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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
page 1 note 1 Benckendorff, Dorothea (1785–1857), married Count (1826 Prince) Christopher Andreievitch Lieven in 1800. He was Russian ambassador in Berlin 1810–12, and in London 1812–34; acting foreign minister in 1835; died in Rome, January 10, 1839.
page 1 note 2 Gordon, George Hamilton-, fourth earl of Aberdeen (1784–1860).
page 1 note 3 Leopold I, king of the Belgians (1790–1865), married Louise, daughter of Louis Philippe, king of the French (1773–1850), on Aug. 9, 1832.
page 2 note 1 Souza-Holstein, Pedro de, duke of Palmella (1786–1850).
page 2 note 2 Dom Pedro (1798–1834), emperor of Brazil, 1822–31, and king of Portugal, 1826, in which year he renounced his Portuguese throne in favour of his daughter, Maria II (1819–53). He returned to Europe in 1831 to restore Maria to the throne usurped by his brother Dom Miguel (1802–66) in 1828.
page 2 note 3 Caroline, duchesse de Berry (1798–1870), mother of Henri, due de Bordeaux (1820–83), now the Bourbon claimant to the French throne, landed in France to lead a royalist rising in favour of her son, but was arrested at Nantes in November, 1832, and imprisoned at Blaye.
page 2 note 4 Flahaut de la Billarderie, Auguste Charles Joseph, comte de (1785–1870), was reputed to be the son of Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, prince de Bénévent (1754–1838).
page 2 note 5 Lambton, Rt. Hon. John George, earl of Durham (1792–1840), was sent on a special mission to St. Petersburg (arrived July 17, 1832), and authorised to visit Berlin (arrived Sept. 23), but not to proceed to Vienna. The main object of his mission was to secure the co-operation of the Tsar Nicholas in measures designed to effect an early execution of the treaty of Nov. 15, 1831, separating Belgium from Holland.
page 2 note 6 Metternich, Clement Wenceslas, prince (1773–1859).
page 3 note 1 Gordon, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert (1791–1847), brother of Aberdeen, ambassador in Constantinople, 1829–31, and in Vienna, 1841–6.
page 3 note 2 William I (1772–1843), king of the Netherlands, 1815–40.
page 5 note 1 Hamilton, James, second marquis and first duke of Abercorn (1811–85), was for some years under the care of Aberdeen, his guardian, who married Abercorn's mother in 1815. On Oct. 25, 1832, Abercorn married Lady Louisa Russell, daughter of the duke of Bedford.
page 6 note 1 The following is a list of French ministries, 1830–48, together with the names of those who presided over them:
(i) Laffitte: Nov. 2, 1830–March 13, 1831.
(ii) Casimir Périer: March 13, 1831–Oct. 11, 1832.
(iii) Soult: Oct. 11, 1832–July 18, 1834.
(iv) Gerard: July 18, 1834–Nov. 18, 1834.
(v) Mortier: Nov. 18, 1834–Feb. 20, 1835.
(vi) Broglie: March 12, 1835–Feb. 5, 1836.
(vii) Thiers: Feb. 22–Sept. 6, 1836.
(viii) Molé (Guizot): Sept. 6, 1836–April 15, 1837.
(ix) Molé: April 15, 1837–March 8, 1839.
(x) Soult: May 12, 1839–February, 1840.
(xi) Thiers: March 1–Oct. 29, 1840.
(xii) Soult (Guizot): Oct. 29, 1840–Sept. 19, 1847.
(xiii) Guizot: Sept. 19, 1847–Feb. 24, 1848.
page 6 note 2 George Frederick Alexander, second duke of Cumberland and (1851–66) king of Hanover (1819–78) was losing his sight and was quite blind by about 1834.
page 7 note 1 Zea-Bermudez, Francisco (1772–1850), was recalled from the London legation to form a new ministry in place of that of Calomarde, dismissed for his association with the change in the Spanish succession law designed to exclude Isabella from the throne. For a brief summary of the changes which took place, see The Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846, pp. 1–2.Google Scholar
page 8 note 1 This letter, taken from the Lieven archives, is printed here by the courtesy of Prince Nicholas Lieven and of Sir John Murray, K.C.V.O., D.S.O.
page 10 note 1 Leveson-Gower, George Granville, marquis of Stafford, 1833 first duke of Sutherland 1758–1833; Vane, William Harry, marquis, 1833 duke, of Cleveland (1766–1842); Western, Charles Callis, 1833 Baron Western (1767–1844).
page 10 note 2 Feilding, William Basil Percy, earl of Denbigh (1796–1865), chamberlain to Queen Alelaide, 1833–4, tad voted with the Whigs for the Reform Bill, but later became a Conservative and a follower of Peel.
page 11 note 1 Aberdeen's second wife died on Aug. 26, 1833.
page 11 note 2 Nicholas I (1796–1855), emperor of Russia, and Francis I (1768–1835), emperor of Austria, met at Münchengratz in September, 1833.
page 11 note 3 King Ferdinand VII (1784–1833) died on Sept. 29, and his fourth wife, Maria Cristina of Naples (1806–78), thereupon assumed the government as Regent for her daughter, Queen Isabella II (1830–1904). The supporters of the late king's brother, Don Carlos (1788–1855), refused to recognise the new queen, and civil war broke out.
page 14 note 1 Esterhazy de Galantha, Paul Antoine, prince (1786–1866), Austrian ambassador in London, 1815–42.
page 15 note 1 Convention signed at St. Petersburg on Jan. 29, 1834, by Count Nesselrode and Ahmed Pasha, the Turkish ambassador. Its effect was to prolong Russia's hold over Silistria and to secure for her an addition of territory of strategic value in Asia.
page 16 note 1 Montmorency, Anne Pierre Adrien de, due de Laval (1767–1837), French ambassador in London, 1829–30.
page 17 note 1 Lady Frances Gordon, Aberdeen's only daughter by his second marriage, died on April 21, 1834.
page 17 note 2 The Quadruple Treaty, April 22, 1834.
page 17 note 3 Born on July 24, 1833; died on May 16, 1834.
page 18 note 1 Susan (1772–1838), wife of Dudley Ryder, first earl of Harrowby (1762–1847).
page 19 note 1 Later the emperor Alexander II (1818–81).
