality factors and the dynamics of orchard mites, pp. 33-40. In LeRoux, E. J. (ed.), Population dynamics of agricultural and forest insect pests. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 32, 103 pp.Google Scholar
Chitty, D. 1960. Population processes in the vole and their relevance to general theory. Canad. J. Zool. 38: 99–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collyer, E. 1953. Insect population balance and chemical control of pests. Chem. & Ind. (Rev.) 1953: 1044–1046.Google Scholar
Crossman, C. 1959a. A predator-prey interaction in freshwater fish. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 16: 269–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crossman, C. 1959b. Distribution and movement of a predator, the rainbow trout, and its prey, the redside shiner, in Paul Lake, British Columbia. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 16: 247–267.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Downes, J. A. 1959. The gypsy moth and some possibilities of the control of insects by genetical means. Canad. Ent. 91: 661–664.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, R. 1960. Relationship between grasshopper abundance and weather conditions in Saskatchewan, 1930-1958. Canad. Ent. 92: 619–624.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Errington, P. 1957. Of population cycles and unknowns. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 22: 287–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franz, J. 1961. The ecological effect of the control of insects by means of viruses and/or bacteria as compared with chemical control. I.U.C.N. Symposium, Warsaw, July 15-24, 1960: 93–105.Google Scholar
Glen, R. 1951. Trends in research in the Division of Entomology. Canad. Ent. 83: 62–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glen, R. 1954. Factors that affect insect abundance. J. econ. Ent. 47: 398–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grison, P. 1962. Development et perspectives de la lutte biologique. Entomophaga 7: 325–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harcourt, D. G. 1963. Major mortality factors in the population dynamics of the diamond-back moth, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), pp. 55-66. In LeRoux, E. J. (ed.), Population dynamics of agricultural and forest insect pests. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 32, 103 pp.Google Scholar
Hikichi, A. 1962a. Notes on mortality factors affecting the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlkr.), (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in an unsprayed apple orchard in Ontario. Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 92: 180–182.Google Scholar
Hikichi, A. 1962b. Some factors influencing the control of the red-banded leaf roller, Argyrotaenia velutinana (Wlkr.), (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on apple in Norfolk County, Ontario. Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 92: 182–188.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1959. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Canad. Ent. 91: 385–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1961. Principles of insect predation. Annu. Rev. Ent. 6: 163–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1963. An experimental component analysis of population processes, pp. 22-32. In LeRoux, E. J. (ed.), Population dynamics of agricultural and forest insect pests. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 32, 103 pp.Google Scholar
Holmes, N. D., and Peterson, L. K.. 1961. Resistance of spring wheat to the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). I. Resistance to the egg. Canad. Ent. 93: 250–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huffaker, C. B. 1958. The concept of balance in nature. Proc. Xth int. Congr. Ent., Montreal 2: 625–636.Google Scholar
Hunter, J. 1959. Survival and production of pink and chum salmon in a coastal stream. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 16: 835–885.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Juillet, J. A. 1960. Some factors influencing the flight activtiy of hymenopterous parasites. Canad. J. Zool. 38: 1057–1061.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knipling, E. F. 1959. Sterile-male method of population control. Science 130: 902–904.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Knipling, E. F. 1960. Use of insects for their own destruction. J. econ. Ent. 53: 415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lack, D. 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lawson, F. 1958. Some features of the relation of insects to their ecosystems. Ecology 39: 515–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leius, K. 1961. Influence of various foods on fecundity and longevity of adults of Scambus buolianae (Htg.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Canad. Ent. 93: 1079–1084.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeRoux, E. J. 1959. Effects of various levels of calcium, magnesium, and sulphur in nutrient solution on fecundity of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus telarius (L.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae), reared on cucumber. Canad. J. Plant Sci. 39: 92–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeRoux, E. J. 1960. Effects of “modified” and “commercial” spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Quebec. Ann. ent. Soc. Quebec 6: 87–121.Google Scholar
