Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T20:56:42.591Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

THE ROMAN ARMY AND GREEK MILITARISM IN CHARITON'S CHAEREAS AND CALLIRHOE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 August 2018

Daniel Jolowicz
Daniel Jolowicz*
Affiliation:
Clare Hall, University of Cambridge
*
*[email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper seeks to highlight and assess the presence of allusions to Roman military apparatus in Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe. In the introduction, I contextualise the argument within the history of scholarship on the novel, and discuss issues relating to the author's date, Aphrodisian provenance and readership. I then divide the argument into three parts. At the end of the novel, Chaereas returns to Syracuse and publicly displays the spoils won from the east in a manner that, I argue, is highly suggestive of the Roman triumph (Part i). He then extends a grant of citizenship to the Greek element of his army and issues them cash donatives, while Hermocrates gives farmland to the Egyptians. As I demonstrate, this is characteristic of what happens upon the demobilisation of Roman military manpower (especially the auxilia) (Part ii). I then draw out the ramifications of an imperial-era author who represents Greek military exploits against the Persians, writing during a period in which Greeks were not interested in military endeavours (Part iii).

Type
Research Article
Information
The Cambridge Classical Journal , Volume 64 , December 2018 , pp. 113 - 138
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2018. Published by Cambridge University Press 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

I would like to extend my gratitude to Ewen Bowie and Richard Hunter for reading and commenting on an earlier draft of this paper. I also wish to thank Ben Raynor, John Ma and Stelios Chrysostomou for their valuable assistance in matters of military history. The journal's anonymous reviewers made many incisive criticisms and suggestions, for which I am extremely grateful.

References

Works cited

Alcock, S. E. (2002) Archaeologies of the Greek past: landscape, monuments and memories, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Alvares, J. (1993) ‘The journey of observation in Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe’, PhD thesis, The University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Alvares, J. (2001) ‘Egyptian unrest of the Roman era and the reception of Chariton's Chaireas and Callirhoe’, Maia 53, 11–19.Google Scholar
Alvares, J. (2001–2) ‘Some political and ideological dimensions of Chariton's Chaireas and Callirhoe’, CJ 97, 113–44.Google Scholar
Alvares, J. (2002) ‘Utopian themes in three Greek romances’, AN 2, 1–29.Google Scholar
Alvares, J. (2007) ‘The coming of age and political accommodation in the Greco-Roman novels’, in Paschalis, M., Frangoulidis, S., Harrison, S. J. and Zimmerman, M. (eds.), The Greek and the Roman novel: parallel readings, Ancient Narrative Supplement 8, Groningen, 3–22.Google Scholar
Ando, C. (2000) Imperial ideology and provincial loyalty in the Roman Empire, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Ash, R. (2014) ‘Fractured vision: Josephus and Tacitus on triumph and civil war’, in Madsen and Rees (2014), 144–62.Google Scholar
Austin, M. M. (1986) ‘Hellenistic kings, war and the economy’, CQ 36, 450–66.Google Scholar
Balzat, J.-S. (2011) ‘Greek elites and Roman citizenship: a historical analysis of the distribution of the civitas in Greece (48 BC – 69 AD)’, PhD thesis, Newcastle University.Google Scholar
Baslez, M.-F. (1992) ‘De l'histoire au roman. La Perse de Chariton’, in Baslez, Hoffmann and Trédé (1992) 199–212.Google Scholar
