Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-b95js Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-26T18:04:41.589Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Entomological Studies, relating to Yellow Fever Epidemiology, at Gede and Taveta, Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

W. H. R. Lumsden
W. H. R. Lumsden
Affiliation:
Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The theoretical objections to the explanation of the persistence of yellow fever virus in areas subject to a prolonged dry season by cycles involving only mosquitos and wild primates are discussed in relation to the results of field surveys in areas of this type in Kenya. The localities studied were Gede, on the coast about 65 miles north of Mombasa, and Taveta, near Mount Kilimanjaro.

The topography, climate, vegetation and human population of the areas are briefly described.

Gede was visited towards the end of the dry season, Taveta during the main wet season. Thus most of the data relating to conditions during the dry season are derived from Gede, the results from Taveta being used mainly for comparative purposes. The work included 24-hour baited catches at two levels, moving catches, and larval collections in all the main typical environments.

All the species of biting arthropod encountered at each locality are recorded; in each case most were mosquitos.

At Gede the only mosquitos which were abundant as biting adults were species which breed in sea water, Aëdes fryeri (Theo.) and A. pembacnsis (Theo.), and they were practically confined to the close vicinity of their breeding places. The vertical distributions and biting-cycles of these species are defined.

At Gede, mosquito larvae could readily be obtained by filling tree holes artificially with water but no naturally water-filled tree holes were discovered by intensive searches in all the natural environments present in the area. Nor were any water-containing leaf axils discovered.

Type
Original Articles
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 46 , Issue 1 , April 1955 , pp. 149 - 183
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1955

