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The Constitution of the United Kingdom

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 January 2009

D. G. T. Williams
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Extract

Why not, we are asked, establish a permanent reconciliation between England and Ireland by the conversion of the United Kingdom into a federalised kingdom whereof England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, and, for aught I know, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man, Shall form separate states? This new constitutional idea of the inherent excellence of federalism is a new faith or delusion which deserves examination.

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Research Article
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The Cambridge Law Journal , Volume 31 , Issue 1: Jubilee Issue , April 1972 , pp. 266 - 292
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge Law Journal and Contributors 1972

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References

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37 Cmnd. 1562, para. 279.

38 Para. 707.

39 H.C., Vol. 675, col. 314 (2 April 1963).

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42 R. v. Cowle (1759) 2 Burr. 834; 97 E.R. 587 at 850, 596 (Lord Mansfield).

43 Campbell v. Hall (1774) Lofft 655; 98 E.R. 848—argument of counsel at 689, 868. See also Lampley v. Thomas (1747) 1 Wils.K.B. 193; 95 E.R. 568.

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60 Simmonds, K. R., “The British Islands and the Community: 2. The Isle of Man” (1970)Google Scholar 7 C.M.L.R. 454, 455. Professor Simmonds will be publishing a third article on Guernsey.

61 See L. A. Sheridan, op. cit., supra, at p. 114; D. C. Holland, op. cit., supra, at 486. See also the Attorney-General in Pipon v. Pipon at pp. 433, 555: “The laws of Jersey are separate, distinct, and independent of the laws of England, though not of the Legislature of England.”

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63 Livingstone, William S. (ed.), Federalism in the Commonwealth: A Bibliographical Commentary (1963), pp. xvi–xviiGoogle Scholar. See Sawer, G., Australian Federalism in the Courts (1967), Chap. 1;Google ScholarWheare, K. C., Federal Government (4th ed., 1963)Google Scholar, Chap. 1; Dicey, England's Case Against Home Rule (3rd ed., 1887), pp. 160–161.

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67 England's Case Against Home Rule (3rd ed., 1887), p. 168.

68 See Report of the Advisory Commission o n the Review of the Constitution of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, Cmnd. 1148 of I960, Chap. 12.

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70 See Gilmour, D. R., “The Sovereignty of Parliament and the European Commission of Human Rights” [1968] Public Law 62, 72Google Scholar; Harris, D. J., “The European Convention on Human Rights and English Criminal Law” [1966] Crim.L.R. 205, 266Google Scholar (two-part article). See generally Fawcett, J. E. S., The Application of the European Convention on Human Rights (1969).Google Scholar

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72 “And it appears in our books, that in many cases, the common law will controul acts of parliament, and sometimes adjudge them to be utterly void, for when an act of parliament is against common right or reason, or repugnant, or impossible to be performed, the common law will controul it and adjudge such act to be void ” ((1610) 8 Co.Rep. 118a).

73 Corwin, The “Higher Law” Background of American Constitutional Law (originally in Harvard L.R., reprinted separately 1955), p. 57. See also Plucknett, “Bonham's Case and Judicial Review” (1926) 40 Harv.L.R. 30; Thome, “Dr. Bonham's Case ” (1938) 54 L.Q.R. 543; Berger, “Dr. Bonham's Case: Statutory Construction or Constitutional Theory ” (1969) 117 U. of Pa.L.R. 521.

74 Gough, , Fundamental Law in English Constitutional History (1955) p 32.Google Scholar

75 (1637) 3 St.Tr. 825.

76 [1965] A.C. 172.

77 Gallagher v. Lynn [1937] A.C. 863, 870.Google Scholar

78 Commonwealth of Australia v. Bank of N.S.W. [1950] A.C. 235, 310.Google Scholar

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81 See Mason, A. T., “Extra-Judicial Work for Judges: the Views of Chief Justice Stone” (1953) 67Google Scholar Harv.L.R. 193.

