Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-gb8f7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T08:56:36.869Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Urban Bioethics: A Call for the Prestige

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 July 2019

NIA JOHNSON  and
LANCE WAHLERT
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Many teaching hospitals in the United States were founded on philanthropic principles and aimed to aid the urban poor and underserved. However, as times have changed, there has been a divide created between the urban poor and teaching hospitals. There is a plethora of reasons why this is the case. This paper will specifically focus on the histories of ten hospitals and medical schools and the effect that white flight, segregation, elitism, and marginalization had on healthcare institutions all over the United States. It will call for a reexamination of the values of Ivy League and Ivy Plus teaching hospitals and medical schools and for them to take an intentional look into their communities.

Keywords

minority healthbioethicsurban bioethicshospitalsmedical anthropology
Type
Articles
Information
Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics , Volume 28 , Issue 3 , July 2019 , pp. 509 - 521
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Notes

1. The Prestige (Warner Brothers 2006).

2. See note 1, The Prestige 2006.

3. Who Was Johns Hopkins?; available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/_docs/who_was_johns_hopkins.pdf (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

4. Johns Hopkins Medicine Timeline; available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/timeline/index.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

5. Johns Hopkins | American philanthropist | Britannica.com; available at http://www.britannica.com/biography/Johns-Hopkins-American-philanthropist (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

6. Who Was Johns Hopkins, supra note 3.

7. See note 6.

8. What Hopkins Built, and Where; available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history2.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

9. See note 4, Johns Hopkins Medicine Timeline.

10. Bernd, R, Aleksandar, D, Antonio, D, Giovanni, F, Nigel, E, Grignon, M. Hospitals in rural or remote areas: An exploratory review of policies in 8 high-income countries. Health Policy 2016;120:758–69,Google Scholar at 761; What Hopkins Built, and Where; available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history2.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

11. The Four Founding Physicians; available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history5.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

12. See note 11, The Four Founding Physicians.

13. Revolution in American Medicine; available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/history3.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

14. Johns Hopkins Medical Timeline; available at http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/about/history/timeline/index.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

15. Daniel Coit Gilman | American educator | Britannica.com; available at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Coit-Gilman (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

16. Lewin T. U.S. Investigating Johns Hopkins Study of Lead Paint Hazard. New York Times, 24 Aug 2001; available at http://www.nytimes.com/2001/08/24/health/children/24LEAD.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

17. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/ (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

18. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Stories—Dr. Thomas Bond; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/tbond.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

19. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—Dr. Thomas Bond; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1751/tline2.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

20. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Stories—Nation’s First Hospital; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/features/creation.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

21. See note 20, Pennsylvania Hospital History.

22. See note 20, Pennsylvania Hospital History.

23. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—1751–1800; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1751/ (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

24. See note 23, Pennsylvania Hospital History.

25. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Virtual Tour—Surgical Amphitheatre; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/tour/tour5.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

26. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—1951-Today; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1951/index.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

27. School of Medicine: A Brief History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives; available at http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/schools/med.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

28. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—1751–1800, supra at note 23.

29. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—1801–1850; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1801/ (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

30. See note 29, Pennsylvania Hospital History.

31. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—1751–1800, supra at note 28.

32. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—1801–1850, supra at note 29.

33. See note 32, Pennsylvania Hospital History.

34. School of Medicine: A Brief History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives; available at http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/schools/med.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

35. Pennsylvania Hospital History: Historical Timeline—Affiliation; available at http://www.uphs.upenn.edu/paharc/timeline/1951/tline22.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

36. School of Medicine: A Brief History, University of Pennsylvania University Archives, supra note at 34.

37. See note 36, School of Medicine.

38. Schools and Hospitals Absorbed by Penn Medicine, University of Pennsylvania University Archives; available at http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/medical/merged.html#17 (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

39. Gotto, AM Jr, Moon, J. Weil Cornell Medicine: A History of Cornell’s Medical School. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press; 2016, at 206.Google Scholar

40. See note 39, Gotto and Moon, at 203.

41. F. H. Garrison, Samuel Bard and the King’s College School, 1 Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 1925;84:87–8.

42. Cornell University Medical College (Weill Medical College of Cornell University), supra note 40.

43. See note 42, Cornell University Medical College.

44. See note 42, Cornell University Medical College

45. History of New York-Presbyterian; available at http://www.nyp.org/about-us/history (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

46. The Encyclopedia of New York City, Kenneth T. Jackson, Lisa Keller, Nancy Flood eds., 2nd ed., 2010.

47. Gray C. A hospital’s journey. New York Times. 4 Nov 2007; available at http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/realestate/04scap.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

48. History | Columbia Neurosurgery; available at http://www.columbianeurosurgery.org/home/history/ (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

49. Gray, supra note 48.

50. The Encyclopedia of New York City, supra note 47.

51. Gray, supra note 48.

52. History of New York-Presbyterian, supra note 46.

53. The Encyclopedia of New York City, supra note 51.

54. History of the College of Physicians and Surgeons | College of Physicians and Surgeons 8–9; available at http://ps.columbia.edu/about-ps/history-college-physicians-and-surgeons (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

55. Cornell University Medical College (Weill Medical College of Cornell University, supra note 43.

56. See note 55, Cornell University Medical College.

57. Brigham and Women’s Hospital Archives (BWH) | Countway Library of Medicine; available at https://legacy.countway.harvard.edu/menuNavigation/chom/brigham/about.html (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

