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I. Sites Explored*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2016

D. R. Wilson
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Extract

Cae Metta (SH 536650), 1.5 km south-west of Llandeiniolen: preliminary examination of the polygonal enclosed hut-group suggested occupation from the mid third into the fourth century.

Caernarvon fort (Segontium, SH 485624) :3 excavation outside the north-east gate (porta decumana) showed that the original Flavian causeway and inner ditch remained in use unaltered until shortly after 330. The causeway was then dug through and the ditch re-cut from a W-profile to the normal V-section, while a new outer ditch was constructed some 10 m out from the gate. Access to the gate was now over wooden bridges, for which structural evidence was found at the inner ditch. Fresh details were also obtained of the Flavian timber gate.

Type
Research Article
Information
Britannia , Volume 3 , November 1972 , pp. 298 - 351
Copyright
Copyright © D. R. Wilson 1972. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

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References

1 RCAHM Wales and Monmouthshire, Caernarvonshire ii (1960), 179; iii (1964), pp. xcviii-c.Google Scholar

2 Excavation for the Caernarvonshire Historical Society was directed by Mr. R. G. Livens; summary report in AW 71.

3 RCAHM Wales and Monmouthshire, Caernarvonshire ii (1960), 158–63; V. E. Nash-Williams (ed. M. G. Jarrett), The R. Frontier in Wales 2 (1969), 59-64.Google Scholar

4 Excavation for the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. P. J. Casey; summary report in AW 1971.

5 cf. postholes uncovered by O'Neil, at the entrance to the fort: Archaeologia Cambrensis xcii (1937), 86 ff.Google Scholar

6 Rescue excavations in 1969-72 were carried out by Rescue Archaeology Group, under the direction of Mr. C. R. Musson, on behalf of the Department of the Environment; information from Mr. Musson. A full report is planned for Archaeologia Cambrensis; interim report, Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972) 263–72.Google Scholar

7 Information from Dr. J. L. Davies, who directed excavation for the Board of Celtic Studies a University College, Aberystwyth; summary report in AW 1971.

8 See Nash-Williams, V. E., Archaeologia Cambrensis cii (1953), 89–163 with plan. Cf. also G. Webster in A. L. F. Rivet (ed.), The R. Villa in Britain (1969), 238-43.Google Scholar

9 The mosaic is now dated c. 350 by Dr. D. J. Smith; cf. Rivet, op. cit. (note 8), 77, n. 4.

10 Excavation for the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments in Wales and Monmouthshire was directed by Mr. A. H. A. Hogg; summary report in AW 1971.

11 Called the ‘south-east’ angle in Britannia ii (1971), 245, but cf. FIG. 2.Google Scholar

12 Another interpretation is that the plan of the fort is not rectangular, but that the north-west side runs parallel to the river.

13 Information and plan from Dr. R. J. Ling, who directed the excavation for the Department of the Environment, the Board of Celtic Studies, the Cambrian Archaeological Association, and University College, Swansea. Summary report in AW 1971; for an account of both the 1970 and 1971 seasons see Gower xxii (1971), 44–51.Google Scholar

14 For a plan of Caerwent see Bull. Board of Celtic Studies xiv (1951), 248.Google Scholar

15 Excavation for the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. P. J. Casey; summary report in AW 1971. For an inscription found near the Ship Inn see p. 353 below, No. 9.

16 For a plan (drawn by Mrs. Maureen Manning) see Britannia ii (1971), 247, FIG. 4.Google Scholar

17 Information from Dr. W. H. Manning, who directed excavation on the site of new playing fields for the Usk Detention Centre, on behalf of the Department of the Environment; summary report in AW 1971.

18 Continued excavation by the Scottish Field School of Archaeology was directed by Dr. Anne S. Robertson, who sent information; summary report, DAES 1971, 2.

19 By the Archaeological Section of the Abertay Historical Society directed by Mr. and Mrs. J. Wilson; information from Mrs. Wilson.

20 R. G. Collingwood and I. A. Richmond, Archaeology of R. Britain 2 (1969), 296-7.

21 I. D. Margary, R. Roads in Britain 2 (1967), 492 (Road 9a).

22 Summary report, J. S. Nicoll, DAES 1971, 35.

23 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 494 (Road 9b).