page 19 note 2 Emily Mary (1787–1869), wife of the fifth Earl Cowper (who died July 21, 1837) and sister of Melbourne and Beauvale. She married Henry John Temple, third Viscount Palmerston (1784–1865) on Dec. 16, 1839.
page 20 note 1 Leuchtenberg, Augustus, duke of (1810–35), married Maria II, queen of Portugal, in person on Jan. 26, 1835.
page 20 note 2 The Russian embassy.
page 23 note 1 Lord Durham married on Dec. 9, 1816, Louisa Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Charles, second Earl Grey (1764–1845).
page 24 note 1 Stanley, Edward George Geoffrey Smith, 1851 fourteenth earl of Derby (1799–1869), had resigned his office as colonial secretary in Grey's ministry in 1833, and, although he did not join Peel in 1834, ne joined the Conservative ministry as colonial secretary in 1841.
page 24 note 2 Talleyrand was succeeded as ambassador in London, not by the comte de Rayneval (François Maximilien Gérard, 1778–1836), whose claims he himself favoured, but by Marshal Sebastiani.
page 25 note 1 Mackenzie, Stuart Wortley, Baron Wharncliffe (1776–1845), lord privy seal, 1834–5.
page 25 note 2 Henry Grey, Viscount Howick (1802–94), was returned for North North umberland, and Charles Grey (1804–70) for High Wycombe in January, 1835. The latter was opposed by Benjamin D'Israeli.
page 26 note 1 Stewart, Charles William, 1822 third marquis of Londonderry (1778–1854), was offered and accepted the embassy to St. Petersburg; but so bitterly was the appointment attacked in the House of Commons by reason mainly of Londonderry's reputation as an enemy of reform, that he withdrew his acceptance; see Greville, , Memoirs (new edition, 1888), III, 231 ffGoogle Scholar.
Stewart was ambassador in Vienna, 1814–22, and was present at Laibach in 1821 and at Verona in 1822. At Verona his wife, Frances Anne Emily, daughter of Sir Henry Vane-Tempest, whom he had married in 1819, attracted the admiration of the Emperor Alexander I, who gave her some very fine diamonds which are still in the possession of the Londonderry family. Frances Anne had an extraordinary passion for diamonds and, what is more, for resetting them. The Londonderrys paid a private visit to Russia in 1836, and it is known from Frances Anne's diary that the diamonds were then shown to advantage. (I am indebted for this information to Dr. H. Montgomery Hyde.)
page 28 note 1 Pozzo di Borgo, Charles André, count (1764–1842), aide-de-camp to Wellington in the Waterloo campaign, Russian ambassador in Paris, 1815–35, and in London, 1835–9.
Alava, General Miguel Ricardo de (1771–1843), aide-de-camp to Wellington in the Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns, Spanish minister in London, January–August, 1835, ambassador in Paris, 1836, minister in London, 1838–41.
page 28 note 2 In March, 1835, two of Princess Lieven's sons died within a short time of each other.
page 29 note 1 Lord John Russell, 1861 first Earl Russell (1792–1878), returned for South Devon in January, 1835, was defeated when he sought re-election in May after his appointment as home secretary, but was returned a fortnight later for Stroud. Palmerston, a member for South Hampshire since 1832, lost his seat in January, 1835; but when Mr. Kennedy resigned his seat at Tiverton, Palmerston, already foreign secretary, was returned on June 1, 1835, for Tiverton, which he represented for the rest of his life. Charles Grant (1778–1866) returned for Inverness-shire in January, 1835, became colonial secretary in April, and was raised to the peerage as Baron Glenelg on May 8. Lord Morpeth (Howard, George William Frederick, Viscount Morpeth, 1848 Seventh earl of Carlisle, 1802–64) was returned for the West Riding of Yorkshire when he sought re-election after being appointed chief secretary for Ireland.
page 31 note 1 On Palmerston's initiative, an order in council of June 10, 1835, suspended the Foreign Enlistment Act and enabled some 10,000 British subjects to enlist for service in the cause of Queen Isabella II of Spain against her uncle Don Carlos. They were commanded by Colonel George de Lacy Evans, M.P. (1787–1870). For the part played by the Rothschilds, see Corti, E. G., The Reign of the House of Rothschild (London, 1928), pp. 120 ff.Google Scholar
page 33 note 1 Nesselrode, Charles Robert, comte de (1780–1862), married Mile de Gourief in 1812; she died in 1849.
page 33 note 2 Russell, Maj.-Gen. Lord (George) William (1790–1846), minister in Stuttgart, 1834–5, and in Berlin, 1835–41.
page 33 note 3 Orange, Anne Paulowna, princess of (1795–1865), daughter of Tsar Paul, married William, prince of Orange, Feb. 21, 1816.
page 33 note 4 Dino, Dorothée de Courlande, comtesse Edmond de Périgord, duchesse de (1793–1862), niece of Talleyrand by marriage.
page 33 note 5 Emperor Nicholas and King Frederick William III of Prussia (1770–1840).
page 35 note 1 On July 28, 1835, Joseph Fieschi, a Corsican, attempted to assassinate Louis Philippe, who escaped unhurt. Fieschi and his two confederates were executed on Feb. 19, 1836.
page 36 note 1 The “one” was probably Arthur Wellesley, first duke of Wellington (1769–1852), and “the other” Sir Robert Peel (1788–1850).
page 37 note 1 Fagel, Hendrik, Baron (1765–1838), Dutch ambassador in London 1813–24.
page 37 note 2 Falck, Anton Reinhard (1777–1843), Dutch ambassador in London, 1824–32, minister in Brussels, 1839–43.
page 37 note 3 Adair, Rt. Hon. Sir Robert (1763–1855), was in Berlin on a special mission from August, 1835, to March, 1836.
page 41 note 1 Mendizabal, Juan Alvarez (? 1796–1853), minister of finance, June–September, 1835; president of the council, September, 1835–May, 1836; minister of finance, September, 1836–August, 1837.
page 41 note 2 Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco (1789–1862), president of the council and minister of foreign affairs, January, 1834–June, 1835.
page 41 note 3 Toreno, José Maria Queypo de Llano, conde de (1786–1843), minister of finance, June, 1834–June, 1835; president of the council and minister of foreign affairs, June–September, 1835.
page 42 note 1 On his return journey from Toplitz the Emperor Nicholas passed through Warsaw and there made a speech to the civil authorities in which he affirmed the rigorous principles on which Poland was to be governed and indicated that she was henceforth to be treated as a Russian province.
