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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 February 2010
page 1 note a Robert Barton, Esquire, of Cawton, in the county of York, a descendant of Christopher Barton of Whenby in the same county, and his wife Margaret, daughter of Sir Robert Danby, Knight, of Farnley, near Leeds.
page 2 note a A physician then living at York. He was a brother of Sir Edward Stanhope, Knight, of Grimstone near Tadcaster, and of Dr. George Stanhope, a prebendary of York, rector of Wheldrake near York, and one of the chaplains of King Charles I.
page 3 note a Watkinson Payler was the only son of Sir Edward Payler, Baronet, of Thoraldby, in the parish of Bugthorpe, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, by Anne daughter and heir of William Watkinson, Esquire, of York. He died in vitâ, patris, having married a daughter of Thomas first Viscount Fairfax of Emley; she was afterwards the second wife of the younger Sir John Hotham of civil war notoriety. Their son, Sir Watkinson Payler, was the last baronet of that name. The Watkinsons and Paylers were York families, who acquired wealth by their official connection with the great Council of the North and the Church of York. Thoraldby Hall, prettily situated at the western foot of the Yorkshire Wolds, is now a farm-house, the property of Sir Charles “Wood, Baronet.
page 3 note b Sir Henry Frankland, Knight, of Thirkleby in the North Riding of Yorkshire, was born in the same year as Marmaduke Rawdon. He had several brothers. His son, Sir William Frankland, was the first baronet of this family.
page 4 note a Sir Solomon Swale, of Swale Hall and South Stainley near Ripon, was born in 1610, and created a baronet at the Restoration. The Swales were a Yorkshire family of great antiquity. Three of the brothers of Sir Solomon were distinguished royalists in the civil war.
page 4 note b The biographer undoubtedly means Sir Thomas Herbert, Baronet, the well known oriental traveller, and the devoted servant of King Charles I. in his latest years. Sir Thomas was the eldest son of Christopher Herbert, a York merchant, and grandson of Alderman Thomas Herbert who was Lord Mayor of York in 1604. Sir Thomas received his education at Saint Peter's School, but he was so many years the senior of Marmaduke Rawdon that he could scarcely have been his contemporary there. He was made a baronet soon after the Restoration.
page 4 note c The eldest son of Sir John Gibson of Welborne near Kirby-Moorside, Knight, LL.D. High Sheriff of Yorkshire in 1630, and a member of the Great Council of the North. Sir John Gibson, the son, died in 1665.
page 4 note d Probably the son of Sir Philip Stapleton, Knight, of Warter, in the East Riding of Yorkshire, whose name was conspicuous in the disputes between King Charles I. and the Parliament.
page 4 note e Son of Dr. Michael Stanhope. He probably died young, as his name does not appear in the pedigrees of the family.
page 4 note f Perhaps a son of John Scott, D.D. who was made Dean of York in 1624.
page 4 note g The will of “Lawrence Rawden, alderman, dwelling in Crux parish in the city of York,” is dated the 6th of July, 1626. He desires to be buried in Saint Crux church in the quire there. He gives all his lands, &c. in the lordships of Bransby and Stearsby, which he purchased of Mr. Richard Cholmley and Mr. Thomas Cholmley, unto his son Marmaduke Rawden his heirs and assigns for ever. He bequeaths the following legacies : to his brother Robert Rawden 33s. in gold—to his brother Marmaduke Rawden 34s. in gold—to his brothers William and James Rawden each 33s. in gold—to Jane Rawden of Bransby, widow, 10s.—to the poor of every ward in the city of York 40s.—to Leonard Weddell 3s.—to Mr. Roger Bellwood 3s.—to Mr. Nicholas Fewster 3s.—to John Myers, in respect of his pains, 5s.—to his son-in-law Mr. Roger Jaques in gold 20s. and to Marie his wife 20s. He makes his well-beloved wife Margerie and his son Robert Rawden residuary legatees and executors. The will was proved at York, 21st July, 1626.