Baslez, M.-F., Hoffmann, P. and Trédé, M. (eds.) (1992) Le monde du roman grec. Actes du colloque international tenu à l’École normale supérieure (Paris 17–19 décembre 1987), Paris.Google Scholar
Baumbach, M. (2011) ‘Paideia and the function of Homeric quotations in Chariton's Callirhoe’, in Schmitz, T. A. and Wiater, N. (eds.), The struggle for identity: Greeks and their past in the first century BCE, Stuttgart, 253–71.Google Scholar
Beard, M. (2003) ‘The triumph of Flavius Josephus’, in Boyle, A. J. and Dominik, W. J. (eds.), Flavian Rome: culture, image, text, Leiden, 543–58.Google Scholar
Best, S. and Marcus, S. (2009) ‘Surface reading: an introduction’, Representations 108.1, 1–21.Google Scholar
Beutler, F. (2007) ‘Claudius und der Beginn der Militärdiplome: einige Gedanken’, in Speidel, M. A. and Lieb, H. (eds.), Militärdiplome: die Forschungsbeiträge der Berner Gespräche von 200–4, Stuttgart, 1–14.Google Scholar
Bhabha, H. K. (1994) The location of culture, London.Google Scholar
Birley, A. R. (2007) ‘Making emperors: imperial instrument or independent force?’, in Erdkamp (2007) 379–94.Google Scholar
Borg, B. E. (2011) ‘Who cared about Greek identity? Athens in the first century BCE’, in Schmitz, T. A. and Wiater, N. (eds.), The struggle for identity: Greeks and their past in the first century BCE, Stuttgart, 213–34.Google Scholar
Bowersock, G. W. (1969) Greek sophists in the Roman Empire, Oxford.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (1970) ‘Greeks and their past in the Second Sophistic’, P&P 46, 3–41. Reprinted in M. I. Finley (ed.) (1974) Studies in ancient society, London, 166–209.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (1982) ‘The importance of sophists’, YCS 27, 29–60.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (1992) ‘Les lecteurs du roman grec’, in Baslez, Hoffmann and Trédé (1992) 55–61.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (1994) ‘The readership of Greek novels in the ancient world’, in Tatum, J. (ed.), The search for the Ancient Novel, Baltimore and London, 435–59.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (1996) ‘The ancient readers of the Greek novel’, in Schmeling, G. (ed.), The novel in the ancient world, Leiden, 87–106.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (2002) ‘The chronology of the Greek novel since B.E. Perry: revisions and precisions’, Ancient Narrative 2, 47–63.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (2006) ‘The construction of the classical past in the ancient Greek novels’, in Eklund, S. (ed.), Syncharmata: studies in honour of Jan Fredrik Kindstrand, Uppsala, 1–20.Google Scholar
Bowie, E. L. (2014) ‘Becoming wolf, staying sheep’, in Madsen and Rees (2014) 39–78.Google Scholar
Bravi, A. (2012) Ornamenta urbis. Opere d'arte greche negli spazi romani, Bari.Google Scholar
Brelich, A. (1938) ‘Trionfo e morte’, Studi e materiali di storia delle religioni 14, 189–93.Google Scholar
Brilliant, R. (1999) ‘“Let the trumpets roar!” The Roman triumph’, in Bergmannand, B. Kondoleon, C. (eds.), The art of ancient spectacle, Washington, 221–9.Google Scholar
Broadhead, W. (2007) ‘Colonization, land distribution, and veteran settlement’, in Erdkamp (2007) Oxford, 148–63.Google Scholar
Brulé, P. (1990) ‘Enquête démographique sur la famille grecque antique. Étude de listes de politographie d'Asie Mineure d’époque hellénistique (Milet et Ilion)’, REA 92, 233–58.Google Scholar
Burrus, V. (2005) ‘Mimicking virgins: colonial ambivalence and the ancient romance’, Arethusa 38, 49–88.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. B. (1984) The emperor and the Roman army, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cartledge, P. A. and Spawforth, A. J. S. (2002) Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: a tale of two cities, 2nd edn, London.Google Scholar