page 43 note 1 See Crawley, C. W., The Question of Greek Independence (Cambridge, 1930), pp. 176–88.Google Scholar
page 43 note 2 Molé, Louis Matthieu, comte (1781–1855).
page 43 note 3 Broglie, Achille Leonce Victor Charles, due de (1785–1870), married in 1816 Albertine Ida Gustavine de Staël (? 1797–1838). Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787–1874). Thiers, Louis Adolphe (1797–1877).
page 44 note 1 The dowager marchioness of Salisbury perished in the fire which broke out at Hatfield House on Nov. 27, 1835. The two houses of Parliament were destroyed by fire on Oct. 16, 1834.
page 44 note 2 Humann, Jean Georges (1780–1842), minister of finance in Broglie's ministry, in making his annual statement of accounts, expressed a strong opinion in favour of reducing the five per cents, to a four per cent, stock. Neither his resignation (Jan. 18), nor Broglie's assertion in the Chambers that the announcement of a conversion was unauthorised, sufficed to save the government from defeat by a majority of two. Broglie resigned (Feb. 5) and was followed by the Thiers ministry on Feb. 22, 1836.
page 45 note 1 In October and November, 1836, the former ministers of Charles X, who had been imprisoned at Ham since 1830, were released. The sentence on the due de Polignac (1771–1847) was commuted to one of banishment from France.
page 45 note 2 Ellice, Edward (1781–1863).
page 45 note 3 Carrel, Nicholas Armand (1800–36), editor of the National, imprisoned for his writings, killed in a duel by Emile de Girardin, editor of the Presse.
page 45 note 4 Berryer, Antoine Pierre (1790–1868).
page 47 note 1 The Portfolio, or a collection of state papers, etc., illustrative of the history of our times. Nos. 1–45, London, 1836–7, edited by David Urquhart, contained authentic Russian documents.
page 47 note 2 Sauzet, Jean Pierre Paul (1800–76), minister of justice in the Thiers ministry of February, 1836.
page 49 note 1 In pursuit of Louis Philippe's plan for marrying his eldest son to an Austrian archduchess, Ferdinand, due d'Orléans (1810–1842), accompanied by his brother Louis, due de Nemours (1814–96), left Paris in May, 1836; although they were well received in Berlin and Vienna, their mission proved unsuccessful.
page 50 note 1 Lamb, William, second Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848), was cited as co-respondent in the case Norton v. Melbourne; the verdict was for the defendant.
page 50 note 2 Louis Alibaud attempted to assassinate Louis Philippe on June 25, 1836.
page 51 note 1 Isturitz, Francisco Xavier de (1790–1871), president of the council and minister of foreign affairs, May–August, 1836.
page 52 note 1 Jane, wife of the tenth earl of Westmorland (1759–1841), from whom she had been separated for some years.
page 52 note 2 Thiers resigned on the rejection by Louis Philippe of his plan for active co-operation with Great Britain on the side of the Spanish Government. He was succeeded by Molé, with Guizot as minister of public instruction.
page 53 note 1 As a result of the revolution in the summer of 1836 the Charter was suppressed and Queen Maria II was compelled to take the oath to the constitution of 1822. The royalist coup d'état of Belem failed, Bernardo de Sa da Bandiera (1796–1876) formed a ministry, and remained in office, with a short interval in the summer of 1837, until April 1839.
page 53 note 2 Charles X died at Goritz on Nov. 6, 1836.
page 53 note 3 On Oct. 30, 1836, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (1808–73) made his abortive attempt to win over the garrison of Strasbourg. He was arrested and put on board ship bound for America.
page 55 note 1 Leveson-Gower, Rt. Hon. Granville, first Earl Granville (1773–1846), ambassador in Paris 1824–8, 1831–5, 1835–41, married in 1809 Henrietta Elizabeth Cavendish, second daughter of the fifth duke of Devonshire.
page 56 note 1 Dissatisfaction at the inefficiency of Gasparin (Adrien Etienne Pierre, comte de, 1783–1862), minister of the interior, was the avowed cause of the division in the Molé-Guizot ministry. In an effort at reconstruction, Louis Philippe invited Molé and Guizot each to submit to him their suggestions for a new ministry. The influence of Montalivet (Marthe Camille Bachason, comte de, 1801–80), who was very much in the confidence of Louis Philippe, was thrown on the side of Molé, and the newly constituted Molé ministry took office on April 15, 1837. Gasparin and Guizot were replaced in the ministries of the interior and of public instruction respectively by Montalivet and Salvandy (Narcisse Achille, comte de, 1795–1856).
page 56 note 2 Louis Napoleon's accomplices at Strasbourg were tried by the ordinary court of assize, and on Jan. 18, 1837, were acquitted by a unanimous vote of the jury. Accordingly, the government introduced a bill, “la loi de disjonction,” providing that when certain crimes were committed by civilians and military in concert, the former should be tried by a civil tribunal and the latter by a court-martial. The bill was defeated by two votes.
page 58 note 1 The motion in the name of Lord Francis Egerton on Feb. 20, 1837, that Irish municipal corporations be abolished and other arrangements made for the administration of justice, was defeated by 322 votes to 242.
page 58 note 2 The French attack on Constantine in North Africa at the end of 1836, led by Marshal Clausel (Bertrand, comte, 1772–1842), was repulsed with the loss of 3,000 men. Ahmed, bey of Constantine, deposed by Clausel twelve months before, returned to his capital, and Clausel was recalled to France (Feb. 12, 1837).
page 58 note 3 The British schooner “Vixen,” carrying a cargo of salt from Constantinople to the coast of Circassia (which Russia claimed to have obtained from Turkey in 1829), was seized for the violation of Russian customs regulations. Much to the disgust of the Russophobes in Great Britain, the affair was settled amicably, thanks to the good sense of Palmerston and the Emperor Nicholas.
page 60 note 1 The government's plan for the abolition of Church rates was explained to the House of Commons on March 3, and a resolution supporting it was carried on March 15, 1837, by a majority of 23–273 to 250. Hansard, 3rd ser., xxxvi, 550.Google Scholar
page 62 note 1 Gordon, George John James Hamilton, Lord Haddo, 1860 fifth earl of Aberdeen (1816–64).