LeRoux, E. J., and Reimer, C.. 1959. Variation between samples of immature stages, and of mortality from some factors, of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana (D. & S.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), and the pistol case-bearer, Coleophora serratella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), on apple in Quebec. Canad. Ent. 91: 428–449.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeRoux, E. J., Paradis, R. O. and Hudon, M.. 1963. Major mortality factors in the population density of the eye-spotted bud moth, the pistol case-bearer, the fruit-tree leaf roller, and the European corn borer in Quebec, pp. 67-82. In LeRoux, E. J. (ed.), Population dynamics of agricultural and forest insect pests. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 32, 103 pp.Google Scholar
Lord, F. T. 1962. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. XI. Effects of low dosages of DDT on predator populations. Canad. Ent. 94: 204–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maw, M. G. 1961. Behaviour of an insect on an electrically charged surface. Canad. Ent. 93: 391–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Massee, A. M. 1958. The effect on the balance of arthropod populations in orchards arising from the unrestricted use of chemicals. Proc. Xth int. Congr. Ent., Montreal 3: 163–168.Google Scholar
Miller, C. A. 1959. The interaction of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the parasite Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. Canad. Ent. 91: 457–477.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne, A. 1957a. The natural control of insect populations. Canad. Ent. 99: 193–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne, A. 1957b. Theories of natural control of insect populations. Cold Spr. Harb. Symp. quant. Biol. 22: 253–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monteith, L. G. 1960. Influence of plants other than the food plants of their hosts on host-finding by tachinid parasites. Canad. Ent. 92: 641–652.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monro, J. 1963. Population control in animals by overloading resources with sterile animals. Science 140: 496–497.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, R. F. 1957. The interpretation of mortality data in studies on population dynamics. Canad. Ent. 89: 49–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1959. Single-factor analysis in population dynamics. Ecology 40: 580–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F., Editor. 1963a. The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 31, 332 pp.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1963b. Predictive population equations based on key factors, pp. 16-21. In LeRoux, E. J. (ed.) Population dynamics of agricultural and forest insect pests. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 32, 103 pp.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F., and Miller, C. A.. 1954. The development of life tables for the spruce budworm. Canad. J. Zool. 32: 283–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. 1939. Indirect effects of spray practice on pest populations. Verh. VII int. Kongr. Ent., Berlin 4: 3022–3028.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. 1954. An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Aust. J. Zool. 2: 9–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paradis, R. O., and LeRoux, E. J.. 1962. A sampling technique for population and mortality factors of the fruit-tree leaf roller, Archips argyrospilus (Wlk.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), on apple in Quebec. Canad. Ent. 94: 561–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, J. H. H. 1958. The tarnished plant bug, Liocoris lineolaris (Beauv.) (Hemiptera. Miridae), as a pest of peaches in Ontario: a progress report. Rep. ent. Soc. Ont. 88: 44–48.Google Scholar
Phillips, J. H. H., Putman, W. L. and Herne, D. C.. 1962. Some effects of DDT on Pulvinaria vitis (L.) (Homoptera: Coccidae) infesting peach in Ontario. Canad. Ent. 94: 449–458.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pickett, A. D. 1949. The philosophy of orchard insect control. Rep. ent. Soc. Ont. 79: 37–41.Google Scholar
Pickett, A. D. 1961. The ecological effects of chemical control practices on arthropod populations in apple orchards in Nova Scotia, Canada. I.U.C.N. Symposium, Warsaw, July 15-24, 1960: 19–24.Google Scholar
Pickett, A. D. et al. , 1947. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: I. An appraisal of the problem and a method of approach. Sci. Agric. 26: 590–600.Google Scholar
