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Papist-Protestant - Puritan: English Religious Taxonomy 1565-1665*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 October 2016

Thomas H. Clancy
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Extract

It is wel knowne ... that in the realme of Ingland at this day, there are three different and opposite bodies of religion that are of the most bulk and that do carry most sway and power, which three bodies are knowne commonly in Ingland by the names of Protestants, Puritanes, and Papists, though the latter two do not acknowledge these names, and for the same cause would I not use them neither, if it were not only for cleerness and brevities sake, for that, as often I have protested, my meaning is not to give offence to any side or partye.

The idea for this paper came to me a dozen years ago while re-reading Will Herberg’s Protestant - Catholic - Jew, subtitled ‘An Essay in American Religious Sociology’. Mr Herberg made extensive use of survey data which, of course, are not available to the student of Elizabethan-Stuart England, but some of his most pertinent insights came from his analysis of manners of contemporary American speech. I began at that time to note and classify the ways in which Englishmen of this period described religious beliefs and attitudes. The conviction slowly formed that terminology not only flowed from religious thought and belief but in its turn influenced religious thought.

Type
Research Article
Information
British Catholic History , Volume 13 , Issue 4 , October 1976 , pp. 227 - 253
Copyright
Copyright © Catholic Record Society 1976

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Footnotes

*

(Research for this paper was supported by grants from the Society of Religion in Higher Education and from Loyola University, New Orleans.)

References

Notes

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2 1st ed. 1955, Garden City. I am using the revised 1960 Anchor books ed.

3 Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (N.Y., 1964), p. 13.Google Scholar

4 ‘Whosoever shall behold the Papists with Puritane spectacles, or the Puritans with Papistical, shal see no other certeyntye than the multiplication of false images.’ Cecil, Robert in 1604-05, quoted in Strype’s Annals 4, p. 545.Google Scholar

5 ‘A mood, an attitude of mind, an outlook on life, can hardly be dated: if, however, a watershed is sought at which earlier doubts of the survival of the régime melt into the buoyant self-confidence of the middle years, the collapse, at the end of its first decade (that is, of Elizabeth’s first decade), of the last of the feudal and Catholic revolts may be regarded as marking it.’ Social History and Literature (Leicester, 1958), p. 12 Google ScholarPubMed. See also Dickens, A. G., Lollards and Protestants (London, 1959), p. 251.Google Scholar

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8 Exposicion upon... Matthew ... the restoring agayne of Christe lawe corrupte by the papistes . . . (1530. STC 24440).

9 Cited by Birt, H. N., Elizabethan Religious Settlement (London, 1907), p. 389.Google Scholar

10 Correspondence (Parker Society, Cambridge, 1853), p. 344.

11 Collinson, Patrick (ed.), Letters of Thomas Wood. Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. Special Supplement No. 5 (London, 1960), p. 22fGoogle Scholar.

12 See John Awdeley, A godly Ditty. STC 995; Thomas Bette. STC 1979.

13 See Rollins, Hyder, ‘An Analytical Index to the Ballad Entries’, Studies in Philology, Vol. 21 (1924), Nos. 924, 953, 1229, 1260, 1261.Google Scholar

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16 Charke, William, An Answere to a Seditious Pamphlet (1581: STC 5006), p. 17.Google Scholar

17 A Christian Letter (STC 13721. 1599), p. 15.

18 English Works (London, 1840), 6, p. 389.

19 Gardiner, S. R., History of England (London, 1893), 10, p. 64n.Google Scholar

20 Birt (see n. 9), p. 521.

21 Quoted in Lyell, James, ‘A Tract of James VI’s Succession’, E.H.R. 51 (1936), p. 293.Google Scholar

22 The King’s Majesties Declaration . . . concerning lawfull sports (1618. STC 8566), p. 8.

23 Wm. Lambarde and Local Government (ed. Read, Conyers, Ithaca, 1962), p. 95.Google Scholar

24 An Apology of the Defence of Schisme (1593), STC 711, p. 41.

25 1633 ed. (STC 2946), p. 295-6. Note that Wm. Fulke comments on this by saying of his party (Puritans) ‘We acknowledge no names but of Christian Catholikes’, Text of the New Testament (London, 1601: STC 2900), p. 376. See also the comment of Daniel Featley: Vertumnus Romanus (London, 1642: Wing F. 597), p. 138n.