page 62 note 2 When Ponsonby (John, Baron (1839 Viscount) Ponsonby, 1770–1855), ambassador in Constantinople, 1833–41, was granted leave of absence in February 1837, Sir Charles Vaughan (1774–1849) was ordered to proceed to Constantinople on a special mission. By this time, however, Ponsonby had become estranged from his secretary of embassy, David Urquhart (1805–77). The latter, soon to be recalled by Palmerston for his connection with the “Vixen” incident, had not yet left his post. Ponsonby, therefore, unwilling to leave the embassy archives for a single day in Urquhart's keeping, cancelled his leave, and Vaughan, who was waiting at Malta before proceeding to Constantinople, was recalled. There seems no adequate evidence for the suggestion that Palmerston was here guilty of an intrigue for the removal of Ponsonby.
page 63 note 1 A bill was introduced by Molé which proposed to grant (together with a million francs to the queen of the Belgians) the estate of Rambouillet to the due de Nemours.
page 63 note 2 Despite their advance on March 10, the forces under Evans were driven back from Hernani in precipitate retreat by the battalions assembled on March 16, 1837, by Don Sebastian, nephew of Don Carlos.
page 67 note 1 Finding himself in conflict with a large section of the Radical electors of Westminster owing to his drift towards Toryism, Sir Francis Burdett (1770–1844) resigned and offered himself for re-election. At the by-election which followed in May, 1837, he defeated John Temple Leader, who had resigned his Bridgwater seat in order to fight the Westminster constituency in the interest of the Radicals. Nevertheless, in the general election which followed the Queen's accession, Leader and Colonel de Lacy Evans were returned for Westminster, defeating Sir George Murray. Burdett success fully contested North Wilts.
page 67 note 2 The marriage on May 30, 1837, of the due d'Orléans to Hélène Louise Elizabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1814–58) was made the occasion for granting an amnesty (May 8) to those imprisoned for political offences.
page 69 note 1 Molé's accusations against Count Campuzano, the Spanish ambassador in Paris, were threefold: (1) that he had tried to approach Louis Philippe without reference to Molé; (2) that he associated with the most violent enemies of the government; (3) that in his reports home he calumniated both the French king and his government. When this last accusation found its way into the Press, Molé informed Campuzano on May 28 that his position at the court of the Tuileries must necessarily be embarrassing unless he gave a satisfactory explanation of the language attributed to him. Campuzano denied the truth of the accusation and they parted on good terms. See Granville to Palmerston, May 26, 29, 1837: P.O. 27/541.
page 70 note 1 Rt. Hon. (Lord) Claud Hamilton (1813–84), brother of the second marquess of Abercorn.
page 70 note 2 William IV (1765–1837) died on June 20.
page 71 note 1 The town residence of the duke of Sutherland.
page 72 note 1 For the conduct of Queen Victoria (1819–1901) towards her mother, the duchess of Kent (1786–1861), and towards Sir John Conroy (1786–1854), see Webster, C. K., “The accession of Queen Victoria,” History, XXII (1937), 14CrossRefGoogle Scholar ff.
page 72 note 2 Roebuck, John Arthur (1801–79), failed to be re-elected for Bath in 1837, but regained the seat in 1841.
page 78 note 1 Gordon, Captain William (1784–1858), was returned for Aberdeenshire on Aug. 5, 1837.
page 80 note 1 Espartero, Baldomero (1793–1879), general in the Cristino army, and later (1841–3) regent for Queen Isabella II.
page 80 note 2 Noailles, Paul, duo de (1802–85).
page 83 note 1 Laffitte, Jacques (1767–1844), president of Louis Philippe's first ministry, was defeated in the elections for a Paris constituency.
page 83 note 2 Copley, John Singleton, Baron Lyndhurst (1772–1863), lord chancellor 1827–30, 1834–5,1841–6, in August 1837 married as his second wife Georgiana, daughter of the diplomatic agent, Lewis Goldsmith.
page 84 note 1 Guizot's essay on George Monk was not intended for publication, but, when pressed by his friends, he allowed the essay to appear in 1837 in the Revue française, ii, 281Google Scholar ff., iii, 5 ff. Although he denied that he was moved by any comparison between conditions in France in 1851 and those in England two centuries earlier, Guizot in that year republished the essay separately under the title. Monk. Chute de la République et rétablissement de la monarchie en Angleterre, en 1660.
page 84 note 2 Ernest, duke of Cumberland (1771–1851), who succeeded William IV as king of Hanover in June, by letters patent on Nov. 1, 1837, annulled the constitution granted in 1833.
page 87 note 1 Harriet Georgiana Louisa (1834–1913), married the second earl of Lich-field; Beatrix Frances (1835–71) married the second earl of Durham; Louisa Jane (1836–1912) married the earl of Dalkeith, sixth duke of Buccleuch.
page 90 note 1 Taken from the Peel papers (Add. MSS. 40, 424, f. 281). During that week Aberdeen was staying with Peel at his home, Drayton Manor, in Staffordshire, and the letter was no doubt left behind on his departure.
page 93 note 1 The original paragraph in the address ran as follows: “… Et nous nous confions aux mesures que votre gouvernement, en executant fidèle ment le traité de la quadruple alliance, croirait devoir prendre, pour etc. …” M. Hebert's amendment proposed to substitute the words “en continuant a executer” for “en executant” (Chambre des Deputes: Proems Verbaux, 1838, i, 165Google Scholar). The amendment, implying as it did an approval of the government's past policy towards the Spanish civil war, was carried.
page 94 note 1 On the night of Dec. 29, 1837, fire destroyed the imperial Winter Palace in St. Petersburgh and, on the night of Jan. 10, 1838, the Royal Exchange.
page 95 note 1 On Jan. 17, 1838, Lord John Russell introduced a bill which suspended the constitution of Lower Canada until November 1840, and provided for the establishment of a special council. Two days earlier Durham had accepted his appointment as High Commissioner.
page 96 note 1 De Burgh, Ulick John, earl of Clanricarde (1802–74), arrived at St. Petersburgh as ambassador on Oct. 19, 1838.
page 96 note 2 Brougham, Henry Peter, Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778–1868).
page 100 note 1 Guizot's review article (unsigned), “De la religion dans les sociétés modernes,” appeared in the Revue Française, February 1838, v, 6 ff.
page 103 note 1 On March 3, 1838, Talleyrand read before the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques the funeral oration in honour of the late Comte Reinhard. See Institut Royal de France: Pièces Diverses, 1837–1838.