Chaniotis, A. (2005) War in the Hellenistic world, Oxford.Google Scholar
Cheesman, G. L. (1914) The auxilia of the Roman imperial army, OxfordGoogle Scholar
Connors, C. (2002) ‘Chariton's Syracuse and its histories of empire’, in Paschalis, M. and Frangoulidis, S. (eds.), Space in the Ancient novel, Ancient Narrative Supplement 1, Groningen, 12–26.Google Scholar
Connors, C. (2008) ‘Politics and spectacle’, in Whitmarsh, T. J. G. (ed.), The Cambridge companion to the Greek and Roman novel, Cambridge, 162–81.Google Scholar
Cooley, A. E. (ed.) (2009) Res Gestae Divi Augusti: text, translation and commentary, Cambridge.Google Scholar
De Temmerman, K. (2002) ‘Institutional realia in Chariton's Callirhoe: historical and contemporary elements’, Humanitas 54, 165–88.Google Scholar
Dench, E. (2005) Romulus’ asylum: Roman identities from the age of Alexander to the age of Hadrian, Oxford.Google Scholar
Dillon, S. and Welch, E. (eds.) (2006) Representations of war in Ancient Rome, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Doody, M. A. (1996) The true story of the novel, New Brunswick.Google Scholar
Eck, W. and Wolff, H. (eds.) (1986) Heer und Integrationspolitik: die römischen Militärdiplome als historische Quelle, Passau.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. R. (1991) ‘Surviving the web of Roman power: religion and politics in the Acts of the Apostles, Josephus, and Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe’, in Loveday, A. (ed.), Images of Empire, Sheffield, 179–201.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. R. (1994) ‘Defining the web of power in Asia Minor: the novelist Chariton and his city Aphrodisias’, Journal of the American Academy of Religion 62, 699–718.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. R. (1996) Religion and power: pagans, Jews and Christians in the Greek east, New York.Google Scholar
Edwards, D. R. (1998) ‘Pleasurable reading or symbols of power? Religious themes and social context in Chariton’, in Hock, R. F., Chance, J. B. and Perkins, J. (eds.), Ancient fiction and early Christian narrative, Atlanta, 31–46.Google Scholar
Erdkamp, P. (ed.) (2007) A companion to the Roman army, Oxford.Google Scholar
Erskine, A. (2013) ‘Hellenistic parades and Roman triumphs’, in Spalinger, A. and Armstrong, J. (eds.), Rituals of triumph in the Mediterranean world, Leiden, 37–55.Google Scholar
Fanon, F. (1952) Black skin white masks, Paris.Google Scholar
Gabba, E. (1991) Dionysius and the history of archaic Rome, Berkeley and Oxford.Google Scholar
Gilliver, K. (2007) ‘The Augustan reform and the structure of the imperial army’, in Erdkamp (2007) 183–200.Google Scholar
Goldhill, S. (ed.) (2001) Being Greek under Rome: cultural identity, the Second Sophistic and the development of Empire, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Gruen, E. (1992) Culture and national identity in Republican Rome, London.Google Scholar
Haensch, R. (2012) ‘The Roman army in Egypt’, in Riggs, C. (ed.), The Oxford handbook of Roman Egypt, Oxford, 68–82.Google Scholar
Hägg, T. (1987) ‘Callirhoe and Parthenope: the beginnings of the historical novel’, CA 6, 184–204. Reprinted in S. C. R. Swain (ed.) (1999) Oxford Readings in the Greek novel, Oxford, 137–60.Google Scholar
Hägg, T. and Utas, B. (2003) The virgin and her lover: fragments of an ancient Greek novel and a Persian epic poem, Leiden.Google Scholar
Hardie, P. (2007) ‘Roman images of the Persian Wars’, in Bridges, E., Hall, E. and Rhodes, P. J. (eds.), Cultural responses to the Persian Wars: antiquity to the third millennium, Oxford, 127–43.Google Scholar
