Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:36:25.420Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea): Their Systematics, Tribal Divisions and Distribution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

D. K. McE. Kevan  and
S. S. Akbar
D. K. McE. Kevan
Affiliation:
Macdonald College, Quebec
S. S. Akbar
Affiliation:
Macdonald College, Quebec
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Pyrgomorphidae represent a distinctive family of acridoid Orthoptera comprising 127 genera and over 400 species. The systematic history of the group is outlined and its name is discussed. On the basis of external morphology and phallic structures it has been found possible to divide the family into tribes. Most of these have been recognized previously, but several new ones have been erected to accommodate anomalous genera or parts of former tribes that have proved to be heterogeneous. The genera fall into no fewer than 29 tribes and 8 subtribes, which reflect the antiquity of the group; phylogenetic relationships remain rather obscure. An extensive key to the tribes and subtribes (incorporating both external and phallic characters) is given and the genera belonging to each are listed. Diagnoses of three new genera and a new subgenus are appended. Geographical distribution is discussed. The great majority of Pyrgomorphidae are found in the Old World tropics and subtropics, but some are American and a few reach temperate latitudes both north and south. A very high degree of endemism amongst genera is shown by all regions in which the group occurs, except the Palaearctic. The African and Malagasy faunas are the richest, but the group probably originated further east. Madagascar, Australia, the Papuan subregion and C. and S. America all have their own very distinctive tribes and genera. No genera are common to Old and New Worlds. The latter was probably invaded from Asia at least twice. Pyrgomorphidae appear to be comparatively recently incursive into the Palaearctic region. A new Palaearctic fossil genus is proposed.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 96 , Issue 12 , December 1964 , pp. 1505 - 1536
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1964

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Azam, J. 1901. Catalogue synonymique et systématique des Orthoptères de France [III]. Miscell. ent. 9(4–5): 49–64. [N.B. this work is usually cited as a separate in its entirety with different pagination (1–197).]Google Scholar
Bolívar, I. 1884. Monografía de los Pirgomórfinos. An. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 13: 1–73, 419–500, pl. 1–4.Google Scholar
Bolívar, I. 1904. Notas sobre los Pirgomórfidos (Pyrgomorphidae). Bol. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 4: 89–111, 306–326, 393–418, 432–459.Google Scholar
Bolívar, I. 1905. Notas sobre los Pirgomórfidos (Pyrgomorphidae). Bol. Soc. esp. Hist. nat. 5: 105–115, 196–217, 278–289, 298–307.Google Scholar
Bolívar, I. 1909. Orthoptera, Fam. Acridiidae. Subfam. Pyrgomorphinae. Gen. Ins. 90: 1–58, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Bolívar, I. 1916. Orthoptera, Fam. Acridiidae, Subfam. Pamphaginae. Gen. Ins. 170: 1–40, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Bolívar, I. 1918. Contribución al conocimienta de la fauna índica: Orthoptera (Locustidae vel Acridiidae). Rev. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 16: 328–412.Google Scholar
Bruner, L. 1900. A brief account of the genera and species of locusts or grasshoppers of Argentina, together with descriptions of new forms. Rep. Merch. Locust Investig. Commiss. Buenos Aires, Lincoln, Nebraska 2: 13–80. [English edition.]Google Scholar
Brunner von Wattenwyl, [C.]. 1874. Ueber Systematik der Orthoptera und die Recensio Orthopterorum von C. Stål. Verb. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 24: 225–230.Google Scholar
Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1882. Prodromus der europäischen Orthopteren. Leipzig.Google Scholar
Brunner von Wattenwyl, C. 1898. Orthopteren des Malayischen Archipels gesammelt von Prof. Dr. W. Kükenthal in den Jahren 1893 und 1894. Abh. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 24: 193–288, pl. XVI–XX.Google Scholar
Burmeister, H. 1840. Audinet-Serville, histoire naturelle des Orthoptéres. Paris, 1839. 8 verglichen mit H. Burmeister, Handbuch d. Entomologie. II.Bd. 2.Abth. 1. Hälfte (vulgo Orthoptera). Berlin. 1838. 8. Z. Ent. (Germar) 2: 1–82.Google Scholar
Burr, M. 1904. Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe [VIII]. Ent. Rec. 16: 317–232.Google Scholar
Burr, M. 1905. Synopsis of the Orthoptera of Western Europe [XVII.]. Ent. Rec. 17: 287–291.Google Scholar
Chopard, L. 1949. Ordre des Orthoptères. In Grassé, P.-P. (Ed.), Traité de Zoologie, Paris 9: 617–722.Google Scholar