page 104 note 1 It was not until 1841 that a slight modification was made in the system instituted in 1770 for trying the validity of disputed elections by a committee of the House of Commons; but not until 1868 did the House adopt the only satisfactory course (the one advocated by Daniel O'Connell (1775–1847) in 1838) and hand over this duty to the courts of law.
page 105 note 1 Prince Paul Lieven, a secretary in the Russian embassy in London.
page 106 note 1 Gordon, Arthur Hamilton-, later Baron Stanmore (1829–1912).
page 106 note 2 Lady Alicia Gordon (1787–1847).
page 106 note 3 Gordon, Alexander Hamilton- (1817–90).
page 108 note 1 Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, due de Dalmatie (1769–1851), on a special mission to represent Louis Philippe at Queen Victoria's coronation.
page 108 note 2 Sebastiani, Fraçois Horace Bastien, comte (1772–1851), ambassador in London, 1835–40. Talleyrand died on May 17, 1838.
page 111 note 1 Paris, Louis Philippe Albert d'Orléans, comte de (Aug. 24, 1838–94).
page 111 note 2 In 1837 Louis Napoleon returned from America and settled in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, the home of his mother, Queen Hortense. In June 1838, Laity, one of his accomplices, published in France an account of the Strasbourg adventure for which he was sentenced to five years' imprison ment. Molé's ministry then addressed a note to the Federal government demanding Louis Napoleon's expulsion from Switzerland and subsequently began to mass troops on the Swiss frontier. When tension between the French and the Swiss governments had reached a dangerous height, Louis Napoleon in the autumn of 1838 left Switzerland for England.
page 112 note 1 Hamilton, James, second duke of Abercorn, born on Aug. 24, 1838.
page 112 note 2 On Sept. 10, 1838, Viscount Milton, eldest son of Earl Fitzwilliam, married Lady Frances Douglas, eldest daughter of the earl of Morton, brother of Aberdeen's second wife.
page 113 note 1 In order to defend the interests of French nationals against the violent conduct of President Rosas, a French squadron blockaded Buenos Aires from 1838 to 1840.
page 113 note 2 Ferdinand I (1793–1875), emperor of Austria, 1835–48.
page 115 note 1 Fox, Henry Richard Vassall, third Baron Holland (1773–1840) and his wife Elizabeth (1770–1845).
page 115 note 2 Villiers, George William Frederick, earl of Clarendon (1800–70), British minister in Spain 1833–9.
page 115 note 3 Cabrera, Ramon (? 1810–77), despite the general decline of his cause, obtained victories for the Carlists in Aragon and Valencia in 1838.
page 119 note 1 Leuchtenberg, Maximilian, duc de (1817–52), was on Nov. 4, 1838, engaged to be married to Marie, daughter of the Emperor Nicholas of Russia, and the marriage took place on July 14, 1839.
page 119 note 2 In order to support the claims of French nationals to an indemnity for losses incurred in recent disturbances in Mexico, a French squadron entered the harbour of Vera Cruz in November 1838.
page 125 note 1 General Skrzynecki, a Pole, whose employment by King Leopold in the Belgian army in January 1839 caused such resentment in Prussia and Austria (in which country he had taken refuge in 1832) that they recalled their charges d'affaires from Brussels.
page 125 note 1 The ministerial crisis continued from the fall of Molé on March 8 to the formation of Soult's ministry on May 12, 1839. On March 31 a provisional ministry, with no president, was formed to meet the Chamber of Deputies when it opened on April 4.
page 127 note 1 Zea Bermudez visited European courts in the spring of 1839 in an attempt to win for Isabella recognition as queen of Spain. It was also rumoured that, as the agent of Cristina, he was seeking to arrange an influential marriage for her daughter, if possible, with an Austrian archduke.
page 129 note 1 i.e. Russia.
page 130 note 1 In answer to a plea for more leniency in the treatment of Don Carlos, who had been interned at Bourges after his flight from Spain, Marshal Soult gave an assurance that this would be granted when the security of Spain was established. Chambre des Pairs: Procès Verbal, 1840, i. 89Google Scholar f.
page 131 note 1 Although the more drastic reduction proposed by Hume was rejected, Colonel Sibthorpe's proposal for a reduction in the annual financial provision to be made for Prince Albert (1819–61) from £50,000 to £30,000 was carried by a majority of 104 on Jan. 27, 1840.
page 133 note 1 The government bill proposed to grant an annuity of 500,000 francs to the duc de Nemours on the occasion of his projected marriage to Princess Victoria of Saxe Coburg Gotha. The bill was defeated on Feb. 21, 1840, by a majority of 26, the Soult ministry resigned, and was succeeded by a ministry under Thiers as president of the council and minister of foreign affairs.
page 140 note 1 On May 12, 1840, the Chambers, on the proposal of Thiers, voted a sum of 1,000,000 francs to enable François Ferdinand, prince de Joinville (1818–1900), third son of Louis Philippe, to lead an expedition to Saint Helena for the recovery of Napoleon's remains.
page 142 note 1 Harriet Elizabeth Georgiana, wife of the second duke of Sutherland, and Blanche Georgiana Howard, wife of the earl of Burlington (later the seventh duke of Devonshire), were daughters of the sixth earl of Carlisle. Lady Burlington died on April 27, 1840.
page 143 note 1 Edward Oxford.
page 144 note 1 Louis Napoleon, with some fifty followers, sailed from England in the Edinburgh Castle, hired for the purpose, and landed at Boulogne on Aug. 6, 1840, in an attempt to re-establish the Napoleonic empire. He was captured and imprisoned in Ham.
page 145 note 1 The London Convention of July 15, 1840, concluded by Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, without the knowledge of France, fixed the terms of a proposed settlement between Turkey and Egypt and restored the Black Sea straits to the protection of the great Powers.
page 148 note 1 Lord Haddo was married at Taymouth on Nov. 5, 1840, to Mary, daughter of George Baillie of Jerviswoode.
page 149 note 1 An attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe was made by Marius Darmès on Oct. 15, 1840.
page 154 note 1 Taken from the privately printed Selections: Correspondence with Madame la Princesse de Lieven, 1832–44, p. 182.Google Scholar
page 155 note 1 Queen Cristina, on Oct. 12, 1840, signed an agreement abdicating the regency which she had exercised since Isabella II came to the throne in 1833. She was welcomed in Paris by her uncle and aunt, the king and queen of the French, and, with one short interval, she remained there, in the rue de Courcelles, until her return to Spain early in 1844.
