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IV. Entente Manquée: Anglo-French Relations, 1895–1896

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2011

J. D. Hargreaves
J. D. Hargreaves
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in History, Fourah Bay College, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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Extract

In the voluminous historiography of international relations between 1871 and 1914, one of the thinnest patches is the middle 90's. Documents Diplomatiques Français had in 1939 not reached the years 1893–1900, and even now are filling this gap only slowly; the British archives for 1885–1902 were not opened until 1948; Russian material is slight. The consequent dependence of students upon Die Grosse Politik has had profound effects. French policy stands in especial need of re-examination; there is much interest in the early, vain attempts of French statesmen to end the baleful conflict with England. Mr A. J. P. Taylor has gone so far as to say that the Russian alliance was for France a means of achieving British friendship in more favourable conditions. The latest volume of French documents makes it possible to take this study further.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Historical Journal , Volume 11 , Issue 1 , 1953 , pp. 65 - 92
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1953

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References

1 Taylor, A. J. P., ‘Les Premières Années de l'Alliance Franco-Russe, 1892–95’, Revue Historique, July–Sept. 1950Google Scholar; also ‘Prelude to Fashoda: the question of the Upper Nile, 1894–95’, E[nglish] H[istorical] R[eview], LXV, 1950Google Scholar.

2 The best background account is still W. L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism (2nd ed. 1950). See also Kossatz, H., Untersuchungen über den französisch-englischen Weltgegensatz im Faschodajahr (Breslau, 1934)Google Scholar.

3 Lady G. Cecil, Life of Salisbury, iv, pp. 41–2. Salisbury to Wolff, 23 Feb. 1887.

4 J. L. Garvin, Life of Joseph Chamberlain, ii, p. 461: Chamberlain's diary, 16 July 1891. D[ocuments] D[iplomatiques] F[rançais] (1st series), x, 153, xi, 303: Waddington to Develle, 31 Jan. 1893; d'Estournelles de Constant to Hanotaux, 3 Dec. 1894. Cf. F.O. 78/4698, Salisbury to Cromer, 23A, 5 Feb. 1896.

5 P. Cambon, Correspondance, I, p. 343 ; to d'Estournelles, 19 June 1891; see Taylor, Revue Historique, 1950, pp. 69–70.

6 Taylor, E.H.R. 1950; cf. D.D.F. XII, 219–20: Courcel to Hanotaux, 29 Sept. 1895.

7 D.D.F. xi, 296: note by Hanotaux, 28 Nov. 1894.

8 Ibid. 297, 282; XII, 44: Herbette to Hanotaux, 29 Nov. 1894; Cambon to Hanotaux, 14 Nov. 1894, 30 May 1895. Cf. Cambon, op. cit. I, p. 344: to Bompard, 1 July 1891.

9 D.D.F. xi, 307: Courcel to Hanotaux, 7 Dec. 1894; p. 466, minute by Hanotaux.

10 D.D.F. XI, 325, 412, 413: Dufferin to Dupuy, 1 Jan. 1895; Courcel to Hanotaux, 28 Mar. 1895. For general background on the Niger question, see Cook, A. N., British Enterprise in Nigeria (Philadelphia, 1943)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 Taylor, E.H.R. 1950, pp. 76–80; D.D.F. xii, 3, 62: Courcel to Hanotaux, 11 May 1895; note by Hanotaux, 12 June 1895.

12 Langer, op. cit. pp. 131–2; D.D.F. xi, 3: Casimir-Périer to Herbette, 3 Jan. 1894; cf. Temperley and Penson, Foundations of British Foreign Policy, p. 489, minute by Kimberley, 11 April 1894.

13 D.D.F. xi, 110, 114: Herbette to Casimir-Périer, 26, 28 May 1894; F.O. 27/3229: memo. by Anderson, 1 July 1895; Taylor, Revue Historique, 1950, pp. 66, 72.

14 See, for example, article and map from Kölnische Zeitung—in F.O. 64/1358: Malet to Salisbury, 117 Africa, 3 Oct. 1895, and F.O. 64/1373; D.M.I, to Sanderson, 4 Oct.