page 5 note a “Of this “great traveller,” with the curious combination of names, I am unable to find any notice.
page 5 note b The wife of Sir Marmaduke was sole daughter and heir of Thomas Thorowgood, Esq. of Hoddesdon, in the county of Hertford, a lady who brought him a fortune of 10,000l. (Wotton's Baronetage, vol. iii. p. 479.) Sir Marmaduke rebuilt the house at Hoddesdon, which had probably been the residence of his father-in-law.
page 5 note c Cargo. Cargaison, Fr.; Cargaçon, Span. This now obsolete word was commonly used in the seventeenth century.
page 6 note a Several months before war between England and France was formally proclaimed, Louis XIII. had laid an embargo on all English ships in French harbours. “At Bourdeaux the crafty malicious French suffered our merchants to lade the wines, but no sooner had they paid for the same but the French arrested ships, wines, and all, and told the English in scorn that they should be permitted to be transported so it were in French bottoms.”—Pory to Mead, Nov. 26th, 1626. Court and Times of Charles I. vol. i. p. 174.
page 9 note a Howel, writing from London in September 1628, says: “Since I began this letter ther is news brought that Rochel hath yeelded, and that the King hath dismantled the town, and raz'd all the fortifications landwards, but leaves those standing which were toward the sea. It is a mighty exploit the French King hath don, for Rochel was the chiefest propugnacle of the Protestants there,”—Familiar Letters, p. 188, ed. 1678.
page 10 note a Peace with France was concluded in April, and with Spain in November, 1630.
page 16 note a Barnstaple.
page 16 note b Coustomer, Coutumier, Fr., farmer or receiver of the customs.
page 16 note c The Canary Islands since the commencement of the fifteenth century have belonged to the Crown of Spain. They are seven in number, Teneriffe and Canaria being the largest and most important. They were first remarkable for the production of sugar. The cultivation of the sugar-cane, probably towards the close of the fifteenth century, had passed from Sicily and the eastern shores of the Mediterranean to Madeira, and thence to the Canaries, and, at a later period, from the Canaries to the Brazils. The merchants of Bristol are said to have sent factors from Spain to the Canaries as early as in the reign of King Henry VII. In 1555 Robert Thomson, an Englishman, sailed from Cadiz to the Canaries, and at La Laguna found an establishment consisting of the servants of Anthony Hickman and Edward Castelyn, who were eminent London merchants in the earlier part of the reign of Queen Elizabeth. (Hakluyt's Voyages, new ed. vol. iii. p. 531; Cal. State Papers temp. Eliz. pp. 142, 143.) “So come our sugars from Canary Iles,” is a line in Sylvester's version of Du Bartas, which was published in 1613. In the “History of the Canary Islands” by George Glas (London, 4to. 1764), it is stated that Teneriffe was the centre of the trade between Europe and the British colonies in America, and that in the seventeenth century that trade was engrossed by a company of Protestant English merchants who resided at Teneriffe. The memoir of Mr. Rawdon contains much information relating to the factory at Teneriffe and the trade carried on there in the seventeenth century which is not to be found in any historical account of the islands hitherto published.
page 16 note d Santa Cruz is now the chief port and real capital of the island of Teneriffe. In Mr. Rawdon's time Laguna or La Laguna was the principal town of the island, and he showed his taste and discernment in choosing it for his residence, “The perpetual coolness which is found at Laguna is the reason why in the Canaries it is considered as a delightful abode. Situate in a small plain, surrounded by gardens, protected by a hill which is crowned by a wood of laurels, myrtles, and arbutus, the capital of Teneriffe is very beautifully placed.” See Humboldt's Personal Narrative of Travels in 1799–1804.
page 17 note a Probably a member of the gentilitial family of Squire, which at this period was seated at Ulleskelf, a village on the banks of the Wharfe near Tadcaster in Yorkshire.