24 By Miss M. B. Walker and Mr. G. S. Maxwell on behalf of the Department of the Environment; summary report, DAES 1971, 57.

25 cf. O. G. S. Crawford, Topography of R. Scotland (1949), 23-4.

26 Work by the Stirling Archaeological and Field Society was directed by Miss D. J. Milne; summary report, DAES 1971, 42.

27 Work was directed by Dr. Anne S. Robertson; summary report, DAES 1971, 42.

28 By Mr. D. J. Breeze for the Department of the Environment; summary report, DAES 1971, 56.

29 The R. Wall in Scotland 2 (1934), 121-3.

30 By Dr. Anne S. Robertson; summary report, DAES 1971, 28.

31 Summary report by Messrs. E. J. and Jeffrey Price, DAES 1971, 18.

32 Emergency work on a building site was carried out for the Department of the Environment by Miss Marion Walker; summary reports, DAES 1971, 55, and AE 1971, 40.

33 A hypocausted building and a length of conduit were uncovered nearby in 1827: RCAHMS, Counties of Midlothian and W. Lothian (1929), 93.

34 Excavation was directed by Mr. G. S. Maxwell; summary report, DAES 1971, 29-30.

35 W. Roy, The Military Antiquities of the Romans in Britain (1793), pl. ix.

36 Excavation for the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland was undertaken by Mr. G. S. Maxwell; summary report, DAES 1971, 58-9.

37 Trans. Dumfries and Galloway Nat. Hist, and Arch. Soc. xxiv (1945-1946), 156–8.Google Scholar

38 In effect, an auxiliary barrack has been fitted into a limited space by dividing it into two portions; cf. Martinhoe, , with barrack divided into three portions (Proc. Devon Arch. Soc. xxiv, 1966; 17, fig. 10).Google Scholar

39 Excavation for the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. D. J. Breeze, who sent the plan and information; interim report, Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972), 121–4.Google Scholar

40 Excavation for the Vindolanda Trust was directed by Mr. R. E. Birley, who sent information; cf. R. E. Birley, Vindolanda: a guide to the remains of the Roman frontier post and town (1972). For eight inscriptions or graffiti see pp. 354 and 360 below, Nos. 13, 14, 45-50.

41 cf. Current Archaeology ii (1969-1970), 99, plan.Google Scholar

42 Arch. Aeliana (4th s.), xxx (1952), 240, fig. 2.Google Scholar

43 Excavation on behalf of the University of Durham and Newcastle upon Tyne was directed by Mr. J. P. Gillam; information by courtesy of Dr. B. Dobson. For the chronology of the fort, and for fort buildings traced beneath the courtyard-building on Site XI, see Ibid., xlix (1971), 1-28.

44 JRS xli (1951), 56.Google Scholar

45 Excavation for the University of Newcastle upon Tyne was directed by Mr. G. Jobey, who sent information. For similar settlements superficially resembling Roman fortlets see Arch. Aeliana (4th s.), xlvi (1968), 53 ff.; xlviii (1970), 51-95; xlix (1971), 120-3, 129-30.Google Scholar

46 Arch. Aeliana (2nd s.), xxv (1904), pl. XIX.Google Scholar

47 Information from Miss D. Charlesworth, who directed excavation for the Department of t he Environment. For a graffito see p. 360 below, No. 44.

48 Limited excavation on behalf of the University of Durham was directed by Mr. A. M. Binns, who sent information; report forthcoming in Archaeologia Aeliana.

49 Re-examination of the turret on behalf of the Department of the Environment was directed by Miss D. Charlesworth, who sent details. For the 1947 excavation see JRS xxxviii (1948), 84. For two graffiti see below, p. 360, No. 42.Google Scholar

50 Cumberland and Westmorland Antiq. and Arch. Soc. (n.s.) lxiii (1963), 134.Google Scholar

51 Excavation by Messrs. R. L. Bellhouse and G. G. S. Richardson, who sent information.

52 Trans. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiq. and Arch. Soc. (n.s.) xxix (1929), 314–5; E. Birley, Research on Hadrian's Wall (1961), 143.Google Scholar