26 Walsingham, Francis, A search made into matters of Religion (1609. STC 2500), Part 3, ch. 10, p. 466.Google Scholar

27 Austin, John, The Christian Moderator, 2nd part (London, 1652), p. 12.Google Scholar

28 These three works respectively are STC 19399, STC 22994, STC 19398. Concerning them, see my Papist Pamphleteers (Chicago, 1964), ch. 3.

29 Sharpe, Cuthbert, Memorials of the Rebellion of 1569 (London, 1840), p. 213 Google Scholar. Hughes, Thomas, History of the Society of Jesus in North America (N.Y., 1907), Text 1, p. 207.Google Scholar

30 Foley 2, p. 560. The same year, a Catholic correspondent wrote to Rome concerning the ‘papisti’ and added by way of explanation, ‘ché cosf come si chiamano’. P.R.O. 31/9/46, fol. 126.

31 Caraman, P., Henry Garnet (N.Y., 1965), p. 112.Google Scholar Original in Latin.

32 Wing C. 435. (1655), p. 42.

33 Rumble, Leslie, ‘Roman Catholic: A Protestant term’, Homilectic and Pastoral Review Vol. 61 (1961), p. 852.Google Scholar See Thurston, H. in Month, Vol. 118 (O.S.), p. 290–307.Google Scholar

34 The paraenese or admonition of Io. Colville (laitty returnit to the Catholique Romane religion in vhilk he vas baptesit). (Paris, 1602: STC 5589/A&R 249). See also sigla bb ii, e iiv. See also A Short Declaration (Rouen, 1615: STC 30451) sigla asr; Clarke, Anthonie, The Defence of the Honour (Paris, 1621: STC 5352)Google Scholar, where ch. 1 is entitled ‘The Beginning of our Catholike Romane Faith’.

35 The Answere to the first part of a certaine conference (London, 1603: STC I 12988), ch. 9, ad finem.

36 Smith, Richard, Prudentiall balance of religion (1609: STC 22813) p. 16 Google Scholar, also ch. 19, passim. Humphrey Leech, Dutiful and Respective Considerations (1609: STC 15362), p. 55.

37 Thomas Jackson, Londons New Yeeres gift (1609: STC 24303), p. 11.

38 I, James, Apologia (1609) in Political Works (ed. McIlwain, C. H.), Cambridge, 1918, pp. 153-60Google Scholar. See also his letter of 26 December 1624 in Tierney-Dodd, Church History 5, cccxlvii. See Prince Charles’ letter to the Pope of 20 June 1623 (Tierney-Dodd 5, ccxv. Original in Latin.) On Charles’ usage as King, see Albion, Gordon, Charles I and the Court of Rome (London, 1935), p. 233.Google Scholar

39 Prynne, William, The Substance of a speech (3rd ed: P., Wing 4073: London, 1649), p. 95 Google Scholar. See also p. 110.

40 Albion (see n. 38), p. 202. Cf. the statement of George Digby, the Earl of Bristol, in Commons, 1663 : ‘It is true, Mr Speaker, I am a Catholic of the Church of Rome but not of the Court of Rome; no negotiation there of Cardinal Caps for his Majesty’s subjects and Domestics; a true Roman Catholic as to the other world, but a true Englishman as to this’: Hay, Malcolm, The Jesuits and the Popish Plot (London, 1934), p. 52 Google Scholar. See also Digby, K. in Bligh, , Sir Kenelm Digby and his Venetia (London, 1932), p. 232.Google Scholar