Hau, L. I. (2013) ‘Nothing to celebrate? The lack or disparagement of victory celebrations in the Greek historians’, in Spalinger, A. and Armstrong, J. (eds.), Rituals of triumph in the Mediterranean world, Leiden, 57–74.Google Scholar
Haynes, I. (2013) Blood of the provinces: the Roman auxilia and the making of provincial society from Augustus to the Severans, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hilton, J. L. (2009) ‘Contemporary elements in Achilles Tatius’ Leucippe and Clitophon’, AClass 52, 101–12.Google Scholar
Holder, P. A. (1980) Studies in the auxilia of the Roman army from Augustus to Trajan, Oxford.Google Scholar
Hunter, R. L. (1994) ‘History and historicity in the Romance of Chariton’, in ANRW ii.34.2, 1055–86.Google Scholar
Jameson, F. (1981) The political unconscious: narrative as a socially symbolic act, London.Google Scholar
Jolowicz, D. A. (forthcoming a) ‘AGATHOS DAIMÔN in Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe (5.1.6, 5.7.10): some ramifications’, CQ 68.Google Scholar
Jolowicz, D. A. (forthcoming b) ‘Sicily and Roman Republican history in Chariton's Chaereas and Callirhoe, JHS 138.Google Scholar
Jones, C. P. (1992) ‘La personnalité de Chariton’, in Baslez, Hoffmann and Trédé (1992) 161–7.Google Scholar
Kawerau, G. and Rehm, A. (eds.) (1914) Milet, iii: Das Delphinion in Milet: die Inschriften, Berlin.Google Scholar
Keppie, L. (1983) Colonisation and veteran settlement in Italy 47–14 BC, London.Google Scholar
Keppie, L. (1984) The making of the Roman army: from Republic to Empire, London.Google Scholar
Köhler, J. (1996) Pompai: Untersuchungen zur hellenistischen Festkultur, Frankfurt am Main.Google Scholar
Kraft, K. (1951) Zur Rekrutierung von Alen und Kohorten an Rhein und Donau, Bern.Google Scholar
Lamberton, R. (1997) ‘Plutarch and the Romanizations of Athens’, in Hoff, M. C. (ed.), The Romanization of Athens. Proceedings of an international conference held at Lincoln, Nebraska (April 1996), Oxford, 151–60.Google Scholar
Lange, H. J. and Vervaet, F. J. (2014a) (eds.), The Roman Republican triumph: beyond the spectacle, Rome.Google Scholar
Lange, H. J. and Vervaet, F. J. (2014b) ‘Introduction’, in Lange and Vervaet (2014a) 9–14.Google Scholar
Laplace, M. (1980) ‘Les légendes troyennes dans le roman de Chariton Chairéas et Callirhoé’, REG 93, 83–125.Google Scholar
Lavagnini, B. (1921) ‘Le origini del romanzo greco’, Annali della Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa 27, 1–104.Google Scholar
Lavan, M. (2007) ‘Slaves to Rome: the rhetoric of mastery in Titus's speech to the Jews (Josephus Bellum Judaicum 6.328–50)’, Ramus 36, 25–38.Google Scholar
Lavan, M. (2011) ‘Slavishness in Britain and Rome in Tacitus’ Agricola’, CQ 61, 294–305.Google Scholar
Lavan, M. (2013a) ‘Florus and Dio on the enslavement of the provinces’, CCJ 59, 125–51.Google Scholar
Lavan, M. (2013b) Slaves to Rome: paradigms of Empire in Roman culture, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Le Bohec, Y. (1989) Les unités auxiliaires de l'armée romaine en Afrique Proconsularis et en Numidie sous le Haut-Empire, Paris.Google Scholar
Lefteratou, A. (2018) ‘Carved into papyrus: opening ekphraseis as the statuesque trademark of the Greek novel’, L'Antiquité Classique 27.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R. (1964) ‘Nationalism in Roman Egypt’, Aegyptus 44, 179–99.Google Scholar
Madsen, J. M. and Rees, R. (eds.) (2014) Roman rule in Greek and Latin writing: double vision, Impact of Empire 18, LeidenGoogle Scholar
Mason, H. J. (1974) Greek terms for Roman institutions: a lexicon and analysis, Toronto.Google Scholar