page 155 note 2 The address was voted by 247 to 161.
page 162 note 1 Appony, Antoine Rudolf, Count (1782–1852).
page 163 note 1 Gladstone, John Neilson, returned for Walsall, Feb. 2; Smythe, George Percy Sydney, returned for Canterbury, Feb. 3, 1841.
page 164 note 1 On Jan. 27, 1841, the Chamber of Deputies approved by a majority of 75 the bill for the fortification of Paris. It provided that a continuous wall was to be built immediately around the city, and that a number of detached forts, at a certain fixed distance from the city, were to be executed simultaneously with it. The bill was approved by the Chamber of Peers on April 1 and received the royal assent.
page 168 note 1 The government was defeated on clause 2 of Lord Morpeth's Parliamentary Voters (Ireland) bill by 300 votes to 289. Hansard, 3rd ser., lvii, 1274.Google Scholar
page 172 note 1 From the Peel Papers; Add. MSS. 40312, f. 373.
page 172 note 2 Wellesley, Henry, first Baron Cowley (1773–1847), ambassador in Paris, 1841–6.
page 173 note 1 In January, 1841, the Gazette de France published letters written by Louis Philippe in 1807 and 1808 in which he had expressed a wish to see Napoleon defeated. They were probably authentic; but the France then published other letters in which the king made promises to the British to evacuate Algeria, prided himself on having helped to crush the Poles, and described the fortifications of Paris as a means of controlling its citizens. These were forgeries; the manager and editor of the newspaper were prosecuted, but were acquitted.
page 176 note 1 The land tax was due for revision in 1842 and, in order that all those liable should pay the tax, Humann, the finance minister, ordered that a national census should be taken. It gave rise to rioting in the provinces. See Ponteil, Felix, “Le ministre des finances Georges Humann et les émeutes antifiscales en 1841,” Revue Historique, clxxix (1937), 311 ff.Google Scholar
page 179 note 1 Grenville, Richard Plantagenet, second duke of Buckingham and Chandos (1797–1861), until he succeeded to the dukedom in 1839 was considered the leader of the landed interest in the House of Commons. He was lord privy seal, 1841–2.
page 179 note 2 Minister without portfolio.
page 179 note 3 Sackville West, George John, fifth earl De la Warr (1791–1869), lord chamberlain, 1841–6. Charlotte Anne (1811–95), wife of the fifth duke of Buccleuch, mistress of the robes, 1841–6.
page 180 note 1 Sainte Aulaire, Louis Claire de Beaupoil, comte de (1778–1854), French ambassador in Vienna, 1833–41, in London, 1841–7.
page 180 note 2 Bresson, Charles, comte (1798–1847), minister in Berlin, 1834–43, ambassador in Madrid, 1843–7.
page 180 note 3 Soult, Napoleon Hector, duc de Dalmatie (1801–57), minister in Turin, 1839–43.
page 181 note 1 An abortive insurrection broke out in northern Spain in October 1841, against the regent Espartero; see The Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846, PP. 24, 39Google Scholar f.
page 182 note 1 Vesey-Fitzgerald, William, Baron Fitzgerald and Vesey (1783–1843), president of the Board of Control, 1841–3.
page 182 note 2 A Court, Rt. Hon. Sir William, Baron Heytesbury (1779–1860), minister in Sicily, 1814–22.
page 184 note 1 For a time in the summer of 1830 the Spanish government firmly believed that the return of Spanish exiles across the Pyrenees was being facilitated by the French government; but the French order for the removal of the Spanish exiles from the frontier, coupled with the example set him by the Pope, induced Ferdinand VII on Oct. 21, 1830, to instruct Ofalia to present to Louis Philippe the letter of recognition which Ferdinand had previously sent him, together with his credentials as Spanish ambassador in Paris. By Jan. 2, 1831, normal diplomatic relations were resumed when the comte d'Harcourt presented his credentials to Ferdinand VII as French ambassador.
page 184 note 2 Canning, Charles John, Earl Canning (1812–62), under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1841–6.
page 185 note 1 Pahlen, Peter, comte de (d. 1864), whose departure was interpreted as yet another sign of the dislike of the July monarchy felt by the Emperor Nicholas.
page 185 note 2 Brunow (or Brunnow), Ernest Philip, Baron (1797–1875), on special missions to London in 1839, Russian minister in London, 1840–54.
page 185 note 3 Lyons, Capt. Sir Edmund (1790–1858), minister in Athens, 1835–49.
page 185 note 4 Edward, prince of Wales, born Nov. 9, 1841.
page 188 note 1 Lagrené, Théodore de (1800–62), French minister in Athens, 1836–43.
page 188 note 2 Passy, Hippolyte Philibert (1793–1880), and Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas (1798–1881), were ministers of finance and of public works respectively in the Soult ministry of 1839–40.
page 189 note 1 In the election of a president of the Chamber of Deputies on Dec. 28, 1841, the government candidate, Sauzet obtained 193 votes, Lamartine (Alphonse de, 1790–1869) 64, and Barrot (Camille Hyacinthe Odillon, 1791–1873) 45.
page 190 note 1 Guizot, however, failing to obtain the support of the Chamber of Deputies, did not ratify the treaty, from which, on Nov. 9, 1842, he announced the withdrawal of France. An agreement was not reached until 1845; see infra, pp. 197 f., 238, 244.Google Scholar
page 191 note 1 Frederick William IV (1795–1861), king of Prussia, 1840–61.
page 191 note 2 Bulwer, Rt. Hon. William Henry Lytton Earle (1801–72), was on May 12, 1829, appointed by Aberdeen to be an attaché to the British embassy in Vienna. He was subsequently secretary of embassy in Paris, 1839–43; minister in Madrid, 1844–8; in Washington, 1849–51, and in Florence, 1852–5.
page 191 note 3 Backhouse, John, permanent under-secretary of state for foreign affairs, 1827–42, died in 1845.
page 193 note 1 On the Salvandy episode, see The Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846, p. 27Google Scholar, note 3.
page 193 note 2 Aston, Arthur Ingram (1798–1859), minister in Madrid, 1840–3.
