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The uses of Greek Orthodoxy in the early poetry of Yannis Ritsos

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2016

John Kittmer*
Affiliation:
King’s College London

Extract

The influence of Greek Orthodoxy on Ritsos’ poetry, previously neglected because of the poet’s political commitments, is examined. Against the backdrop of the poet’s Orthodox upbringing and his early conversion to communism, Ritsos’ uses of Orthodoxy in certain poems written before 1948 are considered. The diversity is demonstrated during this period of Ritsos’ conception and treatment of the tensions and oppositions between Orthodoxy and Marxism. The ideological influence of Varnalis on the earliest collection, Τρακτέρ, can be contrasted with the more nuanced use of Orthodox material in Επιτάφιος and the sympathetic depiction of childhood religion in Μια πυγολαμπίδα φωτίζει τη νύχτα. Only in the particular conditions of wartime Greece does Ritsos manage a bridge between Orthodoxy and Marxism: Η Κυρά των Αμπελιών synthesizes Ritsos’ liberation message with images rooted in popular religion.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2009

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References

1 The dissertation on which this article is based owes a substantial debt to the encouragement and wisdom of Dr David Ricks, who was its supervisor. I acknowledge also the inspiration of Dora Papaioannou and the close attention given to the draft by its reviewers, Prof. Peter Mackridge and Dr Anthony Hirst.

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17 Spanakou, #‘H κριτική’, 160-8, 174.

18 Ritsou-Glezou, Γα παιδικά χρόνια, 117.

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23 Ritsos I, Γρακτέρ, ‘Διεξοδος’, 9. The syntax of vv. 1-2 is elliptical.

24 Matthew 27: 35.

25 Matthew 26: 67.

26 Acts 7: 59.

27 Luke 24: 46.

28 John 19: 26-7.

29 ‘Movo τ’ αγκάθια στην πεδιάδα όλη’, ‘κι οι πέτρινοι σταυροί σκίζουν σα χέρια’, ‘αλλάτου λείπει.,.κι η επίσημος αγχόνη...’: Κ. Karyotakis, G., Ποιήματα και πεζά, ed. Savvidis, G. P. (Athens 2001) 110 Google Scholar.

30 Compare #‘Τον κόρφο σου άνοιξε - νεκρού λίκνο - να με δεχτείς’ (Ritsos I, 11) with ‘κλΐνον το ούς σου, Άγνή, κου σώσον...’ from the Akathistos Canon (Ode 7, troparion 5).

31 Ritsos I, 12. The transfiguration is partial because the poet cannot forget his vale of tears.

32 Revelation 1: 8.

33 See, e.g., Whitman’s appropriation of the same theme:

That I could forget the trickling tears and the blows of the bludgeons and hammers!

That I could look with a separate look on my own crucifixion and bloody crowning.

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34 On, e.g., apocalyptic imagery in Palamas’ assimilation of Christ, Gypsy and Poet, see Hirst, God and the Poetic Ego, 70-3.

35 See further Ritsos I, 13, 15, 16 and 34.

36 Ritsos I, #‘Διέξοδος’, 11.

37 On post-symbolist ‘egotism’, see Philokyprou, E., ‘The Greek post-symbolists’ place in society’, Modern Greek Studies Yearbook 8 (1992) 238fGoogle Scholar.

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39 Varnalis, K., To φως ποο καίει (Athens 2003) 67-78Google Scholar.

40 Cf.Swinburne, A.C., The Poems, I (London 1904) 67 Google Scholar: ‘Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean; the world has grown grey from Thy breath’.

41 Ritsos I, ‘Στο Χριστό’, 45; Swinburne, , Poems, II, 81 Google Scholar.

42 Varnalis, To φως, 83-93.

43 Ibid., 89f.; Ritsos I, ‘Στο Μαρξ’, 49.

44 1 Corinthians 15: 51-2.

45 McLellan, Marxism and Keligion 101-3; Burleigh, M., Sacred Causes: Keligion and Politics from the European Dictators to Al Qaeda (London 2006) 42 Google Scholar.

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47 Ritsos VII, Γίγνεσθαι, ‘To τερατώδες αριστούργημα’, 372f.

