Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T06:15:24.594Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Access to Healthcare and the Pharmaceutical Sector

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 March 2011

KLAUS M. LEISINGER  and
KARIN M. SCHMITT
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

Health is higher on the international agenda than ever before, and improving the health of poor people is a central issue in development. Poor people suffer from far higher levels of ill health, mortality, and malnutrition than do those better off, and their inadequate health is one of the factors keeping them poor or for their being poor in the first place. Health is a crucially important economic asset, particularly for poor people. Their livelihoods depend on it. When poor people become ill or injured, their entire household can become trapped in a downward spiral of lost income and high healthcare costs—a vicious circle of poverty and ill health.

Type
Symposium on Global Bioethics
Information
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , Volume 20 , Issue 2 , April 2011 , pp. 309 - 325
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. United Nations Development Program (UNDP). Human Development Report 2010. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-Macmillan; 2010:50.Google Scholar

2. Gwatkin, DR, Wagstaff, A, Yazbeck, AS. Reaching the Poor with Health, Nutrition, and Population Services. What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

3. World Health Organization (WHO). Equitable Access to Essential Medicines: A Framework for Collective Action. Policy Perspectives on Medicines. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2004.Google Scholar

4. See note 3, World Health Organization, 2004.

5. Commission on Social Determinants of Health and the World Health Organization (CSDH). Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2008Google Scholar; available at: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/thecommission/finalreport/en/index.html (last accessed 10 Jan. 2011).

6. World Health Organization. Social Determinants of Health. 2011; available at http://www.who.int/social_determinants/en/.

7. See note 6, World Health Organization, 2011.

8. Commission on Social Determinants of Health and the World Health Organization (CSDH). Achieving Health Equity: From Root Causes to Fair Outcomes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007.Google Scholar

9. Stern, N.The Economics of Climate Change: The Stern Review. London: HM Treasury; 2006Google Scholar. For a more optimistic view of human ingenuity to cope with the economics of climate change, see Tol, RSJ.The Stern Review of the Economics of Climate Change: A Comment. Hamburg, Germany: Economic and Social Research InstituteCrossRefGoogle Scholar; 2006; available at http://www.mi.uni-hamburg.de/fileadmin/fnu-files/reports/sternreview.pdf (last accessed 10 Jan. 2011).

10. Environment and Energy Group, Bureau for Development Policy Making Progress on Environmental Sustainability. Lessons and Recommendations from a Review of Over 150 MDG Country Experiences. New York: United Nations Development Program; 2006.Google Scholar

11. Xu, K, Evans, DB, Kawabata, K, Zeramdini, R, Klavus, J, Murray, CJL. Understanding household catastrophic health expenditures: A multi-country analysis. In: Murray, CJL, Evans, DB. Health System Performance Assessment:Debates, Methods and Empiricism. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003:565–73.Google Scholar

12. See note 11, Xu et al. 2003.

13. United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. Securing Our Future. Report of the Commission on HIV/AIDS and Governance in Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: United Nations Economic Commission for Africa; 2008.Google Scholar

14. WHO Fact Sheets, see links at http://www.who.int/topics/health_workforce/en/. For the Joint Learning Initiative see http://www.healthgap.org/camp/hcw_dpsc/JLi_Human_Resources_for_Health.pdf

15. Department for International Development (DFID). Why Do We Need to Work More Effectively in Fragile States? London: UK: DFID; 2005.Google Scholar

16. World Bank, International Development Association. Operational Approaches and Financing in Fragile States; 2007Google Scholar; available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/IDA/Resources/Seminar%20PDFs/73449-1172525976405/3492866-1172526109259/FragileStates.pdf.

17. Save the Children UK. Policy Brief: Health in Fragile States. London: Save the Children UK; 2009.Google Scholar

18. Newbrander, W.Providing Health Services in Fragile States. Arlington, VA: Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival (BASICS) for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID); 2006.Google Scholar

19. Global Health Council. Causes of Child Death. Washington, DC: Global Health CouncilGoogle Scholar; available at http://www.globalhealth.org/child_health/child_mortality/causes_death/.

20. UNICEF. Countdown to 2015: Tracking Progress in Maternal, Newborn & Child Survival. The 2008 Report; 2008; available at http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/documents/9789280642841/en/.