15 D.D.F. xii, 291: Berthelot to Herbette, 31 Jan. 1896. Despite the footnote to this document, there is no contemporary record of such discussions in either French or German published documents; in fact German documents, while expressing disgust with British policy, suggest that no approach to France was actually tried. G[rosse] P[olitik], viii, 2072: Marschall to Bülow, 4 Feb. 1895; ix, 2359–60: Holstein to Hatzfeldt, T. 19 June 1895; Hatzfeldt to A[uswärtige] A[mt], 20 June 1895.

16 F.O. 64/1356: Kimberley to Malet, 47 Af., 53 Af., 13, 20 Mar. 1895.

17 D.D.F. xi, p. 489: Herbette to Hanotaux, 27 Apr. 1895.

18 Taylor, Revue Historique, 1950, pp. 75–6; E. M. Carroll, French Public Opinion and Foreign Affairs, pp. 62–5; D.D.F. xii, 32, 61; Hanotaux to Montebello, Pte, 24 May, 12 June 1895.

19 D.D.F. xii, 69, 75, 144: Courcel to Hanotaux, 17, 27 June, 29 Aug. 1895; p. 105, Hanotaux to Nisard, Pte, 25 July; 157, Hanotaux to Courcel, Pte, 27 Sept. 1895.

20 Ibid. 88, 126, 128: Courcel to Hanotaux, 12 July, 13 Aug. 1895. For general essays on Salisbury, see Penson, L. M., ‘The new course in British Foreign Policy, 1892–1902’, Transactions Royal Historical Society, 4th series, xxv (1943)Google Scholar; also her article in Cambridge Historical Journal, v (1935)Google Scholar and Langer, op. cit. pp. 196 ff.

21 See various documents in D.D.F. x, xi, esp. x, 447; XI, 192, 367, 421, 432. Also C[ambridge] H[istory of] B[ritish] F[oreign] P[olicy], iii, pp. 196–200.

22 D.D.F. XII, 19, 33, 35: Rousseau to Chautemps, 21, 25 May; Pavie to Hanotaux, 27 May 1895.

23 Ibid. 15, 48: Hanotaux to Courcel, 20 May, to Pavie, 5 June 1895; MacMurray, J. V. A., Treaties and Agreements with and concerning China, 1894–1919, I (1894), pp. 4, 5Google Scholar.

24 F.O. 146/3419, no. 409: Salisbury to Howard, 13 Aug. 1895.

25 D.D.F. xii, 22, 25: Hanotaux to Courcel, 22, 23 May 1895. F.O. 146/3419: Salisbury to Howard, 338, 2 July 1895, enclosing telegram from Chief Commissioner, Burma.

26 D.D.F. xii, 128: Courcel to Hanotaux, 14 Aug. 1895; F.O. 146/3419: Salisbury to Howard, 408, 13 Aug. 1895. (I have found few documents about the Siamese negotiations in the F.O. files, and have had to rely largely on the records of the Paris Embassy.)

27 D.D.F. xii, 157, 159, 161: Hanotaux to Courcel, Pte, 27 Sept.; Hanotaux to Gérard, 28 Sept.; Courcel to Hanotaux, 29 Sept. But cf. F.O. 27/3222: Dufferin to Salisbury, 302, 25 Sept.—which suggests that Hanotaux had decided to negotiate amicably on the Niger and the Mekong before the above correspondence took place.

28 D.D.F. xii, 141, 144, 146, 151, 160: Courcel to Hanotaux, T. 26 Aug., 29 Aug.; Hanotaux to Courcel, 30 Aug.; Courcel to Hanotaux, 5 Sept.; Hanotaux to Courcel, 28 Sept. 1895.

29 See Langer, op. cit. pp. 203 ff.

30 D.D.F. xii, 157 (p. 215), 180 (p. 257): Hanotaux to Courcel, 27 Sept., 21 Oct. 1895. F.O. 146/3420: Salisbury to Howard, 529, 6 Nov. 1895. F.O. 27/3309 is a bulky file of correspondence during the months January–March 1896 on problems raised by the extension of French jurisdiction. See also A. Debidour, Histoire Diplomatique de l'Europe, 1, pp. 212–19; C.H.B.F.P. iii, pp. 218–22.