page 194 note 1 François Quénisset was convicted by a court of peers of attempting to assassinate the due d'Aumale on Oct. 13, 1841, and sentenced to death. Auguste Dupoty, editor of the Journal du Peuple, was also arrested as a kind of accessory before the act and convicted on the charge of promoting sedition and treason by the trend of the articles in his paper.
page 195 note 1 Canning, Aberdeen's under-secretary.
page 195 note 2 Rauf Pasha, grand vizier, 1840–1, 1842–5.
page 195 note 3 Izzet Mehemet, grand vizier, 1841–2.
page 195 note 4 This may refer to Rifaat Sadyk Pasha (1798–1855), Turkish minister of commerce and, later, of foreign affairs.
page 197 note 1 Partly on the ground that the countess of Jersey was the daughter of Child, the banker, Prince Paul Esterhazy, the retiring Austrian ambassador, did not fully approve of the marriage of his son Nicholas to Lady Sarah Villiers, eldest daughter of the earl and countess of Jersey, which took place on February 8, 1842.
page 198 note 1 On Feb. 15, 1842, the French government, by 234 votes to 193, defeated a proposal to place limits upon the power of public office holders to sit as members of the Chamber of Deputies; see Chambre des Députés: Procès Verbaux, 1842, i, 386–519.Google Scholar
page 198 note 2 Lord John Russell's amendment to the government bill for revising the scale of duties on corn was rejected by 349 votes to 226.
page 198 note 3 On Feb. 10, 1842, a decree re-established the Charter of 1826.
page 198 note 4 Canning, Rt. Hon. Stratford (1852 Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe) (1786–1880), ambassador in Constantinople, 1842–58.
Bourqueney, François Adolphe, Baron (1800–69), French minister ad interim in Constantinople.
page 201 note 1 Baring, Alexander, Baron Ashburton (1774–1848), appointed in January to a special mission to the United States of America, negotiated and signed the Maine boundary convention of Aug. 9, 1842.
page 201 note 2 Stuart, Rt. Hon. Charles, Baron Stuart de Rothesay (1779–1845), ambassador in St. Petersburg, 1841–4.
page 204 note 1 On July 13, 1842, the due d'Orléans died as a result of a road accident, and in view of the disparity in age between Louis Philippe and his grandson, the comte de Paris, the duc de Nemours was appointed by law to act as regent for the future king until he came of age. The opposition advocated the regency of the widowed duchesse d'Orléans, reputed a liberal, as against that of Nemours.
page 205 note 1 Rohan Chabot, Louis Charles Philippe Henri Gérard de, comte de Chabot (1843 comte de Jarnac), first secretary of embassy in London and chargé d'affaires in the absence of Sainte Aulaire.
page 206 note 1 Princess Lieven's small country house at Passy, near Paris.
page 209 note 1 Protracted correspondence having taken place relative to the claims of certain British subjects to compensation from the French government for losses sustained by them from the forcible interruption of their trade at Portendic (West Africa) in 1834 and 1835, a commission, appointed in April 1840, had reported on these claims.
page 209 note 2 Regulations for the Channel fisheries were agreed upon on May 24, 1843.
page 209 note 3 An Anglo-French convention for the extradition of fugitive criminals was signed on Feb. 13, 1843.
page 209 note 4 A royal ordinance of June 26, 1842, provided for a higher tariff on foreign linen goods imported into France.
page 210 note 1 Lesseps, Ferdinand de (1805–94), French consul in Barcelona, 1842–8.
page 212 note 1 Brougham in the House of Lords publicly accused Alexis de Tocqueville (1805–59), then a member of the Chamber of Deputies, of exciting differences between Britain and France on the right of search question. Angry correspondence passed between them, but the quarrel was eventually made up through the mediation of Henry Reeve. See Greville, Memoirs (new edition, 1888), v, 154 and note.
page 215 note 1 Macnaghten, Daniel, accused of the murder of Edward Drummond, Peel's secretary, by shooting him on Jan. 21, 1843 (it was alleged that the prisoner mistook Drummond for Peel), was acquitted on March 4 on the ground of insanity.
page 215 note 2 For Queen Victoria's visit to the Chateau d'Eu in September, 1843, see The Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846, pp. 116 ff.Google Scholar
page 216 note 1 In September, 1843, a bloodless revolution in Athens succeeded in compelling King Otho to grant the popular demand for a change of government and for the convocation of a national assembly.
page 217 note 1 The Grand Duke Michael of Russia arrived in England on Oct. 1 and left on Nov. 2, 1843.
page 218 note 1 The duc de Bordeaux came to London in November, 1843. Many French legitimists made the “pilgrimage” to his house in Belgrave Square and acclaimed him as Henri V, king of France and Navarre.
page 218 note 2 Madame Adelaide (1777–1847), sister of Louis Philippe.
page 219 note 1 In defiance of the constitution, at a joint meeting of the Cortes on Nov. 8, 1843, Queen Isabella, then just thirteen years old, was declared of age. This removed the danger of a disputed regency (vacated by Espartero when hefled from Spain on July 29 previous), and in addition facilitated the French plan for Isabella's marriage to the comte de Trapani by paving the way to her formal recognition as queen by the king of Naples.
page 221 note 1 Olozaga, Salustiano (? 1803–73), the head of the new Spanish ministry, was alleged to have molested the young queen. However little truth there may have been in these more grave charges, he does appear to have used physical force to compel Isabella to grant him political concessions to which she was opposed.
page 222 note 1 Châteaubriand, François Auguste, viscomte de (1768–1848), a great enemy of Princess Lieven.
page 226 note 1 On Jan. 6, 1844, Aberdeen wrote to Guizot to suggest that they should have a second meeting, privately, in France at Easter-time. Guizot accepted gladly and, when Louis Philippe expressed a wish to be present, proposed as a meeting-place the king's castle, Bizy, near Vernon, which Aberdeen could reach in five or six hours from Dieppe. The tension over Tahiti, however, induced Aberdeen to cancel the proposed visit; see Add. MSS. 43134, ff. 38, 51, 65.
page 226 note 2 Although the island had come under British influence, a French admiral, Dupetit-Thouars, acting without instructions, forcibly established a protectorate over Tahiti (Taïti) and expelled Pritchard, a missionary until recently accredited British consul. British opinion was roused (see infra, pp. 229Google Scholar ff.); but happily Guizot, while retaining the protectorate, offered an apology, and Louis Philippe indemnified Pritchard out of the civil list.