41 Animadversions upon a book (1674: Wing C. 4415), p. 9.

42 J. Percy, A treatise of faith (1614: STC 10916), Preface.

43 Reply to King James (1630: STC 6385), p. 411.

44 Challoner, Richard, Memoirs of Missionary Priests (rev. ed. by Pollen, J. H., London, 1924), p. 371.Google Scholar

45 Caraman, P., Henry Morse (N.Y., 1957), p. 131.Google Scholar

46 Challoner, p. 449.

47 A Declaration of the Principali points (1647: Wing D. 742), p. 100.

48 Jardine, D., Criminal Trials, Vol. 1 (Boston, 1832), p. 341.Google Scholar

49 Elizabeth of England (Philadelphia, 1951), p. 64.Google ScholarPubMed

50 Journals of the House of Commons (n.d.p.) 1, p. 144.

51 1667 ed. s.v. ‘Catholick’. Shoemaker, Robert, The Origin and meaning of the name Protestant Episcopal (New York, 1959)Google Scholar, very conveniently lists seventeenth and eighteenth century dictionary definitions of ‘Catholic’, ‘Episcopal’, ‘Papist’, ‘Protestant’ and ‘Roman Catholic’.

52 Shoemaker, p. 8f.

53 Thomas Hughes (see n. 29 supra) 1, 238-9•

54 Apello Caesar em (see n. 18 supra), p. 48.

55 An End to Controversie (1654: Wing B. 1510), p. 5.

57 Quoted in Macaulay, Rose, They went to Portugal (London, 1946), p. 69.Google Scholar

58 See my Papist Pamphleteers, p. 19, and references in Hicks, Leo, ‘Elizabeth Royal Supremacy’, Month, Vol. 183 (1947), p. 218 n, 1Google Scholar. Anstruther, G. writes, ‘It was indeed the religion of nobody, imposed on everybody’: Vaux of Harrowden (Newport, 1953), p. 70 Google Scholar. One of Persons’ sharpest gibes against John Field was to characterize him as the kind of man who could devise a new religion on a week’s notice. A Brief Discourse (1580: STC 19394), Dedication.

58 A declaration of true causes (1592: STC 10005/A&R 844), p. 10.

59 Brief Discourse, p. 39v .

60 Bk. 2, ch. 2 of his unfinished Of the Life and martyrdom of Father Edmond Campian’: Stonyhurst Archives, Greene’s Collectanea, p. 1.

61 Persons, R., Warnword to Sir Francis Hastings (1602: STC 19418), 1st encounter, ch. 6, p. 15v Google Scholar.

62 Morris, John (ed.), The Condition of Catholics (London, 1871), p 31.Google Scholar

63 Newes of Spayne (1593: STC 22994), pp. 25, 30. Bristowe is quoted by a Puritan writer in 1606 as saying *all sound Protestants be Puritans in heart’. A Survey of the Books of Common Prayer (1606: STC 16450), p. 11.

64 Floyd, John, The overthrow of the Protestants Pulpit Babels (1612: STC 11111), p. 16 Google Scholar. In 1599 Persons spoke of the Church of England as ‘Parliament religion’ and said it was under severe attack from the Brownists and Puritans: A Temperate Wardword (STC 19415), p. 4.

65 Digby, , A discourse concerning Infallibility (Amsterdam, 1652), p. 186fGoogle Scholar. Austin, , The Christian Moderator, 2nd ed. (1652: Wing A 4244), p. 36.Google Scholar Reasons why Roman Catholicks should not be persecuted (Wing R 586), p. 1. Walker, Presbyteries Triall (1657: Wing S 6028), p. 372.

66 See supr. n. 25.

67 Hastings, An Apologie or Defence (1600: STC 12928), p. 13. The Supplication of certain Masse Priests (1604: STC 14430), sigi. D 3v.

68 The Archbishop of Canterbury’s Speech (London, 1644), L, Wing. 599. p. 11 Google Scholar. Wedgwod, C. V., A Coffin for King Charles, (N.Y., 1964), p. 205.Google Scholar

69 Gardiner, , History of England, 8, p. 129.Google Scholar

70 See Cardwell, E., A History of the Conferences (Oxford, 1849), p. 338 Google Scholar. In 1689, the lower house of the Canterbury convocation complained that the term Protestant was too equivocal since ‘Socinians, anabaptists and quakers assumed that title’: Ibid. 445. Kidd, B. in his Counter-Reformation (London, 1937, p. 262)Google Scholar puts a stronger interpretation on these two passages.