48 Ritsos I, #Δοκιμασία, Mia πυγολαμπίδα φωτίζει τη νΰχτα, 340.

49 For the photograph, see Kotti, Γιάννης Ρίτσος, 96-7; on the events, Mazower, M., Salónica, City of Ghosts: Christians, Muslims and Jews, 1430-1950 (London 2004) 380-3Google Scholar; on the poem, Prevelakis, О ποιητής, 71.

50 On the book-burning, see Dounia, C., Λογοτεχνία. кои πολιτική: Та περιοδικά της Αριστεράς στο μεσοπόλεμο (Athens 1999) 445 Google Scholar (n.50); on the events, Solaro, Ιστορία, 119-23; Close, Origins, 47-9; Woodhouse, C. M., The Struggle for Greece 1941-1949 (London 2002) 16 Google Scholar.

51 Veloudis, Προσεγγίσεις, 20.

52 Ibid., 87-113; Prevelakis, О ποιητής, 71.

53 Dounia, Λογοτεχνία. кои πολιτική, 443f.

54 Ritsos I, 325-40.

55 Kassis, K. D., Μοιρολόγιοι της μέσα Μάνης: Ανέκδοτα κείμενα κοα άγνωστα ιστορικά μοιρολογιών кал οικογενειών, I (Athens 1979) 30fGoogle Scholar.; Saunier, G., Ελληνικά δημοτικά τροιγούδια.: 7α μοιρολόγια (Athens 1999) 23 Google Scholar; Alexiou, M., The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition (Cambridge 1974) 49 Google Scholar; Ioannou, Y., To. δημοτικά μας τραγουδια (Athens 1977) 23 Google Scholar.

56 Ibid., 197; Saunier, Ελληνικά δημοτικά τραγούδιοί, 424.

57 Alexiou, The Ritual Lament, 77, 126; Kassis, K. D., #Μοιρολόγια. της μέσα Μάνης: Ανεκδοτα κείμενοί кои άγνωστα ιστορικά μοιρολογιών και οικογενειών, II (Athens 1980) 257 Google Scholar, 259, 303.

58 Kassis, , Μοιρολόγια, II 297 Google Scholar.

59 Veloudis, Προσεγγίσεις, 96-8.

60 E.g. Mary at the Cross’, Sancti Romani Melodi Cantica: Cantica Genuina, ed. Maas, P. and Trypanis, C. A. (Oxford 1963) 142-9Google Scholar.

61 Ritsos, I, Επιτάφιος, XX, 182 Google Scholar.

62 Pasayianis, K., Μανιάτικα μοιρολόγια кои τροίγούδια (Athens 1928) 87 Google Scholar.

63 She appears at Ritsos I, 330 and 332.

64 Ibid., 327 and 331 respectively.

65 Ibid., 331.

66 Ritsos I, 336.

67 Ritsos I, 337f . See Prokopaki, Πορεία, 23; Papanonakis, Y. D., Εισοίγωγή στην παιδική ποίηση του Γιάννη Ρίτσου (Athens 1996) 119-22Google Scholar.

68 See quotation at the head of this section.

69 Prokopaki, Πορεία, 23f.

70 Ritsos I, 329f.

71 Nietzsche, F., Twilight of the Idols, tr. Hollingdale, R. J. (London 1990) 121 Google Scholar.

72 Sikelianos, A., Λορικός βίος, III (Πρόλογος στη ζωή) (Athens 2000) 189 Google Scholar.

73 Hirst, God and the Poetic Ego, 259f.

74 Ritsos II, Μετακινήσεις, ‘H ταφή του Οργκάθ’, 203.

75 Woodhouse, C.M., Apple of Discord: A Survey of Recent Greek Politics in their International Setting (Reston 1985) 59-65Google Scholar; Close, Origins, 68ff.; Solaro, #Ιστορία, 150, 161.