Pickett, A. D., Putman, W. L. and LeRoux, E. J.. 1958. Progress in harmonizing biological and chemical control of orchard pests in Eastern Canada. Proc. Xth int. Congr. Ent., Montreal 3: 169–174.Google Scholar
Post, A. 1962. Effect of cultural measures on the population density of the fruit tree red spider mite, Metatetranychus ulmi Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae). Proef. Fruit. Volle Grond Wilhelminadorp 4: 1–110.Google Scholar
Proverbs, M. 1962. Progress on the use of induced sexual sterility for the control of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Ont. 92: 5–11.Google Scholar
Proverbs, M., and Newton, J.. 1962. Some effects of gamma radiation on the reproductive potential of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae). Canad. Ent. 94: 1162–1170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putman, W. L., and Herne, D. C.. 1959. Gross effects of some pesticides on populations of phytophagous mites in Ontario peach orchards and their economic implications. Canad. Ent. 91: 567–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricker, W. E. 1946. Production and utilization of fish populations. Ecol. Monogr. 16: 373–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ripper, W. E. 1944. Biological control as a supplement to chemical control of insect pests. Nature, Lond. 153: 448–452.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, B. C. 1961. Influence of water and previous foods on the longevity of unfed larvae of Coleomegilla maculata lengi. J. econ. Ent. 54: 194–195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, H. S. 1935. The role of biotic factors in the determination of population densities. J. econ. Ent. 28: 873–898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, M. E. 1949. The natural control of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 18: 1–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Solomon, M. E. 1953. Insect population balance and chemical control of pests. Chem. & Ind. (Rev.) 1953: 1143–1147.Google Scholar
Steiner, L. F. et al. , 1961. The role of attractants in the recent Mediterranean fruit fly eradication program in Florida. J. econ. Ent. 54: 30–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stern, V. M. et al. , 1959. The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29: 89–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, H. V. 1960. Economic ornithology. Ann. appl. Biol. 48: 405–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, H. V. 1963. The limitation of control measures. Ann. appl. Biol. 51: 326–329.Google Scholar
Thompson, W. R. 1930. The principles of biological control. Ann. appl. Biol. 17: 306–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, W. R. 1939. Biological control and the theories of the interactions of populations. Parasitology 31: 299–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuchman, B. 1963. The guns of August. Dell Pub. Co., New York.Google Scholar
Turnbull, A. 1960. The prey of the spider Linyphia triangularis (Clerck) (Araneae, Linyphiidae). Canad. J. Zool. 38: 859–873.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnbull, A. L., and Chant, D. A.. 1961. The practice and theory of biological control of insects in Canada. Canad. J. Zool. 39: 697–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ullyett, E. C. 1951. Insects, man and the environment. J. econ. Ent. 44: 459–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van den Bosch, R., and Stern, V. M.. 1962. The integration of chemical and biological control of arthropod pests. Annu. Rev. Ent. 7: 367–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Voûte, A. D. 1946. Regulation of the density of the insect-populations in virgin-forests and cultivated woods. Arch. néer. Zool. 7: 435–470.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1959a. Studies on population productivity II. Factors governing productivity in a population of smallmouth bass. Ecol. Monogr. 29: 367–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1959b. A mathematical model for the effect of densities of attacked and attacking species on the number attacked. Canad. Ent. 91: 129–144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1960. The effect of population density on fecundity in insects. Canad. Ent. 92: 674–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1961. Mathematical models for use in insect pest control. Canad. Ent. 93, Suppl. 19, 62 pp.Google Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1962. Use of mathematics in population ecology. Annu. Rev. Ent. 7: 243–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1963a. Mathematical population models for five agricultural crop pests, pp. 83-91. In LeRoux, E. J. (ed.), Population dynamics of agricultural and forest insect pests. Mem. ent. Soc. Can. 32, 103 pp.Google Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1963b. Dynamic programming, “Look ahead programming,” and the strategy of insect pest control. Canad. Ent. 95: 525–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Welch, H. E., and Briand, L. J.. 1961. Field experiment on the use of a nematode for the control of vegetable crop insects. Proc. ent. Soc Ont. 91: 197–202.Google Scholar