71 Times Literary Supplement, 4 September 1953, p. 563. Cf. Only two religions were recognized in Elizabethan England, and “Anglican” was not one of them’: Collinson, P., The Elizabethan Puritan Movement (Berkeley, 1962), p. 55.Google Scholar

72 Marchant, Ronald A., The Puritans and the Church Courts in the Diocese of York (London, 1960), p. 13.Google Scholar

73 See Collinson, P., The Elizabethan Puritan Movement, p. 11 Google Scholar, and the complaints of the Puritan ministers in 1604 cited by McGrath, Patrick, Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I (London, 1967), p. 375 Google Scholar. See also Knappen, M. M., Tudor Puritanism (Chicago, 1939), p. 219.Google Scholar

74 Penry, John, Three Treatises (ed. Williams, David, Cardiff, 1960), p. 32f.Google Scholar

75 P.R.O. S.P. 15/21/121. See Collinson, p. 144.

76 The Plea of the Innocent (1602: STC 18541), p. 4. See his documentation on the religious illiteracy of Englishmen, pp. 219f.

77 A Pithie Exhortation, p. 66 and p. 91 (second pagination). On the contemporary sense of the term ‘atheist’ see my Papist Pamphleteers (n. 28 supra), ch. 7.

78 Diary of John Manningham (ed. Bruce, John), Camden Society, Vol. 99 O.S. (London, 1868), p. 168.Google Scholar

79 Gordon Albion (see n. 38 supr.), p. 13n. Compare the 1618 enumeration by the Venetian ambassador, Cal S.P. Venetian, 1617-19, p. 383f.

80 Floyd, , God and the King (A&R 325), pp. 139-40Google Scholar; Overthrow (see supr. n. 64), p. 69. Reference to King’s 32 Lectures on Jonas (STC 14976).

81 See Parker, T. M., ‘Arminianism and Laudianism’, in Studies in Church History 1 (ed. Duggan, Chas. & Dugmore, C. W., London, 1964).Google Scholar

82 Appello Caesarem (London, 1625), STC 18030, pp. 10, 11.

83 Cited in Thompson, Faith, Magna Charta (Minneapolis, 1948), p. 352.Google Scholar

84 A. Ar., The Practice of Princes (1630: STC 722), p. 5.

85 The Plots Revealed (1643: Wing P. 2604), p. 3.

86 A Key for Catholicks (1659: B. 2395), p. 326f. Rushworth, prints this letter in his Historical Collections (London, 1731), 1, pp. 474-6Google Scholar. Baxter and Laud’s enemies seem to have missed the Papist production, An Apologie of English Arminianism (1634: STC 18333)• This seems to have been a work written by a don who had been converted to Arminianism and then to Rome. Its purpose seems to have been to win over other Protestants to the halfway house of Arminianism.

87 1658: Wing S. 6229.

88 Bosher, Robert S., The Making of the Restoration Settlement (London, 1957), p. 47.Google Scholar

89 Ollard, S. L. and Crosse, Gordon, A Dictionary of English Church History (London, 1919), p. 525 Google Scholar. See Shoemaker (see n. 51), p. 11. According to SirMatthew, Tobie, Andrewes, Lancelot early in the seventeenth century spoke of ‘the English Protestant Catholic Church’. See True Historical Relation (ed. Matthew, A. P., London, 1904), p. 99.Google Scholar

90 McGrath (see n. 73), p. 45. On the origin of the name see Charles, and George, Katherine, The Protestant Mind (Princeton, 1961), p. 400f.Google Scholar

91 A survey of the pretended holy discipline (1593: STC 1352), p. 60.

92 Letters (see n. 12), p. 16.

93 Gardiner, S. R., History of England, 9, p. 225.Google Scholar

94 England under the Stuarts, 19th ed. (London, 1946), p. 50.Google ScholarPubMed

95 Economic Problems of the Church (Oxford, 1956), p. xii. See also his ‘The definition of a Puritan’, ch. 1 of Society and Puritanism (n. 3 supra).