53 Excavation for the University of Durham was undertaken by Mr. A. M. Binns, who sent full details; report forthcoming, Trans. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiq. and Arch. Soc. (n.s.) lxxxiii (1973). The tower closely resembles Robin Hood's Butt, which also stands beside a Roman road but is otherwise undated: R. G. Collingwood and I. A. Richmond, The Archaeology of R. Britain2 (1969), 63-4, 69 (refs.).Google Scholar

54 The survey was done by Mr. A. J. Clark for the Department of the Environment with the cooperation of Mr. Richardson, G. G. S., whose excavation of a tile-kiln (Britannia ii, 1971, 251) continued into 1971.Google Scholar

55 R. E. Hooppell, Vinovia: a buried Roman city (1891), pl. 2.

56 Excavation for the Department of the Environment in advance of building work was directed by Mr. J. S. Rainbird, who sent information. For graffiti see below, p. 355, No. 20.

57 Excavation for the Yorkshire Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Miss S. Breckon; summary report, AE 1971, 67.

58 Excavation in advance of gravel working was directed for the University of Durham and the Department of the Environment by Mr. P. R. Scott, who sent information; summary report, AE 1971, 54-5.

59 Excavation for the York Minster Archaeological Advisory Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. D. Phillips; summary report, AE 1971, 67. See also Hope-Taylor, B., Under York Minster (Dean and Chapter of York, 1971), with plan of the stone buildings on p. 30.Google Scholar

60 RCHM England, Eburacum: Roman York (1962), 26.

61 Excavation for the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) was directed by Mr. B. K. Davison in succession to the late Mr. J. Radley; information from Mr. Davison.

62 By Mr. L. P. Wenham, who sent information. For earlier work see Ibid. 31-2.

63 Information from Mr. Wenham, who directed the excavation.

64 cf. Ibid. 61, no. 41.

65 Excavation of sites (v) and (vi) was directed by Mr. J. Hinchcliffe on behalf of the Yorkshire Museum and the Department of the Environment; information from Mr. Hinchcliffe and from Miss E. Blank; summary report, AE 1971, 67.

66 Excavation for the East Riding Archaeological Research Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. T. C. M. Brewster, who sent information; summary report, AE 1971, 24. For the prehistoric cemetery and settlement see AE 1970, 14.

67 Excavation for the East Riding Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. J. D. Hicks, who sent information. The better-preserved of the two kilns has been removed to Hull Museum.

68 Excavation for the Department of the Environment was directed by Dr. I. M. Stead; summary report, AE 1971, 24.

69 Excavation in advance of chalk quarrying was directed on behalf of the East Riding Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment by Mr. R. W. Mackey; summary report, AE 1971, 24-5.

70 Information from Mr. J. G. Hurst, who directed excavations for the Deserted Medieval Village Research Group and the Department of the Environment.

71 The site was recognised during air reconnaissance in July sponsored by Doncaster Museum; information from Mr. M. J. Dolby.

72 Continued excavation in advance of re-development was directed on behalf of Doncaster Corporation and the Department of the Environment by Mr. P. C. Buckland; information from Mr. M. J. Dolby of Doncaster Museum; summary report, AE 1971, 23-4; interim report with plan, Current Archeology iii (1971-1972), 273–8.Google Scholar

73 Excavation in advance of limestone quarrying was directed on behalf of Doncaster Museum and the Department of the Environment by Mr. A. B. Sumpter; information from Mr. Dolby. For an earlier account of this site with plans see Corder, P. in Grimes, W. F. (ed.), Aspects of Archaeology in Britain Beyond (London, 1951), 66–92.Google Scholar

74 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 405 (Road 720a).

75 Excavation by Percival Whitley College Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. J. Hooper; information from Mr. J. A. Gilks on behalf of the West Riding Archaeological Committee.

76 By Mr. R. F. J. Jones, who sent information.

77 For a site-plan see Arch. Journ. cxxvii (1970), 240, fig. 3.Google Scholar

78 Excavation for Manchester University was directed by Professor G. D. B. Jones, who sent detailed information.

79 By Mr. G. M. Leather, who sent information.

80 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 370 (Road 7b).