58. Boston Lying-in Hospital. Records, 1855–1983 (Bulk 1921–1966): Finding Aid; available at http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=med00056 (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

59. Free Hospital for Women. Records, 1875–1975: Finding Aid; available at http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=med00059 (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

60. Peter Bent Brigham Hospital. Records, 1830–(inclusive), 1911–1980 (bulk): Finding Aid; available at http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=med00057 (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

61. Robert B. Brigham Hospital. Records, 1889–1984 (Bulk 1915–1980): Finding Aid; available at http://oasis.lib.harvard.edu/oasis/deliver/deepLink?_collection=oasis&uniqueId=med00058 (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

62. See note 61.

63. Mass General History—Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; available at http://www.massgeneral.org/museum/history/default.aspx (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

64. Fred, G. Barker II. The Massachusetts General Hospital. Early history and neurosurgery to 1939. Journal of Neurosurgery 1993;79:948, at 948.Google Scholar

65. Mass General History—Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, supra note 64.

66. See note 65, Mass General History.

67. Barker, supra note 65, at 949.

68. Mass General History—Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, supra note 66.

69. See generally Barker, supra note 68.

70. The History of HMS | HMS; available at http://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

71. The Early Years | HMS; available at http://hms.harvard.edu/about-hms/history-hms/early-years (last accessed 16 Nov 2017).

72. The History of HMS | HMS, supra note 71.

73. The Early Years | HMS, supra note 72.

74. ‘White flight’ began a lot earlier than we think, Washington Post; available at https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/03/17/white-flight-began-a-lot-earlier-than-we-think/ (last accessed 17 Nov 2017).

75. Thomas G. Morton, Frank Woodbury, The history of the Pennsylvania Hospital, 1751–1895 4 (1973); available at http://archive.org/details/historypennsylv01pagoog (last accessed 17 Nov 2017).

76. ‘White flight’ began a lot earlier than we think, supra note 74.

77. The Encyclopedia of New York City, supra note 54.

78. See generally Boustan, LP. Was postwar suburbanization “white flight”? Evidence from the black migration. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 2010;125:417– 43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

79. National Bureau of Economic Research, Racial Sorting and the Emergence of Segregation in American Cities. Cambridge, MA; 2016.

80. Smith, DB. Racial and ethnic health disparities and the unfinished civil rights agenda. Health Affairs 2015;24(318):317–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

81. See note 80, Smith 2015.

82. HSRIC: Health Disparities; available at https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hsrinfo/disparities.html (last accessed 17 Nov 2017).

83. Smith, supra note 81.

84. NewYork-Presbyterian Locations; available at http://www.nyp.org/locations (last accessed 17 Nov 2017); See Penn Medicine Locations – Penn Medicine, https://www.pennmedicine.org/for-patients-and-visitors/penn-medicine-locations (last accessed 17 Nov 2017).

85. Washington, Harriet A.. Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. New York, NY; Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, Division of Random House; 2008 52–74.Google Scholar

86. Tuskegee syphilis study | American history | Britannica.com; available at https://www.britannica.com/event/Tuskegee-syphilis-study (last accessed 17 Nov 2017).

87. Guatemala syphilis experiment | American medical research project | Britannica.com; available at https://www.britannica.com/event/Guatemala-syphilis-experiment (last accessed 17 Nov 2017)

88. Human experimentation or Medical torture? CNN iReport; available at http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-486241 (last accessed 17 Nov 2017).

89. Gallo, RC. A reflection on HIV/AIDS research after 25 years. Retrovirology 2006;3(2):1–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

90. See generally Boyd, NA, Roque Ramirez, HN. Bodies of Evidence: The Practice of Queer Oral History. Oxford University Press; 2012;Google Scholar See generally Govenar AB. African American Frontiers: Slave Narratives and Oral Histories. First edition. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO; 2000; See How the African American Storyteller Impacts the Black Family and Society. New Haven, CT: Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute; available at http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1990/4/90.04.05.x.html (last accessed 11 Aug 2017); See African American Oral Traditions in Louisiana; available at http://www.louisianafolklife.org/LT/Articles_Essays/creole_art_african_am_oral.html (last accessed 18 Apr 2018).

91. Blustein, J, Fleischman, AR. Urban bioethics: Adapting bioethics to the urban context. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges 2004;79:1198–202, at 1198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

92. See note 91, Blustein, Fleischman 2004.

93. Geronimus, AT. To mitigate, resist, or undo: Addressing structural influences on the health of urban populations. American Journal of Public Health 2000;90:86–872, at 867.Google ScholarPubMed

94. See note 93, Geronimus 2000.

95. Alicea-Alvarez, N, Foppiano Palacios, C, Ortiz, M, Huang, D, Reeves, K. Path to health asthma study: A survey of pediatric asthma in an urban community. The Journal of Asthma: Official Journal of the Association for the Care of Asthma 2017;54:273–8, at 273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

96. See generally Morgan, A. A national call to action: CDC’s 2001 urban and rural health chartbook. The Journal of Rural Health 2002;18:382–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

97. Berndt Džakula A, Duran A, Fattore G, Edwards N, Grignon M. Hospitals in rural or remote areas: An exploratory review of policies in 8 high-income countries. Health Policy 2016;120:758–69, at 761.CrossRefGoogle Scholar