96 The Protestant Mind (see n. 119 supra).

97 The Copie of a Double Letter (1582?; STC 888).

98 Doleman (see n. 1 supra) II, 242. Cf. II, 244. An anonymous Puritan author in 1606 points out with pride that ‘the Papistes esteem the Puritans to be their chiefest opposites’. He cites Doleman, Parsons and Bristowe. (Survey, see n. 63 supra, p. 10f.).

99 STC 3516, tp. In his foreword he speaks of the ‘odious and vile name of Puritans’. There were further edd. in 1640 (STC 3517) and 1641 (Wing B. 4158). See also ( Ley, John) A Discourse concerning Puritans (1641: L., Wing 1876)Google Scholar. The author, an ardent Puritan, writes from the point of view of a moderate Protestant and answers objections to Puritanism. See his definitions of Puritans on pp. 11, 58.

100 Diotrephes (ed. Arber, E., 1879), p. 9.Google Scholar

101 Neale, J., Elizabeth I and her Parliaments (N.Y., 1958), 2, p. 151 Google Scholar. The complaint of Richard Baxter in a similar vein is well known. See Gardiner, , History 8, p. 124.Google Scholar

102 Diary (see n. 78), p. 156. John Walker in a passage cited above (n. 65) quotes Thomas Vane, a Roman convert. ‘Amongst legall Protestants there are many stored with moral goodness, but the zeal and devotion is amongst the Puritans : but it has eaten up almost all moral honesty among them.’

103 British Museum, Harleian MS. 1284. Cf. STC 24962.

104 Times Literary Supplement, 15 July 1955, p. 398. Review of William P. Holden, Anti-Puritan Satire.

105 Ibid.

106 Teulet, A., Relations politiques de la France (Paris, 1862), 4, p. 265.Google Scholar

107 P.D.M., The Image of Both Churches (1623: STC 19481), p. 159.

108 Exemplar Literarum (Rome: STC 19767), p. 5.Google Scholar

109 Bosher (see n. 88 supra), p. 233. George & George (see n. 90 supra), p. 356.

110 Collinson (see n. 71 supra), p. 448.

111 Political Works (see n. 38 supra), p. 7. See the comments of Ley (n. 99 supra), p. 15f., and Hill (n. 4 supra), p. 17.

112 See Clancy (n. 28 supra), pp. 17ff.

113 This was included in James’ rebuke of Dr John Reynolds on the second day of the Hampton Court Conference, January 1604. Some years later a Scot referred to it as ‘that unkoth motto!’ See Collinson, P., ‘Episcopacy and Reform’, in Studies in Church History, Vol. 3 (ed. Cuming, G. J., Leyden, 1966), p. 91.Google Scholar

114 Political Works, p. 126. Compare James, Thomas, The Jesuits Downefall (1612: STC 14459), Prop. 3.Google Scholar

115 Stirling, Brents, The Populace in Shakespeare (N.Y., 1949)Google Scholar.

116 STC 19352: 1606. Preface No. 6.

117 Floyd, God and the King, p. 69. Purdie, Albert B., The Life of Blessed John Southworth (London, 1930), p. 54.Google Scholar Caraman, P., Henry Morse (N.Y., 1957), p. 71.Google Scholar

118 Barlow, A Sermon preached at Paules Cross (1601 : STC 1454), sig. b 5v. Worthington, T., A relation of xvi martyrs (1601: STC 916), p. 9.Google Scholar

119 Clapham (supra n. 49), p. 80.

120 Europae Speculum (1637: STC 21721), p. 213f. (1st ed. 1605).

121 A sermon preached at Paules Cross by a late reverend bishop (1653: Wing S. 2631), quoted by Madure, Millar, The Pauľs Cross Sermons (Toronto, 1958), p. 248.Google Scholar

122 Works (ed. Scott, Wm., Oxford, 1849), Vol. 2, xiiiGoogle Scholar; also Vol. 3, p. 315. See also Thomas Swadlin, op. cit. (see n. 87), p. 9.