81 A photographic record has been made by Mr. R. M. Potts; summary reports, C. B. A. Group 5 Archaeological Newsletter No. 18 (Sept. 1971), 8, and No. 19 (March 1972), 5.Google Scholar

82 J. Chester and N. Wales Architectural Archaeological and Historical Soc. xxxviii (1951), 3-8.Google Scholar

83 Excavation of (i) and (ii) was supervised by Mr. T. E. Ward, of (iii) by Mr. D. J. Robinson, and of (iv) by Mr. Robinson and Mr. Ward, on behalf of the Grosvenor Museum, Chester; information from Mr. D. F. Petch.

84 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 300 (Road 7a).

85 Excavation for Manchester University and the Department of the Environment was directed by Professor G. D. B. Jones and Mr. J. F. Manley; information from Professor Jones; summary report AE 1971, 53.

86 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 297 (Road 6a ).

87 Excavation by an Extra-Mural class was directed by Mr. D. F. Petch, who sent information.

88 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 302 (Road 70a).

89 Excavation on behalf of Manchester University was directed by Professor G. D. B. Jones, who sent information.

90 Information from Mr. B. Quilliam, who excavated in 1969.

91 Excavation by the Middlewich Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. J. D. Bestwick, who sent information; summary report, C.B.A. Group 5 Archaeological Newsletter No. 8 (Sept. 1971), 7.Google Scholar

92 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 303 (Road 70a).

93 The section was examined by Mr. K. E. Jermy, of Warrington and District Archaeological and Historical Society, and Mr. E. M. Hughes, of Lymm and District Historical Society; information from Mr. Jermy. Summary report, C.B.A. Group 5 Archaeological Newsletter No. 18 (Sept. 1971), 8; full report forthcoming in Trans. Lancashire and Cheshire Antiq. Soc. lxxvii.Google Scholar

94 J. Chester N. Wales Architect. Archaeological Soc. (n.s.) xlviii (1961), 26 (Stretton), and lii (1965), 23-5 (Appleton).Google Scholar

95 JRS lix (1969), 210Google Scholar; Britannia i (1970), 282.Google Scholar

96 Information from Mr. Hughes, who did the work; summary report, C.B.A. Group 5 Archaeological Newsletter No. 19 (March 1972), 5–6.Google Scholar

97 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 299 (Road 670).

98 Observation by Mr. S. R. Williams; summary report, C.B.A. Group 5 Archaeological Newsletter No. 19 (March 1972), 6.Google Scholar

99 Information from Mr. P. Wise, who did the work with Mr. P. Mellor; report forthcoming in Derbyshire Arch. J.

100 Information from Mr. M. Brassington; no further details are available.

101 Information from Mr. B. B. Simmons on behalf of the Car Dyke Research Group.

102 Excavation for Lincoln Archaeological Research Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Miss Christina Colyer; reports forthcoming in Antiq. Journ.; summary report of site (i), AE 1971, 62-3, and of site (ii), C.B.A. Calendar of Excavations (summaries, 1971), 8. For an interim plan of site (i) see Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972), 68.Google Scholar

103 Information from Mr. R. Goodburn, who directed excavation for the Department of the Environment; summary report, AE 1971, 20-1.

104 By Mr. M. S. Gorin; summary report, C.B.A. Calendar of Excavations (summaries, 1971), 10.

105 These belong to ‘Category I’, which it is thought may have been made in Staffordshire as well as in Dorset. Cf. Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972), 200–2.Google Scholar

106 Trans. Birmingham Arch. Soc. lxxiv (1956), 12Google Scholar; see also Webster, G. and Charlesworth, D., The Roman Site at Wall (H.M.S.O., 1958), with plan on p. 8.Google Scholar

107 Information from Mr. A. A. Round, who directed excavations, (i) for the South Staffordshire Archaeological and Historical Society, (ii) for the Department of the Environment; summary reports, WMAMS 1971, 13.

108 Excavation by the Shropshire Roman Research Group on behalf of Shropshire County Council was directed by Dr. A. W. J. Houghton; summary report, WMANS 1971, 12.

109 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 298 (Road 6a).

110 Observation by the Shropshire Roman Research Group; summary report, WMANS 1971, 12-13.

111 Excavations by the Shropshire Roman Research Group were directed by Dr. A. W. J. Houghton; summary report, WMANS 1971, 12.