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bailey, K. P. (1947). A preliminary note on the sylvan mosquitos of Gede.—E. Afr. med. J., 24, pp. 38–41.Google Scholar
Bauer, J. H. (1928). The transmission of yellow fever by mosquitoes other than Aëdes aegypti.—Amer. J. trop. Med., 8, pp. 261–282. (Abstr. in Trop. Dis. Bull., 25, p. 848.)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beeuwkes, H. & Hayne, T. B. (1931). An experimental demonstration of the infectivity with yellow fever virus of Aëdes aegypti captured in an African town.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 25, pp. 107–110.Google Scholar
Bugher, J. C (1951). The mammalian host in yellow fever.—In Strode, G. K.Ed. Yellow fever, pp. 299–384. New York, McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Dale, I. R. (1939). The woody vegetation of the coast province of Kenya.—Inst. Pap. For. Inst. Oxf., no. 18, 28 pp.Google Scholar
Davis, N. C. (1933). Transmission of yellow fever virus by Culex fatigans Wiedemann.—Ann. ent. Soc. Amer., 26, pp. 491–495.Google Scholar
Davis, N. C. & Shannon, R. C. (1930). The location of yellow fever virus in infected mosquitoes and the possibility of hereditary transmission.—Amer. J. Hyg., 11, pp. 335–344.Google Scholar
Dick, G. W. A. & Gee, F. L. (1952). Immunity to yellow fever nine years after vaccination with 17D vaccine.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 46, pp. 449–458.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furlong, M. (1947). Aëdes control at Lamu.—E. Afr. med. J., 24, pp. 36–38.Google Scholar
Garnham, P. C. C. (1949). Acrodendrophilic mosquites of the Langata Forest, Kenya.—Bull. ent. Res., 39, pp. 489–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garnham, P. C. C., Harper, J. O. & Highton, R. B. (1946). The mosquitos of the Kaimosi Forest, Kenya Colony, with special reference to yellow fever.—Bull. ent. Res., 36, pp. 473–496.Google Scholar
Gillett, J. D. (1951). The habits of the mosquito Aëdes (Stegomyia) simpsoni Theobald in relation to the epidemiology of yellow fever in Uganda.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 45, pp. 110–121.Google Scholar
Gillett, J. D., Ross, R. W., Dick, G. W. A., Haddow, A. J. & Hewitt, L. E. (1950). Experiments to test the possibility of transovarial transmission of yellow fever virus in the mosquito Aëdes (Stegomyia) africanus Theobald.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 44, pp. 342–350.Google Scholar
Gillman, C. (1949). A vegetation-types map of Tanganyika Territory.—Geogr. Rev., 39, pp. 7–37, 1 pl.Google Scholar
Haddow, A. J. (1945). The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. II. Biting activity with special reference to the influence of microclimate.—Bull, ent. Res., 36, pp. 33–73.Google Scholar
Haddow, A. J. (1948). The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. VI. Mosquito breeding in plant axils.—Bull. ent. Res., 39, pp. 185–212.Google Scholar
Haddow, A. J. (1950). A note on the occurrence of Aëdes (Stegomyia) simpsoni Theobald in the canopy of rain-forest in Bwamba County, Uganda.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 44, pp. 238–241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haddow, A. J. (1952). A review of the results of yellow fever protection-tests on the sera of primates from Kenya.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 46, pp. 135–143.Google Scholar
Haddow, A. J., Gillett, J. D. & Highton, R. B.(1947). The mosquitoes of Bwamba County, Uganda. V. The vertical distribution and biting-cycle of mosquitoes in rain-forest, with further observations on microclimate.—Bull, ent, Res., 37, pp. 301–330.Google Scholar
Haddow, A. J., Smithburn, K. C., Dick, G. W. A., Kitchen, S. F. & Lumsden, W. H. R. (1948). Implication of the mosquito Aëdes (Stegomyia) africanus Theobald in the forest cycle of yellow fever in Uganda.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 42, pp. 218–223.Google Scholar
Haddow, A. J., Smithburn, K. C., Mahaffy, A. F. & Bugher, J. C. (1947). Monkeys in relation to yellow fever in Bwamba County, Uganda.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 40, pp. 677–700.Google Scholar
Heisch, R. B. (1950). Survey of the Kerio Valley.—E. Afr. med. J., 27, pp. 233–242.Google Scholar
Hopkins, G. H. E. (1952). Mosquitoes of the Ethiopian Eegion. I. Larval bionomics of mosquitoes and taxonomy of Culicine larvae.—2nd edn., 355 pp. LondonBrit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).Google Scholar
Hornell, J. (1934). Indonesian influence on East African culture.—J. R. anthrop. Inst., 64, pp. 305–332.Google Scholar
Kauntze, W. H. & Symes, C. B. (1933). Anophelines and malaria at Taveta.—Rec. med. Res. Lab. Kenya, no. 5, 26 pp.Google Scholar
Kerr, J. A. (1932). Studies on the transmission of experimental yellow fever by Culex thalassius and Mansonia uniformis.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 26, pp. 119–127.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, T. W. (1925). The mosquitoes of Egypt. —224 pp. Cairo, Egypt.Govt. Anti-Malar. Comm.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. J., Hughes, T. P. & Mahaffy, A. F. (1942). Experimental transmission of yellow fever by three common species of mosquitoes from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 36, pp. 34–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumsden, W. H. R. (1951 a). Probable insect vectors of yellow fever virus, from monkey to man, in Bwamba County, Uganda.—Bull. ent. Res., 42, pp. 317–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lumsden, W. H. R. (1951 b). The night-resting habits of monkeys in a small area on the edge of the Semliki Forest, Uganda. A study in relation to the epidemiology of sylvan yellow fever.—J. Anim. Ecol., 20, pp. 11–30.Google Scholar
Lumsden, W. H. R. (1952). The crepuscular biting activity of insects in the forest canopy in Bwamba, Uganda. A study in relation to the sylvan epidemiology of yellow fever.—Bull. ent. Res., 42, pp. 721–760.Google Scholar
Lumsden, W. H. R. & Buxton, A. P.(1951). A study of the epidemiology of yellow fever in West Nile District, Uganda.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 45, pp. 53–78.Google Scholar
Lumsden, W. H. R. & Van someren, E.C.C. (1953). Records of Culex species (Diptera: Culicidae) from West Nile District, Uganda, with notes on their behaviour.—Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond., (B) 22, pp. 19–22.Google Scholar
Mahaffy, A. F., Smithburn, K. C., Jacobs, H. R. & Gillett, J. D. (1942). Yellow fever in western Uganda.—Trans. R. Soc. trop. Med. Hyg., 36, pp. 9–20.Google Scholar
Marshall, J. F. (1938). The British mosquitoes.—341 pp. London, Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).Google Scholar
Mattingly, P. F. (1949). Studies on West African forest mosquitos. Part I. The seasonal distribution, biting cycle and vertical distribution of four of the principal species.—Bull. ent. Res., 40, pp. 149–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, P. F. (1952). The sub-genus Stegomyia (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Ethiopian Region. (Part I.)—Bull. Brit. Mus. (nat. Hist.), Ent., 2, pp. 233–304.Google Scholar
Milne, G. (1936). A provisional soil map of East Africa (Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika and Zanzibar) …—Amani, E. Afr. agric. Res. Sta.Google Scholar
Murray, Sir J. (1913). The ocean.—256 pp. London, Thornton Butterworth.Google Scholar
Philip, C. B. (1929). Preliminary report of further tests with yellow fever transmission by mosquitoes other than Aëdes aegypti.—Amer. J. trop. Med., 9, pp. 267–269. (Abstr. in Trop. Dis. Bull., 26, p. 1005.)Google Scholar
Robinson, G. G. (1950). A note on mosquitoes and yellow fever in Northern Rhodesia.—E. Afr. med. J., 27, pp. 284–288.Google Scholar
Smit, F. G. A. M. (1952). Descriptions of two new fleas, with a redescription of the genus Chimaeropsylla Rothschild, 1911.—Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (12) 5, pp. 844–856.Google Scholar
Smithburn, K. C., & Haddow, A. J. (1949). The susceptibility of African wild animals to yellow fever.—Amer. J. trop. Med., 29, pp. 389–423.Google Scholar
Smithburn, K. C., Haddow, A. J. & Lumsden, W. H. R. (1949). An outbreak of sylvan yellow fever in Uganda with Aëdes (Stegomyia) africanus Theobald as principal vector and insect host of the virus.—Ann. trop. Med. Parasit., 43, pp. 74–89.Google Scholar
Smithburn, K. C. & Mahaffy, A. F. (1945). Immunization against yellow fever …—Amer. J. trop. Med., 25, pp. 217–223.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. M. (1951). Epidemiology.—In Strode, G. K.Ed. Yellow fever, pp. 427–538. New York, McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Teesdale, C. (1941). Pineapple and banana plants as sources of Aëdes mosquitoes.—E. Afr. med. J., 18, pp. 260–267.Google Scholar
Wiseman, R. H., Symes, C. B., McMahon, J. C. & Teesdale, C. (1939). Report on a malaria survey of Mombasa.— 60 pp. Nairobi, Govt. Printer.Google Scholar