21. Hoeffer, A, Reynal-Querol, M. Measuring the Costs of Conflict. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2003.Google Scholar

22. See note 17, Save the Children UK 2009.

23. High Level Forum on the Health MDGs. Achieving the Health Millennium Development Goals in Fragile States. Abuja, Nigeria: High Level Forum on the Health MDGs; 2004Google Scholar; available at http://www.hlfhealthmdgs.org/Documents/FragileStates.pdf.

24. World Bank. Global Monitoring Report 2007. Millennium Development Goals: Confronting the Challenges of Gender Equality and Fragile States. Washington, DC: World Bank 2007:14. Full report downloadable at: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTGLOMONREP2007/Resources/3413191-1176390231604/1264-FINAL-LO-RES.pdf.

25. World Health Organization (WHO). Tough Choices: Investing in Health for Development. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2006.Google Scholar

26. World Health Organization (WHO). Everybody’s Business. Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes: WHO’s Framework for Action. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2007:1.Google Scholar

27. See note 1, UNDP 2010:59f.

28. See note 26, WHO 2007:3.

29. See note 1, UNDP 2010:51.

30. Charter of the United Nations; available at http://www.un.org/en/documents/charter/index.shtml.

31. Roberts, T. Reduce or Eliminate Harmful Agricultural Subsidies; 2009Google ScholarPubMed; available at www.gopetition.com/petitions/reduce-or-eliminate-harmful-agricultural-subsidies.html; Frith M. EU Subsidies Deny Africa’s Farmers of Their Livelihood; 2006; available at www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/eu-subsidies-deny-africas-farmers-of-their-livelihood-478419.html.

32. Sachs, JD.Common Wealth. Economics for a Crowded Planet. New York: Penguin; 2008:227f.Google Scholar

33. World Health Organization. 2010/2011 Tuberculosis Global Facts; 2011; available at www.who.int/tb/publications/2010/factsheet_tb_2010.pdf.

34. Troullier, P, Olliaro, P, Torreele, E, Orbinski, J, Laing, R, Ford, N. Drug development for neglected diseases: A deficient market and a public policy failure. The Lancet 2002;359:2188–94 at pp. 2188f.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

35. World Bank. Assessing AID. Washington, DC: World Bank; 1998.Google Scholar

36. Knapp, R, Richardson, B, Viranna, S. Three practical steps to better health for Africans. McKinsey Quarterly 2010Google Scholar; available at www.mckinseyquarterly.com/search.aspx?q=Three%20practical%20steps%20to%20better%20health%20for%20Africans.

37. See note 1, UNDP 2010:5.

38. Prahalad, CK. Bottom of the PyramidGoogle Scholar; available at http://www.12manage.com/methods_prahalad_bottom_of_the_pyramid.html.

39. Lichtenberg, FR, Brown, CC. The Economic Benefits of New Drugs. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2001.Google Scholar

40. International Federation of Pharmaceutical Manufacturers and Associations. Developing World Health Partnerships Directory; 2010; available at http://www.ifpma.org/healthpartnerships/.

41. Department for International Development Increasing People’s Access to Essential Medicines in Developing Countries: A Framework for Good Practices in the Pharmaceutical Industry. London: Department for International Development; 2005.Google Scholar

42. Yadav, P.Differential Pricing for Pharmaceuticals. London: Department for International Development; 2009Google Scholar; available at www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/prd/diff-pcing-pharma.pdf.

43. For example, leprosy. See Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. Novartis prolongs leprosy drug donation through WHO; 2010Google Scholar; available at www.novartisfoundation.org/page/content/index.asp?Menu=3&MenuID=324&ID=741&Item=73.1.2&ConID=2001&nlYear=.

44. For more on this subject, refer to Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases (NITD)Google Scholar; available at www.novartis.com/research/nitd/index.shtml

45. Novartis Foundation for Sustainable Development. Creating an Own Profile to Strengthen Self-Reliance: The Tanzanian Training Centre for International Health in IfakaraGoogle Scholar; available at www.novartisfoundation.org/page/content/index.asp?MenuID=594&ID=1797&Menu=3&Item=44.17

46. Wieland, J.Gouvernanz-Ethik und Diskursethik—ein zwangloser Dialog. Marburg, Germany: Metropolis; 2007:49f.Google Scholar

47. Wieland, J.Die Stakeholder-Gesellschaft und ihre Gouvernanz. Management, Netzwerke, Diskurse. Marburg, Gemany: Metropolis; 2008:25.Google Scholar