31 D.D.F. xii, 173: Hanotaux to Courcel, 15 Oct. 1895—identical with no. 160, 28 Sept.

32 Salisbury thought he had suggested that this should apply ‘in any part of the Chinese empire’; but this was clearly his mistake.

33 D.D.F. xii, 177: Courcel to Hanotaux, 18 Oct.; F.O. 146/3420: Salisbury to Dufferin, 497, 18 Oct. 1895.

34 D.D.F. xii, 178, 179, 180: Hanotaux to Courcel, 21 Oct. 1895.

35 Ibid. 157 (p. 214): Hanotaux to Courcel, Pte, 27 Sept. 1895.

36 Ibid. 181: Courcel to Hanotaux, Pte, 23 Oct.; F.O. 146/3421: Salisbury to Dufferin, 508, 23 Oct. 1895.

37 D.D.F. viii, 113, 123, 127, 132: Waddington to Ribot, 14, 17, 22, 26 July 1890.

38 D.D.F. xii, 181, 198: Courcel to Hanotaux, 23 Oct.; Courcel to Nisard, Pte, 14 Nov.

39 F.O. 64/1358: Gosselin to Kimberley, 72 Af., 18 June 1895; cf. F.O. 64/1367: Kimberley to Hatzfeldt, 14 June; G.P. ix, 2359, 2360: Holstein to Hatzfeldt, 19 June; Hatzfeldt to A.A., 20 June 1895.

40 D.D.F. xii, 128: Courcel to Hanotaux, 14 Aug. 1895.

41 F.O. 27/3282: Howard to Salisbury, 221 Af., 19 Aug. 1895 (enclosing Le Temps article 19 Aug., with minute by Hill); F.O. 64/1358: Mallet to Salisbury, 117 Af., 3 Oct. (enclosing Kölnische Zeitung article 3 Oct.); F.O. 64/1373: D.M.I, to Sanderson, 4 Oct. and minute by Anderson; F.O. 27/3233: Dufferin to Salisbury, 271 Af., 16 Oct. (enclosing Le Siècle article 16 Oct.).

42 F.O. 64/1373: Royal Niger Co. to F.O., 28 Aug.; F.O. 27/3259: Royal Niger Co. to F.O., 5 Nov. 1895; D.D.F. xii, 179, 181: Hanotaux to Courcel, 21 Oct.; Courcel to Hanotaux, 23 Oct. 1895.

43 F.O. 27/3222: Dufferin to Salisbury, 343 and enclosures, 1 Nov. 1895.

44 Biographical details in article by E. Franchesini, Dictionnaire de Biographie Française, Fascicule xxxi (Paris, 1951). See also A. Bréal, Philippe Berthelot (1937).

45 G.P. xi, 2650:Münster to Hohenlohe, 16 Jan. 1896; F.O. 27/3274: Dufferin to Salisbury, 41 Af., 3 March 1896.

46 G.P. xi, 2691, 2844. For the opinion of Paul Cambon, see op. cit. 1, pp. 397, 399; for Montebello, G.P. xi, 2845.

47 D.D.F. xii, 198: Courcel to Nisard, Pte, 14 Nov. 1895.

48 Ibid. 212, 214, 217, 243: Courcel to Berthelot, Pte, 25 Nov.; Berthelot to Courcel, 26 Nov.; Salisbury to Courcel, 29 Nov.; Courcel to Berthelot, 20 Dec. 1895. F.O. 146/3421: Salisbury to Howard, 529, 6 Nov.; 532A, 12 Nov. 1895.

49 D.D.F. xii, 273, 274: Courcel to Berthelot, 15 Jan. 1896. See also the French Livre Jaune for text of accompanying documents.