page 227 note 1 The visit of the Emperor Nicholas to England extended from June 1 to June 9, 1844.
page 231 note 1 Aberdeen's health was not good, and during his term of office he was troubled periodically by severe pains in the head which his doctors failed to diagnose. As a result, he had more than once asked Peel to allow him to resign. Moreover, during the recent crisis Aberdeen was opposed by his chief colleagues in the cabinet. Whereas Peel and the Duke demanded a programme of immediate naval rearmament as the only means of curbing French ambitions, Aberdeen insisted that such a course would only end in War. Although Peel never overcame his distrust of Guizot, the improvement in Anglo-French relations strengthened Aberdeen's position and postponed his further threats of resignation.
page 237 note 1 In Princess Lieven's own hand.
page 240 note 1 In his inaugural speech on March 5, 1845, President Polk claimed the whole of Oregon to the Russian boundary in the north for the United States of America. In the House of Lords on April 4 Aberdeen, while reiterating his determination to maintain peace, intimated that Great Britain, too, had her rights in that territory which she was prepared to maintain; Hansard, 3rd ser., lxxix, 120Google Scholar ff.
page 242 note 1 The first of the twenty-one volumes of Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire by Thiers appeared in 1845.
page 244 note 1 The Soult ministry of Oct. 11, 1832, of which Broglie, Guizot, and Thiers were members.
page 245 note 1 Anglo-French convention on the slave trade, negotiated by the duc de Broglie and Stephen Lushington (1782–1873), was signed on May 29, 1845; see supra, p. 190.Google Scholar
page 247 note 1 In order to lessen the strain on her eyes, this and nearly all of Princess Lieven's subsequent letters were written on dark green paper.
page 247 note 2 Division in the cabinet on his proposal to repeal the corn laws led to Peel's resignation on Dec. 9, 1845. Lord John Russell, however, failed to form a government, and on Dec. 20 Peel resumed office.
page 251 note 1 Attempt made by Pierre Lecomte on the life of Louis Philippe while driving in the park of Fontainebleau on April 16, 1846. Lecomte was executed on June 8.
page 252 note 1 Writing to Guizot on May 5, 1846, Aberdeen showed signs of irritation at the cordiality with which Palmerston had been received during his recent visit to Paris. “Whatever may have been the effect in Paris of Lord Palmerston's visit,” he concluded, “it has been of the greatest service to him in this country. It has proved to the great merchants and capitalists of the city, who were very apprehensive of the effect likely to be produced by his accession to power, that he is not only tolerated, but cherished by the government and people who were supposed to be most hostile to him.” Add. MSS. 43134, f. 174.
page 256 note 1 The refusal of Grey (Henry George, 1845 third Earl, 1802–94) to serve in his ministry if Palmerston were given the Foreign Office was the main reason for Russell's final failure to form a government in December, 1845.
page 258 note 1 The Tory protectionists, incensed by the repeal of the corn laws, combined with the Whigs to defeat the government's Irish Coercion bill. Peel, on June 29, 1846, announced his resignation in the House of Commons, and on the same day Aberdeen in the House of Lords was able to announce that the convention had been signed with the United States government for the settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute.
page 259 note 1 Louis Philippe, while on the balcony of the Tuileries, was fired on by Joseph Henri on July 29, 1846.
page 261 note 1 Cowper, , The Task, bk. iii, 1. 352Google Scholar (misquoted).
page 262 note 1 The two marriages, that of Queen Isabella to the duke of Cadiz and that of the Infanta Luisa Fernanda to the duc de Montpensier, youngest son of Louis Philippe, were concluded at Madrid on Oct. 10, 1846. See The Spanish Marriages, 1841–1846, Chap. IX.
page 263 note 1 Phipps, Rt. Hon. Constantine Henry, marquess of Normanby (1797–1863), ambassador in Paris, 1846–52.
page 269 note 1 Greville, Charles Cavendish Fulke (1794–1865), the diarist, clerk of the privy council, 1821–59.
page 273 note 1 In his defence of his policy in the question of the Spanish marriages, Guizot on Feb. 5, 1847, protested against the way in which the name of royalty had been introduced into the Anglo-French quarrel by British statesmen and publicists. “II n'est point permis,” he said, “pas plus au dehors qu'au dedans, pas plus entre deux pays constitutionnels, que dans l'intérieur d'un pays constitutionnel, il n'est point permis d'engager et de compromettre la royauté dans de tels débats. C'est une indignité inconstitutionnelle, et je m'éleve hautement ici centre cette indignité.” Chambre des Députés: Procès Verbaux, 1847, i, 546.Google Scholar
page 278 note 1 Craven, Augustus, secretary of legation at Stuttgart, 1843–51, was for some months in 1846–7 private secretary to Normanby.
page 278 note 2 Hervey, Lord William (d. 1850), third son of the marquis of Bristol, was first secretary of embassy in Paris, 1843–50.
page 278 note 3 In his speech on Feb. 5, 1847, Guizot suggested that in his despatches to his government Normanby had given misleading reports of their conversations on the Spanish marriages. “J'ose dire,” he concluded, “que si M. l'ambassadeur d'Angleterre m'avait fait l'honneur de me communiquer sa dépêche du 25 septembre comme il m'avait communiqué celle du 1er septembre, j'aurais parlé autrement, et peut-être mieux qu'il ne m'a fait parler.” Chambre des Députés: Procès Verbaux, 1847, i, 559.Google Scholar
page 278 note 4 Normanby had spent part of his early life in Florence.
page 281 note 1 In 1841 Lord John Russell married Lady Frances Elliot, daughter of Gilbert, second earl of Minto (1782–1859).
page 283 note 1 The settlement of the Normanby crisis had been assisted by the Austrian ambassador.
page 288 note 1 By a series of royal ordinances, dated Feb. 3, 1847, a constitution was granted to Prussia and regulations made for the proceedings of the Diet.
page 288 note 2 Sir Robert Gordon died on Oct. 8, 1847.
page 288 note 3 Narvaez, Ramon Maria de (? 1800–68), became president of the council and minister of foreign affairs on Oct. 4, 1847, in place of Salamanca, and on Oct. 13 he succeeded in bringing about an apparent reconciliation between the queen and the king consort, who had been estranged shortly after their marriage by Isabella's intimacy with Serrano.