Master, J. (2016) Provincial soldiers and imperial instability in the Histories of Tacitus, Michigan.Google Scholar
Maxfield, V. A. (1986) ‘Systems of reward in relation to military diplomas’, in Eck and Wolff (1986) 26–43.Google Scholar
McDonnell, M. (2006) ‘Roman aesthetics and the spoils of Syracuse’, in Dillon and Welch (2006) 68–90.Google Scholar
Miles, M. (2008) Art as plunder: the ancient origins of debate about cultural property, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Millar, F. (1977) The emperor in the Roman world (31 BC – AD 337), London.Google Scholar
Molinié, G. (ed.) (1979) Chariton. Le roman de Chaeréas et Callirhoé, Paris.Google Scholar
Moreno, A. (2012) ‘Cleruchy’, in Bagnall, R. S., Brodersen, K., Champion, C. B., Erskine, A. and Huebner, S. R. (eds.), The encyclopedia of ancient history, published online at https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04068.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. R. (1995) ‘The Greek novel: toward a sociology of production and reception’, in Powell, A. (ed.), The Greek world, London and New York, 130–52.Google Scholar
Östenberg, I. (2009) Staging the world: spoils, captives, and representations in the Roman triumphal procession, Oxford.Google Scholar
Perry, B. E. (1930) ‘Chariton and his romance from a literary-historical point of view’, AJPh 51, 93–134.Google Scholar
Petrocheilos, N. (1974) Roman attitudes to the Greeks, Athens.Google Scholar
Plepelits, K. (ed.) (1976) Chariton von Aphrodisias: Kallirhoe, Stuttgart.Google Scholar
Rankov, B. (2007) ‘Military forces’, in Sabin, Van Wees and Whitby (2007) ii.30–75.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D. (2007) ‘Warfare and the state A: Military finance and supply’, in Sabin, Van Wees and Whitby (2007) ii.158–76.Google Scholar
Reardon, B. P. (ed.) (2004) Chariton Aphrodisiensis: De Callirhoe narrationes amatoriae, Munich.Google Scholar
Reynolds, J. (1982) Aphrodisias and Rome, London.Google Scholar
Rice, E. E. (1983) The grand procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus, Oxford.Google Scholar
Richard, J.-C. (1966) ‘Les funérailles de Trajan et le triomphe sur les Parthes’, RÉL 44, 351–62.Google Scholar
Rohde, E. (1914 [1876]) Der griechische Roman und seine Vorläufer, 3rd edn, Leipzig.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Montero, C. (1989) ‘Caritón de Afrodisias y el mundo real’, in: Liviabella, P. and Scarcella, A. M. (eds.), Piccolo mondo antico, Naples, 107–49.Google Scholar
Ruiz-Montero, C. (1994) ‘Chariton von Aphrodisias: Ein Überblick’, ANRW 2.34.2, 1006–54.Google Scholar
Russell, D. A. (1983) Greek declamation, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sabin, P., Van Wees, H. and Whitby, M. (eds.) (2007) The Cambridge history of Greek and Roman warfare, 2 vols., Cambridge.Google Scholar
Saddington, D. B. (1982) The development of auxiliary forces from Caesar to Vespasian, Harare.Google Scholar
Schlesinger, A. C. (1951) Livy: History of Rome. Volume xiii: Books 43–45, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Schmeling, G. (1974) Chariton, New York.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. C. (2003) ‘Rome in the Greek novel? Images and ideas of Empire in Chariton's Persia’, Arethusa 36, 375–94.Google Scholar
Schwartz, S. C. (2016) From bedroom to courtroom: law and justice in the Greek novel, Ancient Narrative Supplement 21, Groningen.Google Scholar
Sekunda, N. (1985) ‘Achaemenid colonization in Lydia’, REA 87, 7–30.Google Scholar
Serrati, J. (2007) ‘Warfare and the state’, in Sabin, Van Wees and Whitby (2007) i.461–97.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. D. (1983) ‘Soldiers and society: the army in Numidia’, Opus 2, 133–5.Google Scholar