50 D.D.F. xii, 273 (p. 406): Courcel to Berthelot, T., 15 Jan. 1896.

51 Here I have to acknowledge the gracious permission of Her Majesty the Queen to make use of material from the Royal Archives, Windsor Castle: A 72, no. 45: Salisbury to the Queen, 11 Jan. 1896.

52 Royal Archives, A 72, nos. 44, 47: Salisbury to the Queen, 11 Jan. 1896; the Queen to Salisbury, 15 Jan. 1896. Cf. Queen Victoria's Letters, 3rd series, iii, p. 22. No meeting of Queen and President was arranged until 1897.

53 Particularly favourable articles in The Spectator, The Saturday Review, 18, 25 Jan. 1896. Scepticism in The Times; but cf. The History of The Times, iii, p. 220: Chirol to Wallace, 18 Jan. 1896. See also Langer, op. cit. pp. 250–4.

54 E.H.R. lxv, especially pp. 59, 74–5.

55 D.D.F. xii, 3, 161: Courcel to Hanotaux, 11 May; Pte, 29 Sept. 1895.

56 Ibid. 152, 153: Chautemps to Hanotaux, 21 Sept.; undated note of Ministère des Affaires Etrangères.

57 D.D.F. xii, 142: Boutiron to Hanotaux, 27 Aug. 1895.

58 Ibid. 190, 192, 197, 210, 219: note from the Colonial Ministry, 8 Nov.; note by Marchand, 10 Nov.; note for Berthelot, 13 Nov.; note by Guieyesse, 21 Nov.; Berthelot to Guieyesse, 30 Nov. 1895. Cf. Hanotaux, Fachoda, pp. 69, 104–9.

59 F.O. 27/3258: memo, by Anderson, 21 Aug. 1895.

60 F.O. 64/1359: Malet to Salisbury, 136 Af., 26 Oct. 1895.

61 F.O. 64/1356: Salisbury to Gosselin, 185 Af., 13 Nov. 1895.

62 F.O. 27/3233: Howard to Salisbury, 284 Af., 8 Nov.; Howard to Anderson, Pte, 26 Nov.

63 F.O. 27/3259: Goldie to Salisbury, 18 Nov. and minute by Anderson; F.O. 27/3233: Dufferin to Salisbury, 298 Af., 22 Nov. 1895.

64 F.O. 64/1356: note by Anderson, 26 Nov.; Salisbury to Gosselin, 195 Af., 27 Nov.; F.O. 64/1360: Gosselin to Salisbury, T. 4, 30 Nov.; F.O. 64/1359: Gosselin to Salisbury, 155 Af., 30 Nov. 1895.

65 F.O. 64/1359: Lascelles to Salisbury, 167 Af., 16 Dec. 1895. The only trace of such German approaches to France is in D.D.F. xii, 291; in this apparently comprehensive review of Franco-German relations over Togoland, dated 31 Jan. 1896, Berthelot writes of overtures from Hatzfeldt to Courcel ‘on the eve of our arrangement with England’. This apparently refers to a rather inconclusive conversation of 9 Jan. (G.P. xi, p. 55 n.), not to anything in December; cf. D.D.F. xii, 294.

66 F.O. 64/1402: C.O. to F.O., 20 Jan.; F.O. 64/1385: Salisbury to Lascelles, 25 Af., 27 Jan. 1896.

67 F.O. 64/1359: Gosselin to Anderson, Pte, 30 Nov. 1895.

68 D.D.F. xii, 240, 242, 245: Courcel to Berthelot, 18 Dec.; Berthelot to Courcel, T. 20 Dec.; Courcel to Berthelot, T. 23 Dec. F.O. 146/3419: Salisbury to Dufferin, 570 B, 583, 19, 31 Dec. 1895; F.O. 146/3448: Salisbury to Dufferin, 9, 7 Jan. 1896; F.O. 45/747: Salisbury to Ford, 65, 20 May 1896.

69 D.D.F. xii, 254, 255, 257, 262: Herbette to Berthelot, 1, 2, 3 Jan.; Berthelot to Herbette, 7 Jan. 1896; G.P. xi, 2641: Hohenlohe to Münster, 1 Jan. 1896; cf. Langer, op. cit. pp. 232 ff.