123 Works (ed. Spedding, , London, 1890), 8, p. 100 Google Scholar. This is the letter that Walsingham is supposed to have sent to the French Ambassador, De Crétoy. It contains the famous passage about the Queen ‘not liking to make windows in men’s hearts and secret thoughts’. Spedding shows that it was probably drawn up by Bacon, p. 96f.

124 Appello Caesarem, p. 112. See also p. 48, where he declares his intention of defending the Church of England against ‘those Brethren in evil, Papists and Puritans ... who looking and running two severall waies, doe like Sampson’s Foxes joine together in the taile’. He told a friend it was his duty to ‘stand in the gap against Puritanism and Popery, the Scylla and Charybdis of ancient piety.’ Cited by Chadwick, Owen, The Reformation (Harmondsworth, 1964), p. 228.Google Scholar

125 A Relation of a Conference in Works, Vol. 2, p. xv. Richard Baxter also has some remarks on the psychology of conversion in Works (ed. Wm.Orme, , London, 1830), Vol. 12, p. 500.Google Scholar

126 An Almond for a Parrai (n.d. STC 534), p. 14. On ‘the fable that Penry was a Papist’, see Pierce, William, John Penry (London, 1923), p. 7f.Google Scholar

127 Davis, H. W. C., History of Balliol College, revised ed. (Oxford, 1963), pp. 78, 94fGoogle Scholar. See Bossy, John, ‘Elizabethan Catholicism : the link with France’, unpublished D. Phil. thesis, Cambridge Univ. 1961, Part I, section 2: ‘Recusancy was the Puritanism of Oxford’Google Scholar. See also his ‘Character of Elizabethan Catholicism’, in Aston, Trevor (ed.), The Crisis of Europe (London, 1965), p. 223ff.Google Scholar

128 Basset, Bernard, The English Jesuits (New York, 1968), p. 25 Google Scholar. Jones, Rufus notes that another famous Catholic, Fr Baker, Augustine, had Puritan sympathies before his conversion to Rome, ‘and the Puritanic strain in him remained a vital feature of his religion throughout his life’: Mysticism and Orthodoxy (New York, 1965), p. 111.Google Scholar

129 See the account in the DNB. George and Thomas Morton, sons of a well-to-do Catholic family at Haworth, were members of the English separatist congregation in Leyden early in the reign of James I: Willison, George, Saints and Strangers (N.Y., 1945), p. 75.Google Scholar

130 The Court of King James (London, 1839) 1, p. 406. See Aveling, Hugh, The Catholic Recusants of the West Riding of Yorkshire: Proceedings of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society, Part 6, p. 208–09.Google Scholar

131 Leatherbarrow, J. Stanley, The Lancashire Elizabethan Recusants (Chetham Society Publications, Vol. 110, N.S., Manchester, 1947), p. 70–71.Google Scholar

132 This story is repeated by Fuller, , Heylyn, Peter (Cosmographia, London, 1652, Bk. I, p. 267–8 Google Scholar) and by Foulis, Henry (History of Romish Treasons, London, 1681, p. 421 Google Scholar). The latter two both give the sonnet plus an English translation. See the remarks of Wood, , Athenae Oxonienses (ed. Bliss, . London, 1813), 1, p. 613.Google Scholar

133 See Story’s, G. M. introduction to The Sonnets of William Alabaster (London, 1959)Google Scholar.

134 An Epistle to the severall congregations of the non-conformists (1664: E., Wing 3539)Google Scholar. His political change of heart comes through at the end of this short book.

135 Aveling (n. 172 supra), p. 219. See also Renold, P., The Wisbech Stirs, C.R.S. 51 (London, 1958), p. 184, n. 9Google Scholar.