76 Glinos, D., Ti είναι кси τι θέλει το Εθνικό Απελευθερωτικό Μετωπο (Athens 1944) 44 Google Scholar, 46.

77 Fleischer, H., ‘The National Liberation Front (EAM), 1941-1947: A reassessment’, in Iatrides, J. O. and Wrigley, L. (ed.) Greece at the Crossroads: The Civil War and its Legacy (University Park, PA 1995) 52-4Google Scholar; Couvaras, C. G., O.S.S. with the Central Committee of E.A.M. (San Francisco 1982) 57 Google Scholar.

78 In this it followed Stalin’s new policy of 1942: Overy, R., Russia’s War (London 1998) 162fGoogle Scholar.; Burleigh, Sacred Causes, 233-6. On KKE-Soviet contacts, see Woodhouse, The Struggle, 23, 45ff.; Farakos, G. B’ Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος: Σχεσεις KKE кси Αιεθνούς Κομμουνιστικοό Κεντροο (Athens 2004)Google Scholar.

79 For attacks on priests, see Mazower, M., Inside Hitler’s Greece: The Experience of Occupation (New Haven 2001) 124 Google Scholar. During the Civil War, when attitudes hardened, both sides murdered priests.

80 Close, Origins, 74; Woodhouse, The Struggle, 5, 19f.; Mazower, Hitler’s Greece, 271.

81 Ibid., 273.

82 Dimakos, Y. K. (=‘Kapetan Anypomonos’), Στο βουνό με τον σταυρό, κοντά στον Άρη: Στρατιωτικός ιερεύς στο Γενικό Στρατηγείο του ΕΛΑΣ (Larisa 2004)Google Scholar; Karayiannis, Y. N., #H Εκκλησία οιπό τψ Κατοχή στον Εμφύλιο (Halandri 2001) 38fGoogle Scholar.

83 Ritsos V, #Та. Еткааргка, ‘То Υστερόγραφο της Δόξας’, 146.

84 See the German propaganda photograph in Mazower, Hitler’s Greece, 81.

85 Kotti, Γιάννης Ρίτσος, 95, 90, 98.

86 Preveíalas, O ποιητής, 145f; Veloudis, Προσεγγίσεις, 24; Roderick Beaton ‘Modernism and the quest for national identity: the case of Ritsos’ Romiosini’, in О ποιητής κοα о πολίτης Γιάννης Ρίτσος, ed. Makrinikola, E. and Boumazos, S. (Athens 2008) 109-24Google Scholar.

87 Ritsos, II, Αγρύπνια. H Kopá των Αμπελιών, I 73 Google Scholar; V 78; XI 85.

88 Ibid., XIII 88; XVIII 94; XIX 94.

89 Ibid., IX 83; XV 91; XVII 93.

90 Ibid., II 74; X 83; XIX 95.

91 Ibid., I 73; X 85; XXIV 98.

92 Ibid., II 74; VI 79; XVIII 94.

93 Ibid., II 75; XVI 91; XXIV 98.

94 Ritsos, II, Αγρύπνια. Ρωμιοσύνη, II 61 Google Scholar (Virgin); III 63 (Christ); VI 69 (saints); VII 71 (church); VI 69 (icons).

95 Of the nine themes described in Loukatos, D. S., Εισαγωγή στην ελληνική λαογραφία (Athens 1978) 258fGoogle Scholar. only ‘demonic powers’ are absent.

96 Michailidis, ‘Μυθος κοα θρησκευτικότητα’, 62.

97 Ritsos, II, H Κυρά, X 84fGoogle Scholar.

98 On Papadiamandis and folk religion, see Loukatos, D. S., ‘To λαογραφικό στοιχείο στο έργο του Παπαδιαμάντη, Νεα Εστία 355 (1941) 60-3Google Scholar; Ricks, D., ‘Papadiamandis, paganism and the sanctity of place’, Journal of Mediterranean Studies 2 (1992) 169-82Google Scholar.

99 E.g. the reference to St George: Ritsos I, Мш πυ-γθλαμπίδα, 329.

100 Ritsos, II, H Κυρά, IX 83 Google Scholar.

101 See, e.g., ibid., VII 81 (η γαλήνη / το λάδι); X 83f. (#τα δέντρα, οι καμπάνες, οι βαλαντωμένοι βλα’χοι / άγιοι τριχωτοί); XIII 88 (ο Παντοκράτορας / о πατέρας).