Sherwin-White, A. N. (1979) The Roman citizenship, 2nd edn, Oxford.Google Scholar
Shipley, G. and Spawforth, A. J. S. (1995) ‘New imperial subscripts to the Spartans’, ABSA 90, 29–34.Google Scholar
Smith, R. R. R. (1993) The monument of C. Julius Zoilos, Mainz.Google Scholar
Smith, R. R. R. (2013) The marble reliefs from the Julio-Claudian Sebasteion, Aphrodisias 6, Mainz.Google Scholar
Smith, R. R. R., Dillon, S., Hallett, C. H., Lenaghan, J. and Van Voorhis, J. (2006) Roman portrait statuary from Aphrodisias, Aphrodisias 2, Mainz.Google Scholar
Smith, S. D. (2007) Greek identity and the Athenian past in Chariton: the romance of Empire, Ancient Narrative Supplement 9, Groningen.Google Scholar
Spalinger, A. and Armstrong, J. (eds.) (2013) Rituals of triumph in the Mediterranean world, Leiden.Google Scholar
Spawforth, A. J. S. (2012) Greece and the Augustan cultural revolution, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stephens, S. A. (1994) ‘Who read ancient novels?’, in Tatum, J. (ed.), The search for the ancient novel, Baltimore and London, 405–18.Google Scholar
Swain, S. C. R. (1996) Hellenism and empire: language, classicism, and power in the Greek world, AD 50–250, Oxford.Google Scholar
Thackeray, H. St. J. (1928) Josephus: The Jewish war. Volume iii: Books 5–7, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Tilg, S. (2010) Chariton of Aphrodisias and the invention of the Greek love novel, Oxford.Google Scholar
Trzaskoma, S. M. (2010) Two novels from Ancient Greece: Callirhoe and An Ephesian story, Indianapolis and Cambridge.Google Scholar
Trzaskoma, S. M. (2012) ‘Why Miletus? Chariton's choice of setting and Xenophon's Anabasis’, Mnemosyne 65, 300–7.Google Scholar
Trzaskoma, S. M. (unpublished) ‘Novelly rewriting Greek history (and erasing Rome?) in Chariton's Callirhoe’.Google Scholar
Versnel, H. S. (1970) Triumphus: an inquiry into the origin, development and meaning of the Roman triumph, Leiden.Google Scholar
Wallace-Hadrill, A. (2008) Rome's cultural revolution, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Welch, K. (2006) ‘Domi militiaeque: Roman domestic aesthetics and war booty in the Republic’, in Dillon and Welch (2006) 91–161.Google Scholar
Wesch-Klein, G. (2007) ‘Recruits and veterans’, in Erdkamp (2007) 435–50.Google Scholar
Wesseling, B. (1988) ‘The audience of the ancient novels’, GCN 1, 67–79.Google Scholar
Westall, R. (2014) ‘Triumph and closure: between history and literature’, in Lange and Vervaet (2014a) 33–52.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, T. J. G. (2001) Greek literature and the Roman Empire: the politics of imitation, Oxford.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, T. J. G. (ed.) (2010) Local knowledge and microidentities in the imperial Greek world, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, T. J. G. (2011a) Narrative and identity in the ancient Greek novel: returning romance, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Whitmarsh, T. J. G. (2011b) ‘Greek poets and Roman patrons in the late Republic and early Empire’, in Schmitz, T. A. and Wiater, N. (eds.), The struggle for identity: Greeks and their past in the first century BCE, Stuttgart, 197–212.Google Scholar
Wiater, N. (2011) The ideology of classicism: language, history, and identity in Dionysius of Halicarnassus, New York.Google Scholar
Wikander, C. (1992) ‘Pomp and circumstance: the procession of Ptolemaios II’, Opuscula Atheniensa 19, 143–50.Google Scholar
Winterbottom, M. (1974) Seneca the Elder: Declamations. Volume ii: Controversiae, Books 7–10. Suasoriae. Fragments, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Wolf, C. and Faure, P. (eds.) (2016) Les auxiliaires de l'armée romaine: des alliés aux fédérés, Lyon.Google Scholar