136 A copy of a letter (1615: STC 4621), p. 31.

137 Exomologesis (1647: Wing C. 6894), p. 40.

138 A Tongue-Combat (1623: STC 22090), p. 102f.

139 The Christian Moderator, Second part (1652: Wing A. 4247), p. 20f.

140 D. Y., Legenda Lignea (1653: Wing L. 839), pp. 169, 172.

141 Sermons, Vol. 9 (Berkeley, 1958), p. 166.

142 Dockery, J. B., Christopher Davenport (London, 1960), ch. 4, pp. 62ff. Google Scholar; Nédoncelle, Maurice, Trois Aspects (Paris, 1951), ch. 3, pp. 83ff.Google Scholar

143 Memoirs of Gregorio Panzani (ed. Berington, Joseph, Birmingham, 1793), p. 163 Google Scholar. Ley in 1641 alleges that Puritans were accused of being the only hindrance to union between Canterbury and Rome. A Discourse concerning Puritans, 2nd ed. (1641: Wing L. 1876), p. 40.

144 See Birrell, T. A., ‘English Catholics without a Bishop, 1665-72’ in Recusant History 4 (1958), p. 170 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See Cressy’s Reflexions upon the Oathes (1661 : S. 2588). Cressy admits his authorship of this anonymous work in his Epistle Apologetical (1674: C. 6893), p. 64.

145 Devlin, Christopher, ‘An Unwilling Apostate’, Month N.S. Vol. 6 (1951), pp. 346–58.Google Scholar

146 Athenae Oxon. 2, 418.

147 And even into the twentieth. See Odegard, Peter (ed.), Religion and Politics (Rutgers, 1960), p. 61. Google Scholar

148 Strafford (London, 1957), p. 198.Google ScholarPubMed

149 Op. cit. (see n. 5), p. 251.

150 Collinson, Elizabethan Puritan Movement, pp. 257, 203.

151 J. Neale, (see n. 101 supra.) 2, pp, 198ff,

152 Matthews, A. G., speaking of those ministers not ejected during the Interregnum, said, ‘These men were faithful to the Englishman’s inveterate belief that the religion of all sensible men is always one of compromise’. Cited by Nuttall, G. F., The Puritan Spirit (London, 1967), p. 331.Google Scholar

153 Bossy, ‘Character’ (see supra n. 127), p. 246.

154 See e.g. Moulin, Pierre Du, Vindication of the Sincerity (1664: D., Wing 2571), p. 58ff Google Scholar. This work had further editions in 1667, 1668, 1679. See also Lloyd, William, The late Apology (1667: L., Wing 2683), p. 35ffGoogle Scholar. Further edd. 1673, 1675; also the same author’s Seasonable Discourse (1683: L 2694) and Reasonable Defence (1674: L 2692).

155 Animadversions (1674: C. 4415), p. 70f. See also his letter to Sir Kenelm Digby of 23 May 1650 in Lister, T. H., Life and Administration of ... Clarendon (London, 1837), 3, pp. 54–55.Google Scholar

156 Abernathy, George, The English Presbyterians and the Stuart Restoration, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, N.S. Vol. 55, Part 2 (1965), p. 93.Google Scholar

157 Treatise (1614: STC 4623), p. 9.

158 See Collison, , ‘The Role of Women’ in Studies in Church History, Vol. 2 (ed. Cuming, G. J., 1965), 258ffCrossRefGoogle Scholar. Also Stone, L., The Crisis of the Aristocracy (Oxford, 1965), p. 738 Google Scholar. Chadwick, Owen remarks, ‘If the epithet Puritan is removed from its special use to condemn the hypocrite, the canting and the bizarre, it may be merely one way of describing the moral ideas of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation’: The Reformation (Harmondsworth, 1964), p. 176.Google Scholar

160 H. Robinson, Liberty of Conscience, p. 41.

161 Hughes, Thomas, History of the Society of Jesus in North America, Text, Vol. 2 (N.Y., 1917), p. 36 Google Scholar. See Saltmarsh’s similar proposal in Solt, Leo, Saints in Arms (Stanford, 1959), p. 53.Google Scholar