102 Voyiatzoglou, Μεγάλη Ιδέα, chapters 4 (44) and 9 (178, 191).

103 Ritsos, II, H Kopd, I 73 Google Scholar.

104 Ibid., XIV 90: ‘...μη ρουθουνίσουν οι παλιές λοφωματιές κι αχνίσει της εικόνας σου το τζάμι.’

105 Ibid., XV 90.

106 Ibid., XX 95.

107 Hirst, God and the Poetic Ego, 186f. (on the Μάνα/Mother Nature); 192-5 (on the Virgin/Sister).

108 Ritsos, II, H Κυρά, XIV 90 Google Scholar.

109 Ibid., XVIII 94.

110 Ibid., XVI 91.

111 Prevelakis, #О ποιητής, 147.

112 Ibid., 141.

113 The Gospel reading at the Akathistos service projects Christ as ‘the true vine’: John 15: 1.

114 Ritsos, II, H Κυρά, XXIII 97 Google Scholar.

115 Ibid., XXIV 98.

116 Prevelakis, О ποιητής, 140 argues that the Lady is ‘η προσωποποίηση της πατρίδας’ on the basis of III 76: ‘είσαι η ομορφιά κ’ η λεβεντιά κ’ είσοα η Ελλάδα’. He is perhaps recalling the explicit identification of the ‘Μεγαίλη Μητέρα’ as the personification of Greece in Solomos’ Οι ελεύθεροι πολιορκημένοι ( Solomos, D., Άπαντΰί, I. Ποιήματοί, ed. Politis, L. (Athens 1948) 229 Google Scholar). Ritsos’ conception is, however, more complex: it is clear, for example, that in cantos XV-XXI of H Κυρά the vineyard itself is a representation of Greece.

117 A similar conflation of images occurs in Ρωμιοσύνη, III 63, where the stones of Greece are painted with saints and mermaids.

118 Ritsos, II, H Kopá, XI 85 Google Scholar.

119 Ritsos, , The Lady of the Vineyards, tr. Athanassakis, A. N. (New York 1978) 9 Google Scholar; Spanos, W. V., ‘Yannis Ritsos’ Romiosini: Style as historical memory’, The Charioteer 29/30 (1987/8) 102fGoogle Scholar.

120 Ritsos, II, Ρωμιοσόνη, VII 72 Google Scholar.

121 Ritsou-Glezou, Ta παιδικά χρόνια, 112; Kotti, Γιάννης Ρίτσος, 55, 83, 103. For leftist attacks on Sikelianos, see Vitti, , Γενιάτου τριάντοί, 53 (Glinos, 1932/3)Google Scholar; Bien, P. Kazantzakis: Politics of the Spirit (Princeton 1989) 177 Google Scholar (Varnalis, 1947); for tentative reappraisal, Avyeris, M., Έλληνες λογοτέχνες (Athens 1971) 135-65Google Scholar (first published 1952).

122 Vitti, Γενιά τοο τριάντα, 53.

123 Ritsos translated Blok’s The Twelve (1918) in 1957, and may have encountered it in translation from the late 1920s (Prevelakis, #О ποιητής, 25; Makrinikola, E., Βιβλιογραφία Γιάννη Ρΐτσοο 1924-1989 (Athens 1993) 45fGoogle Scholar). Blok’s pre-revolutionary work was possibly not widely available in Greek: Tiganas, A., Ρώσσοι ποιηταί της προεπαναστατικής κοα μετεπαναστατικής περιόδου (Athens 1924)Google Scholar contains only post-revolutionary Blok. Nevertheless, the Lady of the Vineyards and Blok’s Beautiful Lady share important characteristics. Blok’s Lady too has many avatars: as the Virgin; the Mysterious Virgin; the Virgin, Dawn and Burning Bush; the Incomparable Lady; Inaccessible and Unattainable; the Queen ( Hackel, S., The Poet and the Revolution: Aleksandr Blok’s ‘The Twelve’ (Oxford 1975) 5 Google Scholar). She too is intimately associated with nature ( Blok, A., Selected Poems, ed. Woodward, J. B. (Oxford 1968) 4 Google Scholar); a real presence and a metaphor.