82 Horwill, “The Referendum in Great Britain” (1911) 26 Pol.Sci.Qu. 415; Emden, Cecil S., The People and the Constitution (2nd ed., 1956), p. 297et seq.Google Scholar

83 Earl of Birkenhead, “No Referendum!” in Last Essays (1930), Chap. 3.

84 See Goodhart, Philip, Referendum (1971)Google Scholar. In the course of this book surveying the case for and against a referendum, the author says (at p. 189): “One of the few viable ways of ‘entrenching’ a Bill of Rights would be to submit the Bill to a referendum once it had been approved by both Houses of Parliament.” See Jay, Douglas, “Joining the Six—the case for a referendum,” The Times, 1 August 1970, p. 13Google Scholar; John-Stevas, St., “Historical Case against a Referendum on Europe,” The Times, 12 June 1971, p. 14.Google Scholar

85 Dicey, Law of the Constitution (8th ed., 1915), pp. xci–c. Dicey explained that the word referendum “is a foreign expression derived from Switzerland,” the strongest argument against it is that it entails “the transfer of political power from knowledge to ignorance,” the strongest argument for it is that it might “keep in check the inordinate power now bestowed on the party machine.” See Emden, The People and the Constitution (2nd ed., 1956), pp. 297–302.

86 See, e.g., Gazey, “Direct Democracy—A Study of the American Referendum ” (1970) xxiv Parl. Affairs 123; Harris, “The Rhodesian Referendum: June 20th 1969 ” (1969) Parl.Affairs 72.

87 See H.C., Vol. 792, col. 199–200 (25 November 1969, Mr. Wilson); Vol. 820, col. 1514–1516 (8 July 1971, Mr. Heath). See also, Vol. 806, col. 835 (16 November 1970, Mr. Rippon).

88 See Laski, Parliamentary Government in England (1938), p. 133; Marriott, English Political Institutions: an Introductory Study (4th ed., 1938), p. 228.

89 The quotation is from a leading article in The Times, 1 August 1970, p. 13.Google Scholar See also, leading article in the Observer, 30 May 1971, p. 8.Google Scholar See generally on the Common Market arguments, correspondence in The Times for 27 May 1971, p. 17Google Scholar, and 3 June 1971, p. 15, and reports in The Times, 25 May 1971, p. 4Google Scholar (Mr. Wedgwood-Benn urges a referendum), 8 June 1971, p. 5 (Sir Alec Douglas-Home against a referendum), 15 July 1971, p. 6 (Mr. Heath against a referendum), 21 January 1971, p. 6 (Sir Derek Walker-Smith for a referendum).

90 See Hughes, “Judicial Review in the United States,” Chap. 10 in Welsh Studies in Public Law (1970), p. 172.Google Scholar

91 Miller, J. D. B., Australian Government and Politics (3rd ed., 1964), p. 138.Google Scholar

92 Law of the Constitution (8th ed., 1915), p. 137.Google Scholar

93 343 U.S. 579 (1952).

94 At 613. See Westin, The Anatomy of a Constitutional Law Case (1958), p. 147.

95 8th ed., pp. lxxiii-lxiv.

96 Id., p. lxxx.

97 Id., p. lxxxi-lxxxii. See generally, Amery, L. S., Thoughts on the Constitution (2nd ed., 1953), pp. 111et seq.Google Scholar

98 Agreed Memorandum on the Commonwealth Secretariat: Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Meeting, 1965, Cmnd. 2713 of 1965, para. 4. See Smith, de, The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions (1964), Chap. 1.Google Scholar

99 Nearing the Abyss (1937, popular ed., 1937), p. 98. In The Seven Pillars of Peace (1945)Google Scholar he argued “that the existing international system of national sovereign states is sheer anarchy which sooner or later will end in war.” See also, Dalton, Hugh, Towards the Peace of Nations (1928), Chap. xiiGoogle Scholar; Davies, Lord, Facing the Future (1942).Google Scholar

1 Federation and World Order (1940), by Duncan and Elizabeth Wilson.

2 See, e.g., Brailsford, H. N., Property or Peace (1934), Chap. 5 (part 6)Google Scholar; Curry, W. B., The Case for Federal Union (1939)Google Scholar; Hoyland, John S., Federate or Perish (1944)Google Scholar; Streit, Clarence K., Union Now (A Proposal for a Federal Union of the Democracies of the North Atlantic) (1939)Google Scholar; Cherry, Jack, Once and For All (1941).Google Scholar See also, Federal Union: A Symposium (ed. M. Chaning-Pearce) (1940); Curtis, Lionel, The Open Road to Freedom (1950).Google Scholar

3 See, e.g., Salter, Sir Arthur, The United States of Europe (ed. W. Arnold-Forster) (1933).Google Scholar

4 A Federation for Western Europe (1940).

5 See Mitchell, J. D. B., Europe (The Politics of the Pig in the Middle) (pamphlet, 1970).Google Scholar

6 In this Chap. the singular “Community” will be used for the three communities.

7 The United Kingdom and the European Communities, Cmnd. 4715 (July 1971)Google Scholar, para. 13.

8 See esp. Legal and Constitutional Implications of United Kingdom Membership of the European Communities, Cmnd. 3301 (May 1967), paras. 5–19.

9 Miriam Camps, What Kind of Europe? (The Community Since de Gaulle's Veto) (1965), p. 126.

10 Pinder, John and Pryce, Roy, Europe after de Gaulle (Towards a United States of Europe) (1969), p. 53.Google Scholar Mr. Heath used the term “pooling of sovereignty” in H.C., Vol. 796, col. 1223 (25 February 1970). See New Statesman, 15 January 1971 at pp. 72 and 73Google Scholar, for two views on a federal Europe (Peter Shore and Michael Barnes).

11 See H.L., Vol. 323, col. 367 (27 July 1971) (Lord Lloyd of Hampstead). See “The Ambiguity of Sovereignty” (Hickey, T. J. O.), The Times, 29 January 1971, p. 14.Google Scholar

12 H.C., Vol. 821, col. 1820 (22 July 1971) (Mr. Wedgwood-Benn).

13 H.C., Vol. 822, col. 90 (26 July 1971). See also “Threat of a Rubber-Stamp Parliament,” The Times, 23 July 1971, p. 12Google Scholar (Sir Derek Walker-Smith); leading article in the Spectator, 10 July 1971, pp. 44–45Google Scholar; H.C., Vol. 796, col. 1031 (24 February 1970) (Mr. Douglas Jay).

14 The Times, 13 February 1971, p. 10.Google Scholar See also, H.C., Vol. 796, col. 1265–1266 (25 February 1970) (Mr. Powell).

15 See, e.g., H.L., Vol. 323, col. 58 (26 July 1971) (Lord George Brown); Vol. 323, col. 457 (28 July 1971) (Lord Stow Hill), col. 463 (Lord Goodman), col. 472 (Baroness Gaitskell).

16 H.L., Vol. 323, col. 201 (27 July 1971). In The Times, 17 September 1971, p. 4,Google Scholar Lord Hailsham was quoted as stating in a speech that those opposing Britain's entry to the Common Market are “the fuddy duddies, the timorous, the weakminded.”

17 H.L., Vol. 323, col. 202.

18 The Times, 14 July 1971, p. 5Google Scholar (speech at the Mansion House).

19 H.L., Vol. 243, col. 416 et seq. (2 August 1962). See Thompson, and Marsh, , “The United Kingdom and the Treaty of Rome: Some Preliminary Observations” (1962) 11 I.C.L.Q. 73, 76–78.Google Scholar

20 H.L., Vol. 282, col. 1202 (8 May 1967). See also, Legal and Constitutional Implications of United Kingdom Membership of the European Communities, Cmnd. 3301 (May 1967), paras. 20–22. In H.C., Vol. 822, col. 163 (26 July 1971), Mr. Maudling said: “As regards sovereignty, our activities will be bound by our obligations under the Treaty, and by no more than our obligations under the Treaty, which are basically of an economic and a commercial character.”

21 H.C., Vol. 821, col. 1709 (22 July 1971) (Sir Alec Douglas-Home).

22 H.C., Vol. 822, col. 51 (26 July 1971) (Mr. Anthony Barber): “We would inevitably be overcome and overshadowed by a larger, stronger and richer Europe. Our political influence would dwindle and history would pass us by.”

23 H.C., Vol. 809, col. 1116 (20 January 1971) (Mr. Duncan Sandys).

24 See The United Kingdom and the European Communities, Cmnd. 4715 (July 1971),Google Scholar paras. 36–37. See generally, Allen, H. C., The Anglo-American Predicament (The British Commonwealth, the United States and European Unity) (1960)Google Scholar; Catlin, George E. G., The Grandeur of England and the Atlantic Community (1966)Google Scholar; Catlin, The Atlantic Commonwealth (1969); Jay, Douglas, After the Common Market (1968).Google Scholar

25 Cmnd. 4715, para. 29.

26 See, e.g., The United Kingdom and the European Communities (Labour Party's background document for October 1971 conference on the terms negotiated for entry to the Common Market; Published in September 1971). See also, The Case Against Entry (published by the New Statesman, 1971).

27 See de la Mahotière, S. R., The Common Market (A Comprehensive Guide) (1961)Google Scholar and Towards One Europe (1970); Mackay, R. W. G., Towards a United States of Europe (An Analysis of Britain's Role in European Union) (1961)Google Scholar; Hallstein, Walter, United Europe (Challenge and Opportunity) (1962)Google Scholar; Dell, Sidney, Trade Blocs and Common Markets (1963)Google Scholar; Middleton, Drew, The Supreme Choice (Britain and the European Community) (1963)Google Scholar; Beloff, Nora, The General Says No (1963)Google Scholar; Gelber, H. G., Australia, Britain and the E.E.C. (1966)Google Scholar; Gladwyn, Lord, The European Idea (1966)Google Scholar; Beddington-Behrens, Edward, Is There Any Choice? (Britain Must Join Europe) (1966)Google Scholar; Albrecht-Carriè, Renè, The Unity of Europe (An Historical Survey) (1966)Google Scholar; P.E.P., European Unity: Co-operation and Integration (A Survey of European Organisations) (1968); Wall, Edward, Europe: Unification and Law (1969)Google Scholar; Lieber, Robert J., British Politics and European Unity (1970);Google ScholarDouglas, Evans (ed.), Destiny or Delusion: Britain and the Common Market (1971)Google Scholar; Britain, the Commonwealth and Europe (Round Table Essays, 1971Google Scholar (October)); Powell, Enoch, The Common Market (The Case Against) (1971).Google Scholar In the latter book, Mr. Powell writes (at p. 119): “Opinion has been right to fasten upon sovereignty as the central issue. Either British entry is a declaration of intent to surrender this country's sovereignty, stage by stage, in all that matters to a nation, and makes a nation, or else it is an empty gesture, disgraceful in its hollowness alike to those who proffer and to those who accept it.” See also his views reported in The Times, 18 September 1971, p. 2.Google Scholar

28 Meade, James E., U.K., Commonwealth and Common Market (1962) pamphlet), p. 9.Google Scholar See also William Pickles in the Sunday Express, 13 November 1961, p. 8;Google Scholar H.C., Vol. 809, col. 1163 (20 January 1971) (Mr. St. John-Stevas); H.C., Vol. 821, col. 1857 (23 July 1971) (Mr. James Prior).

29 See Lord Gladwyn in H.L., Vol. 323, col. 41 (26 July 1971), and Vol. 316, col. 340 (10 March 1971).

30 H.C., Vol. 728, cols. 1555–1556 (19 May 1966) (Mr. Wilson); H.C., Vol. 786, col. 1159 (8 July 1969) (Mr. Wilson); The Times, 30 July 1969, p. 1 (report of speech by Mr. Wilson).

31 H.L., Vol. 323, col. 205 (27 July 1971).

32 See The Observer, 11 July 1971, p. 8Google Scholar (leading article): “The greatest task of European statesmanship may be to try to avert the fatal flaws of a loosely-knit confederation during the long transitional period when an effective federal State will not yet be a possibility.”

33 See H.L., Vol. 323, col. 370 (27 July 1970). See de la Mahotière, op. cit., pp. 280 et seq.

34 H.C., Vol. 796, col. 1326 (25 February 1970). A variety of views on sovereignty and other issues were expressed during the six-day debate on the Common Market in November 1971—see H.C., Vol. 823, cols. 911 et seq., 1093 et seq., 1234 et seq., 1480 et seq., 1732 et seq., 2076 et seq., See also the debate of October 1971 in H.L., Vol. 324, cols. 529 et seq., 664 et seq., 817 et seq.

35 P.E.P., European Unity (Co-operation and Integration) (1968), p. 189. See generally Schoenbaum, Thomas J., “The Growth of Judicial Power in the European Economic Community” (1969)Google Scholar 48 N. Carolina L.R. 32, 48: “To assure the effectiveness and the implementation of either a federal or a supranational legal order, some type of check must be maintained over the legislative and administrative acts of both the federal or supranational entity and its member states. In the E.E.C., as well as in the United States, much of the responsibility for such control has been delegated to or assumed by the judiciary.”

36 For discussions of Costa v. E.N.E.L. [1964] C.M.L.R. 425, see Schoenbaum's article supra and Eric Stein, “Toward Supremacy of Treaty-Constitution by Judicial Fiat: on the Margin of the Costa Case” (1965) 63 Michigan L.R. 491, esp. at p. 513.

37 See generally de Smith, S. A., “The Constitution and the Common Market: A Tentative Appraisal” (1971)Google Scholar 34 M.L.R. 597; Kahn-Freund, Otto, “Legal Consequences of Common Market,” The Times, 21 May 1962, p. 11Google Scholar; Campbell, Alan, “How the Common Market will affect British Law,” The Times, 16 May 1967, p. 11Google Scholar; J. D. B. Mitchell, “What do you want to be inscrutable for, Marcia?” (or the White Paper on the Legal and Constitutional Implications of United Kingdom Membership of the European Communities) (1967) 5 C.M.L.R. 112; Andrew Martin, “The Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities: Jurisdictional Problems” (1968) 6 C.M.L.R. 7; N. M. Hunnings, “Constitutional Implications of Joining the Common Market” (1968) 6 C.M.L.R. 50; G. Bebr, “Law of the European Communities and Municipal Law” (1971) 34 M.L.R. 481.

38 H.L., Vol. 323, col. 203 (27 July 1971).

39 H.L., Vol. 323, col. 58 (26 July 1971).

40 See, e.g., Niblock, Michael, The E.E.C.: National Parliaments in Community Decision-Making (1971);Google Scholar Ivor Richard and others, Europe or the Open Sea? (1971); Marsh, Norman S., “The Common Market and the Common Law,” Listener, 15 March 1962, pp. 455–457.Google Scholar

41 [1971] 1 W.L.R. 1037 (see arguments in The Times law report for 15 March 1971).Google Scholar

42 [1971] 1 W.L.R. at p. 1041.

43 Id. at p. 1040. In the course of his judgment, Lord Denning referred to the Costa case.

44 Wade, H. W. R., “The Basis of Legal Sovereignty” [1955] C.L.J. 172, 189.Google Scholar See, for recent and important discussions of parliamentary sovereignty: de Smith, S. A., Constitutional and Administrative Law (1971), Chap. 3Google Scholar; Marshall, G., Constitutional Theory (1971), Chap. 3.Google Scholar See also Amerasinghe, C. F., “The Legal Sovereignty of the Ceylon Parliament” [1966] Public Law 65Google Scholar; Bridge, J. W., “The Legal Competence of the New Zealand Parliament” [1969] Public Law 112.Google Scholar