Dirsh, V. M. 1952. The restoration of the subfamily Trigonopteryginae Walker (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Ann.Mag.nat.Hist. (12), 5: 82–84, pl. V.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirsh, V. M. 1953. Charilainae, a new subfamily of Acrididae (Orthoptera). Ann.Mag.nat.Hist. 6: 161–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirsh, V. M. 1955. Tanaoceridae and Xyronotidae: two new families of Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Ann.Mag.nat.Hist. 8: 285–288, pl. II.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirsh, V. M. 1956. The phallic complex in Acridoidea (Orthoptera) in relation to taxonomy. Trans.R.ent.Soc.Lond. 108: 223–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dirsh, V. M. 1961. A preliminary revision of the families and subfamilies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera, Insecta). Bull.Brit.Mus. (nat.Hist.) Ent. 10: 351–419.Google Scholar
Dirsh, V. M. 1962. Two new African genera of Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Eos, Madr. 38: 41–46.Google Scholar
Dirsh, V. M. 1963. The Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Madagascar. III. Pyrgomorphidae. Bull.Brit.Mus. (nat. Hist.) Ent. 14: 51–103.Google Scholar
Eades, D. C. 1961a. The tribes and relationships of the Ommexechinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Proc.Acad.nat.Sci.Philad. 113: 157–172.Google Scholar
Eades, D. C. 1961b. The terminology of phallic structures in the Cyrtacanthacridinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Ent. News, 72: 141–149.Google Scholar
Eades, D. C. 1963. Observations on Charilaus and Charilainae (Orthoptera, Pamphagidae). Ent. News, 74: 131–133.Google Scholar
Finot, A. 1883. Les Orthoptères de la France. Perce-Oreilles, Blattes, Mantes, Criquets Sauturelles et Grillons. Paris.Google Scholar
Griffini, A. 1897. Intorno ad alcuni Ortotteri raccolti dal Rev. L. Jalla a Kazungula (Alto Zambesi). Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 12 (290): 1–12.Google Scholar
Johnston, H. B. 1956. Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Karsch, F. 1891. Verzeichnis der von Herrn Dr. Paul Preuss in Kamerun erbeuteten Acridiodeen. Berl. ent. Z. 36: 175–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karsch, F. 1893. Springheuschrecken—Orthoptera-Saltatoria—von Adeli. In Die Insekten der Berglandschaft Adeli in Hinterlande von Togo (West Afrika) nach dem von den Herren Hauptmann Eugen Kling (1888 und 1889) gesammelten Materiale, mit einem Vorwort von Dr. Richard Büttner. I. Abtheilung: Apterygota, Odonata, Orthoptera Saltatoria, Lepidoptera Rhopalocera. Berl. ent. Z. 38: 49–166.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1952. On the systematic position of two anomalous genera previously placed in the subfamily Pyrgomorphinae (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Ent. mon. Mag. 88: 265–272.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1953a. The generic name Dictyophorus Thunberg, 1815 (Orth., Acrididae). Ent. mon. Mag. 89: 103–105.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1953b. Some difficulties raised in applying the Rule of Priority to Supra-Generic Nomenclature, as illustrated by the Name Pyrgomorphinae (Insecta: Orthoptera) and its Alternatives. Spec. Pap. Univ. Nottm Sch. Agric. Zool. Sect. 1, ii + 11 pp. (mimeo).Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1957. Doriaella I. Bolívar, 1898, Brunniella I. Bolívar, 1905, and other interesting East Indian Acridoidea (Orthoptera). Nova Guinea (N.S.), 8: 197–203, pl. XIV.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1959. A study of the genus Chrotogonus Audinet-Serville, 1839 (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae). V. A. revisional monograph of the Chrotogonini. VI. The history and biogeography of the Chrotogonini Publ. cult. Diamang. 43: 10–199, 201–246.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1961. Taxonomy and distribution of Atractomorphini and Omurini, trib. nov. (Orthoptera, Acridoidea, Pyrgomorphidae). Ent. mon. Mag. 96: 204–207.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1963a. A revision of the Desmopterini (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae). Part I. Genera other than Desmopterella. Nova Guinea (N.S.), (Zool.) 19: 361–407, pl. 18–23.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1963b. Two little-known genera of Pyrgomorphidae (Orth.) from South-East Asia. Ent. mon. Mag. 98 [1962]: 208–213.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1964a. The genus Nerenia Bolívar, 1905 (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae). Canad. J. Zool. 42: 433–437, pl. I.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. 1964b. Proposal to place the names Pamphagidae Burmeister, 1840, and Pyrgomorphidae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1874, on the Official List of family-group names in Zoology, and further proposals arising therefrom (Insecta: Orthoptera). Z.N. (S) 1650. Bull. zool. Nomencl. 21(5).Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE. (In press). World distribution of Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera). Proc. XII int. Congr. Ent., Lond., 1964.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE., and Akbar, S. S.. 1963. Three new genera of flightless Pyrgomorphini erected on the basis of their phallic structures (Orth. Acridoidea). Eos, Madr. 39: 405–422.Google Scholar