page 18 note a A younger son of Gregory Isham, esquire, of Barby in Northamptonshire, and a kinsman of Sir John Isham, baronet, of Lamport in that county. Captain Henry Isham was living at Laguna in the Canaries in 1624. (Wotton's Baronetage, ii. 36.) He is frequently named in Pepys's Diary. One of his sisters was the second wife of Sir Sidney Montagu, father of the first Earl of Sandwich.
page 18 note b Oratava and Garraehica were then the principal ports of the island of Teneriffe.
page 19 note a Gomera is one of the smaller of the Canary Islands. A century later Gromera and Ferro were so poor that no ships went to them from Europe or America.—Glas.
page 21 note a Robert Bertie, Earl of Lindsey, constituted Lord High Admiral of England in 1635; slain at the battle of Edge Hill in 1642.
page 22 note a “The Old Swan, Upper Thames Street. A celebrated landing-place on the Middlesex side of the river Thames, a little ‘above bridge,’ where people used to land and walk to the other side of old London Bridge, rather than run the risk of what was called shooting the bridge.”—Cunningham's Handbook, vol. ii. p. 794.
page 22 note b Sir Marmaduke's town residence was in Water Lane, between Tower Street and Lower Thames Street, where the old Trinity House formerly stood,—Ibid. vol. ii. pp. 848, 872.
page 22 note c Captain Edmund Forster was both the partner and the son-in-law of Sir Marmaduke Rawdon.
page 23 note a Sir Marmaduke and Lady Rawdon had issue ten sons and six daughters. Thomas, the eldest son, was born in 1612 and died in 1666. In 1630 his father sent him to Oporto, where and at Lisbon he inspected his father's factorship, and was held in great respect of that nation. In 1638 he returned through Spain to England, and attended on his way the Duchess of Chevreuse, then intending a visit to Queen Henrietta Maria. The Duchess was one of the ladies who accompanied the young Queen on her first coming to England in 1625.
page 24 note a William Cecil, second Earl of Salisbury, succeeded to the title in 1612, and died in 1668. His countess was Catherine youngest daughter of Thomas Howard, Earl of Suffolk. Their eldest son, James Viscount Cranbourne, was born in 1616. Hatfleld, Lord Salisbury's seat, is but a few miles distant from Hoddesdon.
page 24 note b Probably James Bertie, in right of his mother Lord Norreys of Rycot, created Earl of Abingdon by King Charles II.
page 25 note a Roger Jaques, a merchant and alderman of York, was married to Mary youngest daughter of Lawrence Rawdon, at the parish church of Saint Crux in York, on the 5th February, 162. Roger Jaques was Lord Mayor of York in the year 1639, and was knighted by King Charles I. when that monarch visited the city on his way to Scotland. Sir Roger was the founder of the family of Jaques of Elvington near York. He was a staunch royalist, and was displaced from the office of alderman of York by order of the Parliament in 1645. In Dugdale's Visitation of Yorkshire (Surtees Soc. p. 162), Lady Jaques is erroneously stated to be the daughter of Sir Marmaduke Rawdon.
page 25 note b Robert Rawdon, esquire, of Mitcham and Bermondsey Court in the county of Surrey, an elder brother of Sir Marmaduke Rawdon. He was a member of the Corporation of London, and Deputy of Bridge Ward.
page 25 note c Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgomery, was then Lord Chamberlain.
page 25 note d The commander of the Royal Sovereign was most probably Captain Rainsborough, who was one of the Lords of the Admiralty, as appears by an order of the Board dated April 21, 1632 (Cal. State Papers, 1631–33), and the father of General Rainsborough who met with an untimely fate at Doncaster in 1648. Clarendon says of the latter that “he was the son of an eminent commander at sea lately dead.” (Hist, of the Rebellion, vol. iii. p. 199.)
page 26 note a In one of Howel's letters we have an interesting description of this “Great Eastern” of the 17th century:
“I have other news also to tell you. We have a brave new ship, a royal galeon, the like they say did never spread sail upon salt water, take her true and well compacted symmetry with all dimensions together. For her burden she hath as many tuns as there were years since the Incarnation, when she was built, which are sixteen hundred thirty and six. She is in length one hundred twenty and seven feet; her greatest breadth within the planks is fourty-six foot and six inches; her depth from the breadth is nineteen foot and four inches. She carrieth a hundred peeces of ordnance wanting four, whereof she hath three tyre [tiers]. Half a score men may stand in, her lanthorn. The charges his Majesty hath been at in the building of her are computed to be four-score thousand pounds, one whole year's ship-money. Sir Robert Mansel launchd her, and, by his Majesties command, calld her The Soverain of the Sea.”—To Simon Digby, Esq. at Moscow, Familiar Letters, ed. 1678, p. 256.
A scarce tract by Thomas Heywood, entitled “A True Description of His Majesties Royall Ship built this yeare, 1637, at Wooll-witch in Kent. To the great glory of our English Nation, and not paraleled in the whole Christian World.” (London, 1637), informs us that the “prime workmen employed in this inimitable fabricke” were Captain Phines Pett, overseer of the work, his son young M. Peter Pett, the master builder, Master Francis Shelton, clerk of the check, and John and Mathias Christmas, master-carvers. In 1641 Evelyn went to Chatham to see “the Royal Sovereign, a glorious vessel of burden lately built there, being for defence and ornament the richest that ever spread cloth before the wind.” (Diary, vol. i. p. 17, new ed.) The ship is said to have been accidentally burnt at Chatham in 1696.
page 27 note a Mr. Rawdom had been absent twelve years when he revisited his native city in 1638, and this was the last opportunity he enjoyed of paying his duty to his mother. The widow of Lawrence Rawdon died at York on the 17th of April, 1644, at the age of 74, and was buried near her husband in the church of St. Crux. The nuncupative will of “Mrs. Margerie Rawdon of the city of York, widow,” was made a little before her death. She gave all her household goods to her three daughters, and her best clothes to her daughter Lady Jaques, and the worst of her clothes to be at the disposal of her daughters. She made her two sons, Roger [Jaques] and Marmaduke, residuary legatees, “and said further that she ought [owed] not anything to any man.” Proved at York, 24th Sept. 1646.
page 27 note b The second son of Sir Marmaduke Rawdon.
page 29 note a Mrs. Alice Alsop, the little gentlewoman and great beauty, had probably married one of the family of Randall of Buckinghamshire, of which in the early part of the seventeenth century Sir Edward Randall, knight, was the head. See The Verney Papers, p. 277.
page 29 note b The Trattles were a Yorkshire family. “My cossen Ralph Trattle and his wife” are named in Mr. Rawdon's will.
page 29 note c The Captain Edmund Forster previously named.
page 29 note d Ellinor, daughter of Robert Rawdon of Bermondsey Court, married Nicholas Rainsford of Warwickshire. (Visit, of Lond. 1633, Harl. MS. No. 1476.) The Rainsfords were seated at Clifford near Stratford-upon-Avon, a house at which the poet Drayton was accustomed to spend part of every summer, and which, Mr. Hunter thinks, must have been open to Shakespeare. New Illustrations, vol. i. p. 84.
page 30 note a Mr. Marmaduke Harrison was a native of Bransby, the parish in which Sir Marmaduke Rawdon and his brothers were born.
page 30 note b And, as he drains his draughts of Rhenish down,
The kettledrum and trumpet thus bray out
The triumph of his pledge.
The poet was probably satirising a vice of his own countrymen and his own age when he condemned this custom as “more honoured in the breach than the observance.”
page 30 note c Sir Paul Pindar was a farmer or lessee of the customs. He was one of the great merchants of the days of James I. and Charles I. who amassed immense wealth by the contracts and patents for monopolies which were obtained from the crown in that corrupt age. He was remarkable for being the possessor of a large diamond worth 35,00l. See Cal. State Papers, 1619–1631, where his name frequently occurs. The house he lived in is now the “Sir Paul Pindar's Head,” a publichouse in Bishopsgate Street Without. Cunningham's H. B. vol. i. p. 92.
page 32 note a The siege of Basing House began in August, 1643.
page 33 note a King Charles I. had his mint at Oxford for several years during the Civil War.
page 33 note b Edmund Parlett was at this time the incumbent of the vicarage of Broxbourne with the chapel of Hoddesdon annexed. Newcourt's Repertorium, vol. i. p. 813.
page 35 note a The verses of the “honest vicar”of Broxbourne are not of a high class, but they are quite equal to some other productions of the clerical muse of that period which have appeared in print. See Fairfax Correspondence, vol. i. p. lxxxi. &c.
page 35 note b In England, ten years earlier, King Charles I. had made a vigorous attempt to abolish the oppressive system of monopolies, which seems still to have existed in full force under the government of Spain. See Rushworth, vol. ii. p. 917.
page 36 note a The Prince of Asculi was the Adelantado or Lord-Lieutenant of Canaria. “His place by office is valued at 4000 ducats a year.” The present Estate of Spayne, by James Wadsworth, p. 81. London, 1630.
page 36 note b Some of the towns of Teneriffe were well supplied with water by means of open wooden spouts or troughs, which conveyed it from rivulets at a distance. Near the city of La Laguna “are many pleasant romantic little valleys and hollows, well watered, and abounding with shady groves.” (Glas's History of the Canary Islands, p. 251.) But in the whole island of Ferro or Hierro there were only three fountains. On account of the scarcity of water, the sheep, goats, and swine were not allowed to drink in the summer, but were taught to dig up the roots of fern and chew them to quench their thirst; and the great cattle were watered at the fountains and at a place where water distilled from the leaves of a tree. This precious water-yielding tree is described by Pliny in his account of the Fortunate Islands, and is alluded to by many later naturalists and travellers. It has not escaped the notice of the poet:
“In th' Ile of Iron (one of those same seav'n
Whereto our elders Happy name had giv'n),
The savage people never drink the streams
Of wells and rivers (as in other realms):
Their drink is in the aire; their gushing spring
A weeping tree out of itself doth wring:
A tree, whose tender-bearded root being spred
In dryest sand, his sweating leafe doth shed
A most sweet liquor; and (like as the vine
Untimely cut weeps at her wound) her wine
In pearlèd tears incessantly distills
A crystall stream, which all their cisterns fills
Through all the Iland; for all hither hy,
And all their vessells cannot draw it dry.”
Du Bartas his Devirie Weekes and Workes. Translated by
Joshua Sylvester, p. 66. London 1613.
Andrew Marvell, in his poem “On the Victory obtained by Blake over the Spaniards in the Bay of Santa Cruse, in the Island of Tenerif, 1657,” thus alludes to the wonders of the Canaries:
“—— —— and fortune smiles,
For they behold the sweet Canary Isles,
One of which doubtless is by nature blest
Above both worlds, since 'tis above the rest.
For, lest some gloomyness might stain her sky,
Trees there the duty of the clouds supply.
O noble trust which heaven on this isle pours,
Fertile to be, yet never need her show'rs!
A happy people which at once do gain
The benefit, without the ills, of rain! “
page 37 note a The Governor-general of the whole of the Canary Islands commonly resided at Teneriffe, but the government of each island was invested in an Alcalde-Major and a Sargento-Major, otherwise called Governador de las Armas—the first being the head of the civil and the other of the military government. Glas, p. 218.
page 40 note a War against Spain was not formally declared until October, 1655, but news arrived in Europe several months earlier of the attack made by the English fleet under Penn and Venables on the great Spanish settlement of Hispaniola. See Dixon's Life of Admiral Blake, p. 296.