70 F.O. 64/1376: Lascelles to Salisbury, 7, 10 Jan. 1896; D.D.F. xii, 295: Herbette to Berthelot, 3 Feb. 1896.

71 References in D.D.F. xii, pp. 403, 439 to Courcel's despatch of 11 Jan. 1896.

72 D.D.F. xii, 254, 295: Herbette to Berthelot, i Jan., 3 Feb. 1896; 435, Courcel to Hanotaux, 31 July 1896; also minutes on pp. 386, 440.

73 Ibid. 224, 251, 264, 268; and minute on p. 403.

74 Ibid. 215, 237: Courcel to Berthelot, 28 Nov. 1895; Cambon to Berthelot, T. 16 Dec. 1895, On the deterioration in Anglo-Russian relations, see other documents in D.D.F. xii (especially 203), and Lobanov's correspondence with Staal in [Correspondance Diplomatique de M. de] Staal (ed. A. Meyendorff).

75 D.D.F. xii, 213, 226, 224, 230: Lozé to Berthelot, 25 Nov.; note by Berthelot, 6 Dec.; Herbette to Ricard, 5 Dec.; to Berthelot, 9 Dec. 1895.

76 Ibid. 225: Montebello to Berthelot, 6 Dec. 1895.

77 D.D.F. xii, 229, 233, 235: Berthelot to Montebello, T. 8, 11 Dec.; Montebello to Berthelot, T. 12 Dec. 1895.

78 This is not the place to follow this fine-drawn discussion in detail; see especially D.D.F. xii, 241, 252, 275, 285, 292, 302, 462.

79 This was more than Lobanov would promise. But it is misleading to suggest (E.H.R. Apr. 1952, p. 277) that his reserve on these points was chiefly responsible for France's other conditions. France's most serious doubts concerned the attitude of Germany. Montebello, always an optimist, thought these doubts exaggerated (D.D.F. xii, 252, 285, 292, 302).

80 D.D.F. xii, 276, 288, and p. 760: notes of 18, 27 Jan. and 30 Sept. 1896; also see Staal op. cit., 11, 296–7, 306–9.

81 D.D.F. xii, p. 431: note by Berthelot, 27 Jan. 1896.

82 Cambon, op. cit., 1, pp. 397–8: Cambon to his mother, 23 Dec. 1895; D.D.F. xii, 278: Cambon to Berthelot, 19 Jan. 1896.

83 F.O. 27/3274: Dufferin to Salisbury, 22 Af., 15 Feb., with minute by Anderson; F.O. 27/3273: Salisbury to Dufferin, 56 Af., 3 Mar. 1896.

84 F.O. 27/3274: Dufferin to Salisbury, 41 Af., 3 Mar. 1896.

85 F.O. 27/3273: Salisbury to Dufferin, 91 Af., 20 Mar. 1896.

86 D.D.F. xii, 305: Cogordan to Berthelot, 15 Feb. 1896. This despatch was not received in Paris until 27 Feb., so could not have guided Courcel on 19 Feb. But the argument was not new; cf. D.D.F. xi, 6: Reverseaux to Casirhir-Perier, 7 Jan. 1894.

87 F.O. 78/4698: Salisbury to Currie, 23A, 34A, 5, 18 Feb.; also F.O. 78/4723: Currie to Salisbury, T. 61, 65, 17, 19 Feb. 1896.

88 D.D.F. xii, 301; Cambon to Berthelot, T. 7 Feb.; F.O. 78/4723: Currie to Salisbury, T. 86, 94; 3, 16 Mar. 1896.

89 D.D.F. xii, 306: Courcel to Berthelot, 19 Feb. 1896; Zetland, Lord Cromer, pp. 256–8. (This last reference does not, as Langer suggests, apply to the conversation between Salisbury and Courcel in January.)

90 F.O. 64/1376: Lascelles to Salisbury, 47, 26 Feb. 1896.

91 Langer, op. cit. p. 208; documents and article by E. Walters in Slavonic Review, Dec. 1950, pp. 267–86.

92 G.P. xi, nos. 2681–2691—especially 2683, 2688: Holstein to Hatzfeldt, T. 21 Feb., Marschall to Eulenburg, 23 Feb. 1896.

93 F.O. 64/1376: Lascelles to Salisbury, 59, 61, 4, 6 Mar. 1896; cf. G.P. xi, 2770–1.

94 G.P. xi, 2693, 2694, 2779: Hatzfeldt to A.A., 4 Mar. (Tel.); to Hohenlohe, 5 Mar.; note by Marschall 13 Mar. 1896; cf. Langer, op. cit. pp. 282–4.

95 F.O. 170/504: Ferrero to Sanderson, 10 Mar. 1896 (Copy). The specific request for operations ‘du côté du Nil' may have been included at Sanderson's advice, as having the best chances of success. The threat to the Italian-held Sudanese town of Kassala is not mentioned in the letter; it was of little importance to England, and less to Italy. Cf. F.O. 45/747: Salisbury to Ford, 65, 20 May 1896—a valuable recapitulatory despatch.

96 Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, Curzon, 16, 17 Mar. 1896, 1027, 1174–5.

97 F.O. 78/4764: Salisbury to Cromer, T. 11, 29 Feb. 1896. All the telegrams between London and Cairo which I cite for this period are paraphrases. The originals are used in Ch. xii of Shibeika, M., British Policy in the Sudan (1952)Google Scholar, which appeared after this article was written.

98 Zetland, op. cit. p. 223.

99 F.O. 78/4765: Cromer to Salisbury, T. 27–31, 13, 14 Mar. 1896. Cf. Abbas, Mekki, The Sudan Question (1952)Google Scholar, Chap, iii; and Cromer, Modern Egypt, ii, Chap. 32.

100 F.O. 45/747: Salisbury to Ford, 65, 20 May 1896.

101 F.O. 78/4764: Salisbury to Cromer, T. 20, 21, 14 Mar.; F.O. 45/747: Salisbury to Ford, 65, 20 May 1896.

102 F.O. 78/4765: Cromer to Salisbury, T. 28, 13 Mar., 31, 32, 34, 14, 15 Mar., 1896. Cf. Cocheris, J., Situation Internationale de l'Égypte et du Soudan (1903), pp. 436–43Google Scholar.

103 Minutes by Wilhelm II on G.P. xi, 2713, 2714.

104 The Letters and Friendships of Sir Cécil Spring-Rice, ed. Gwynn, S. (1929), 1, pp. 201–3Google Scholar: Spring-Rice to Villiers and his brother, 21 Mar. 1896.

105 G.P. xi, 2700, 2701, 2705: Marschall to Bülow, T. 16 Mar.; Bülow to A.A., T. 18 Mar.; Marschall to Hatzfeldt, T. 19 Mar. D.D.F. xii, 338, 348: Herbette to Berthelot, 20; T. 24 Mar.; Staal, ii, pp. 313–14: Osten-Sacken to Lobanov, 8/20 Mar. 1896.

106 D.D.F. xii, 318, 320, 384: Courcel to Berthelot, T. 12 Mar.; D. 13 Mar.; to Hanotaux, 9 May 1896.

107 D.D.F. xii: Boutiron to Berthelot, T. 15 March 1896; Cambon to Bourgeois, 31 Mar.; Cambon, op. cit. 1, p. 402: to his mother 6 Apr. 1896.

108 F.O. 27/3268: Dufferin to Salisbury, T. 7 (Paraphrase). D.D.F. xii, 324, 325: Berthelot to Montebello; note by Berthelot, 16 Mar. F.O. 27/3264: Dufferin to Salisbury, 90—a despatch written some days later, as shown by its number, and by D.D.F. xii, p. 503. The private letter in which Dufferin had reported earlier is not in these.

109 Havas notes, reprinted in The Times, 19–21 Mar.; Hansard, Curzon, 20 Mar.; G.P. xi, 2706: Münster to Hohenlohe, 19 Mar. 1896; Cocheris, op. cit. pp. 434–5.

110 D.D.F. xii, 329: note by Berthelot, 18 Mar.; F.O. 27/3264: Dufferin to Salisbury, 91, 26 Mar. 1896.

111 D.D.F. xii, 334, 331, 333, 332: Berthelot to Dufferin; to Courcel (T.); to Montebello (T.), 19 Mar.; F.O. 27/3268, 3264: Dufferin to Salisbury, T. 10, 11; D. 83, 19 Mar. 1896.

112 F.O. 27/3264: Dufferin to Salisbury, 91, 26 Mar. 1896.

113 F.O. 78/4764: Salisbury to Cromer, T. 35, 36, 20 Mar.; D.D.F. xii, 335: Courcel to Berthelot, T. 20 Mar. 1896; cf. G.P. xi, 2699, 2706, 2708, 2714: Hatzfeldt to Hohenlohe, 15 Mar.; Münster to Hohenlohe, 19 Mar.; Hatzfeldt to A.A., T. 20, 21 Mar. 1896.

114 F.O. 78/4765: Cromer to Salisbury, T. 47, 51, 20, 21 Mar. 1896.

115 Hansard, Chamberlain, 20 Mar., 1500–1573.

116 D.D.F. xii, 341: Courcel to Berthelot, T. 21 Mar. 1896.

117 D.D.F. xii, 342–5: Berthelot to Courcel, various, Montebello, la Boulinière, T. 22 Mar. 1896.

118 F.O. 146/3449: Salisbury to Dufferin, 99, 23 Mar.; D.D.F. xii, 346: Courcel to Berthelot, T. 22 Mar.; F.O. 78/4764: Salisbury to Cromer, T. 40, 22 Mar. 1896.

119 F.O. 78/4765: Cromer to Salisbury, T. 47, 52, 55, 56, 58, 59; 20, 21, 23, 23, 24, 24 Mar. 1896.

120 D.D.F. xii, 347: Berthelot to Courcel, T. 24 Mar. 1896.

121 D.D.F. xii, 349, 350: Courcel to Berthelot, T. 24 Mar. (350 dated 25th, but written 24th); cf. G.P. xi, 2719: Hatzfeldt to A.A., T. 26 Mar. 1896.

122 D.D.F. xii, 351: Berthelot to Courcel, T. 25 Mar. 1896.

123 D.D.F. xii, 352: Courcel to Berthelot, T. 25 Mar.; F.O. 27/3263: Salisbury to Dufferin, 105, 25 Mar.; F.O. 78/4764: Salisbury to Cromer, T. 46, 25 Mar.; cf. G.P. xi, 2717: Hatzfeldt to A.A., 25 Mar. 1896.

124 D.D.F. xii, 353, 339, 354: Herbette to Berthelot, (25 Mar.); Montebello to Berthelot, 20, 25 Mar.

125 Ibid. 355, 365: Montebello to Berthelot, T. 27 Mar.; to Bourgeois, D. 2 Apr. 1896.

126 G.P. xi, 2721: Münster to Hohenlohe, 31 Mar.; Le Matin, 29 Mar. 1896.

127 D.D.F. xii, 356: Bourgeois to Montebello, T. 28 Mar. 1896.

128 Ibid. 357, 358, 360, 361, 365, 367, 386, 442: Bourgeois to Cambon, T. 29 Mar.; to Montebello, T. 29 Mar.; Herbette to Bourgeois, T. 31 Mar.; Montebello to Bourgeois, T. 31 Mar., D. 2 Apr.; Herbette to Bourgeois, 3 Apr.; Hanotaux to Montebello, Pte, 13 May; Courcel to Hanotaux, 13 Aug. 1896. See also G.P. xi, 2722–3 and others; Staal, 11, pp. 315–16; Cambon, op. cit. i, pp. 402–3.

129 F.O. 27/3275: Dufferin to Salisbury, 69, 75 Af., 27 Apr., 8 May—and minutes; F.O. 27/3273: Salisbury to Dufferin, 139 Af., 12 May 1896.