Kevan, D. K. McE., Singh, A. and Akbar, S. S.. 1964. A revision of the Mexican Pyrgomorphidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea). I. Genera other than Sphenarium. Proc.Acad.nat.Sci. Philad. 116: 231–298.Google Scholar
Kirby, W. F. 1902a. List of a small collection of Orthopterous insects formed by Sir Harry Johnston in British East Africa and Uganda in 1899 and 1900, with descriptions of five new species. Proc.zool.Soc.Lond. 1902: 93–101.Google Scholar
Kirby, W. F. 1902b. Report on a collection of African Locustidae formed by Mr. W. L. Distant, chiefly from the Transvaal. Trans.ent.Soc. Lond. 1902: 57–114.Google Scholar
Kirby, W. F. 1910. Orthoptera Saltatoria Part II. (Locustidae vel Acridiidae) [with Additions and Corrections], A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera. Brit. Mus., Lond. Vol. 3.Google Scholar
Kirby, W. F. [and Waterhouse, C. O.]. 1914. Orthoptera (Acridiidae). The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Taylor and Francis, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebermann, J., 1963. Cinco notas sobre acridiología. Rev.Soc.ent.argent. 26: 13–20.Google Scholar
Linsley, E. G. 1963. Bering Arc relationships of Cerambycidae and their host plants. In Gressitt, J. L. (Ed.), Pacific Basin Biogeography, Honolulu: 159–178.Google Scholar
McNeil, J. 1896 [-97]. Revision of the Truxalinae of North America. Proc.Davenp.Acad.nat. Sci. 6: 179–274, pl. I–VI. [pp. 245–274 and pl. IV–VI not published till 1897.]Google Scholar
Obenberger, J. 1955. VI. Rád. Orthoptera — Rovnokřídlý Hmyz. In Systematická Cást 1. Entomologie, Praha 2: 165–344.Google Scholar
Ramme, W. 1941. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Acrididen-Fauna des indomalayischen und benachbarten Gebiete (Orthoptera). Mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Tiergeographie von Celebes. Mitt.zool.Mus.Berl. 25: 1–243, pl. I–XXI.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rehn, J. A. G. 1904. Notes on Orthoptera from northern and central Mexico. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci.Philad. 1904 [56]: 513–549.Google Scholar
Rehn, J. A. G. 1907. Non-saltatorial and acridoid Orthoptera from Sapucay, Paraguay. Proc. Acad. nat. Sci.Philad. 1907 [59]: 151–192.Google Scholar
Rehn, J. A. G. 1951. The tribal position of certain genera of the Pyrgomorphinae (Orthopt., Acrididae). Ent. News, 62: 241–244.Google Scholar
Rehn, J. A. G. 1953. Family Acrididae (Subfamily Pyrgomorphinae). The grasshoppers and locusts (Acridoidea) of Australia. Vol. 2. C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne.Google Scholar
Roberts, H. R. 1941. A comparative study of the subfamilies of the Acrididae (Orthoptera) primarily on the basis of their phallic structures. Proc.Acad.nat.Sci.Philad. 93: 201–246.Google Scholar
Sharp, D. 1895. Insecta Part I. Introduction, Aptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and a portion of the Hymenoptera (Sessiliventres and Parasitica), pp. 81–565. In Harmer, S. F. and Shipley, A. E. (eds.), Cambridge Natural History. Vol. 5. London.Google Scholar
Stål, C. 1873. Recensio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthoptères décrits par Linné, de Geer et Thunberg, Stockholm 1: iv + (20) + 154 pp.Google Scholar
Thomas, C. 1873. Synopsis of the Acrididae of North America. Rep. U.S. geol. Surv. Terr. 5(1): x + 262 pp., 1 pl.Google Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. 1937. Grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acrididae) collected by Captain F. Kingdon Ward in Tibet in 1935. J. Linn. Soc. Lond. (Zool.) 40: 279–282, pl. 5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 3. Brit. Mus., London.Google Scholar
Westwood, J. O. 1841[-43]. Arcana Entomologica, or illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic insects. W. Smith, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakobson', G. G. 1902. Pyramokrýlýa i Saranchevýya. In Yakobson', G. G. i Bianki, B. L., 1902–5. Pryamokrýlýya i Lozhnosêtchatokrýlýya Rossíiskoi imperíi i sopredêl‘nykh' stran’. S. Peterburg, pp. 162–320, pl. XIV–XVII.Google Scholar
Zeuner, F. E. 1944. The Fossil Acrididae (Orth. Salt.).—Part IV. Acrididae incertae sedis and Addendum to Catantopinae. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (11) 11: 359–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar