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Urdu Intensive and Pseudo-Intensive Verbs
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
Extract
(a) (1) The intensive compound is of commoner use than the simple verb. Practically every verb is made intensive by prefixing the root of the simple transitive or intransitive verb, or the causal form, to one of the following serviles :Len to take ; den to give ; dln to hurl, drop, pour, etc.; mrn to strike, kill, destroy ; jn to go ; parn to fall (gently or metaphorically), to be in a lying position ; uthn to rise, stand up ; baithn to sit . The prefixed root remains unchanged, but the suffixed servile is regularly conjugated. The prefixed root gives the general meaning, but the suffixed servile modifies or intensifies this meaning. The shade of meaning may often be expressed in English by an adverb or by the tone of voice, as baithn to sit, be seated , but baith-jn to sit down , thagn to cheat , thaglen to cheat out of .
(2) While the simple and intensive forms are not identical in meaning, the simple form can often, but not always, be substituted with no more than some loss of force. It is sometimes no easy matter to render the exact shade of meaning given by a particular intensive.
- Type
- Papers Contributed
- Information
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 5 , Issue 1 , February 1928 , pp. 63 - 79
- Copyright
- Copyright School of Oriental and African Studies 1928
References
page 63 note 1 This applies also to the Pseudo-Intensives.
page 63 note 2 Jann to give birth to has no intensive.
page 64 note 1 = parh Ice sunn read it aloud to me .
page 64 note 2 Here, therefore, den is not so polite as len.
page 64 note 3 Of course, were a particular word stressed by the insertion of the enclitic to, etc., the simple statement would be modified.
page 65 note 1 Implying that she suspected the cook (mm) was fraudulently supplying an inferior and cheaper quality of dah.
page 66 note 1 How did you manage to go there ? is turn wah kaise jne p, e: j-liye would have the same meaning but it is not used.
page 66 note 2 Lete indicates managed to.
page 66 note 3 Note the ko to distinguish the (though indefinite) object from the subject.
page 67 note 1 Note the implications of jn and n here.
page 67 note 2 Den alone might mean to hand .
page 68 note 1 Dihli idiom.
page 68 note 2 Lakhnau idiom.
page 68 note 3 When any portion of a compound verb is intransitive, the agent case in ne cannot be used.
page 69 note 1 Chhn tr. to sift, to search minutely . Chht-len to explore, or sift and keep . Chhn-dln to ransack through ; dln here not a servile.
page 69 note 2 De patakn to dash a thing at or down .
page 69 note 3 All verbs compounded with jn, n, and rahn are liable to be ambiguous, as these may retain their literal sense.
page 69 note 4 Literal meaning, vide note 3.
page 69 note 5 But gir-parn to fall down suddenly .
page 69 note 6 Db-marn to die by drowning of one's own accord ; dbke-marn to be drowned accidentally .
page 70 note 1 Statical.
page 70 note 2 Hot hai there is (always) a headache experienced .
page 71 note 1 Zakhm m khujl hot hai.
page 71 note 2 Ghus raht hai he remains as a visitor intrudingly .
page 72 note 1 Bol-uth he exclaimed, he said suddenly .
page 72 note 2 Parn here indicates falling down on .
page 72 note 3 It cannot be simply substituted for parn.
page 72 note 4 Wuh bol-par he unexpectedly said .
page 72 note 5 But of smouldering fire bharak-uthn to flare up ".
page 73 note 1 Pseudo-intensive.
page 73 note 2 Bhg khar hon to run off in haste with long strides . Khar hai in such cases is the opposite of kar-baithn to sit down, after doing .
page 74 note 1 Nikln is not a servile.
page 74 note 2 Grierson, George Sir has pointed out that this confusion of the Conj. Part, with the root is modern. In mediaeval Hindi, as still in some dialects, the Conj. Part. ended in i as kari (= kar).Google Scholar
page 75 note 1 No idea of going away.
page 75 note 2 Parn here is not a servile and does not suggest suddenness.
page 75 note 3 Baithn here not a servile.
page 75 note 4 Uthn is not a servile.
page 75 note 5 Bhg khar hon to run off in haste with long strides . Khar in such cases is the opposite of kar-baithn to sit down after doing .
page 75 note 6 This might be said to a person in the next room.
page 75 note 7 The Conjunctive Participle le-jkar is in common use.
page 75 note 8 Ma kuchh rupai tum ko det j, u I will give you some money before I go .
page 76 note 1 Or ek ghante tak.
page 76 note 2 The idea is of taking up a thing and down only when done with.Kempson.
page 76 note 3 Not k or kar-l hai, which would mean has lately got ready .
page 76 note 4 I rested only when I had passed.
page 76 note 5 Or not so good nikl-py: no ne before nikl-py.
page 77 note 1 Present tense for immediate future.
page 77 note 2 Dary char-gay hai has much the same meaning, but has not quite such an imminent meaning.
page 77 note 3 The shortened form kar joins the two verbs closely, the fuller form karke implies an interval.
page 77 note 4 But db-jt hai for the setting sun.
page 78 note 1 But baith-rah he remained sitting .
page 78 note 2 Jt hai he goes is an Aoristic Present; j-rah hai he is going now Pure Present.
page 79 note 1 Note position of hah.