112 T. Wright, Uriconium (1872) with plan. Excavation by the Wroxeter Training School was directed by Dr. G. Webster; summary report, WMANS 1971, 10.

113 Excavation for Birmingham University and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. P. Barker, who sent information; summary report, WMANS 1971, 11.

114 Information from Mr. J. G. P. Erskine, who directed the excavation for the Department of the Environment; summary report, AE 1971, 18. For the earlier excavations see Trans. Woolhope Naturalists' Field Club xxxix (1967-1969), 258–83.Google Scholar

115 Excavation before the construction of a car-park was directed, on behalf of the University of Birmingham and the Department of the Environment, by Professor R. A. Tomlinson and Dr. L. H. Barfield; interim report, WMANS 1971, 17-19, with plans. For the earlier excavations see Trans. Birmingham Arch. Soc. li (1925-1926), 35–8Google Scholar; lii (1927), 312-4; lxiv (1941-2), 39-52; lxxv (1957), 1-23; and JRS lviii (1968), 187.

116 Xenophon, , De re equestri, iii, 5.Google Scholar

117 Information and plan from Mr. B. Hobley, who directed excavation for Coventry Museum; summary report, Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972), 127–30; full report forthcoming in Trans. Birmingham Arch. Soc.Google Scholar

118 JRS lvii (1967), 185, and lviii (1968), 188.Google Scholar

119 Excavation by the Solihull Archaeological Group was directed by Mr. J. G. Perry; summary report, WMANS 1971, 14.

120 Excavation for Rugby Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. J. Lucas; summary reports, AE 1971, 66, and WMANS 1971, 17.

121 Sites (4) and (5) were excavated for Warwick County Museum and the Department of the Environment under the direction of Mr. W. J. Ford; summary reports, AE 1971, 66, and WMANS 1971, 14-15.

122 Excavation for Birmingham City Museum and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mrs. K. F. Hartley, who sent information; summary reports, AE 1971, 22-3, and WMANS 1971, 15-16.

123 Excavation for Warwick County Museum and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. W. J. Ford; summary report, AE 1971, 66.

124 Excavations for the Nene Valley Research Committee and the Middle Nene Archaeological Group were directed by Messrs. C. Dallas and G. B. Dannell and Dr. J. P. Wild, who sent information; interim report, BNFAS 1971, 13-19.

125 Excavation for the Cambridge Antiquarian Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. H. J. M. Green; summary report, AE 1971, 19-20.

126 JRS lviii (1968), 190, fig. 13.Google Scholar

127 Excavation was directed by Professor S. S. Frere and Dr. J. K. St. Joseph, who provided details.

128 Excavation of this and the following site in advance of road works was directed on behalf of the Nene Valley Research Committee and the Department of the Environment by Messrs. A. Challands and G. B. Dannell and Dr. J. P. Wild; information from Dr. Wild; interim reports, AE 1971, 61-2, and BNFAS 1971, 22-6, 29-30. For the kiln type, see below, pp. 325-6 (Rushden).

129 For the earlier excavations see JRS lviii (1968), 189–90.Google Scholar

130 By Mr. D. A. Jackson; summary reports, AE 1971, 21, BNFAS 1971, 12, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 14.Google Scholar

131 JRS lviii (1968), 192.Google Scholar

132 Information from Mr. P. J. Woods, who directed excavation for Northampton Museum; see Woods, P. J., Brixworth Excavations i (1972, reprinted from J. Northampton Museums and Art Gallery No. 8).Google Scholar

133 Information and plan from Mr. R. M. Taylor, who directed excavation on behalf of the Upper Nene Archaeological Society; summary report, BNFAS 1971, 30-31; full report forthcoming in J. Northampton Museums and Art Gallery. For the type of kiln see below (Rushden).

134 Excavation for the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. D. A. Jackson of Westfield Museum, Kettering; summary reports, AE 1971, 21, BNFAS 1971, 32, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 14.Google ScholarPubMed

135 Actually beyond the parish boundary, in Irchester parish.

136 Excavation for Northamptonshire County Council on the site of new playing fields was directed by Mr. P. J. Woods, who sent full details and the reconstruction drawing; cf. Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972), 204–5. Other kilns of the same type are known at Hardingstone and Quinton (Northants) and at Longthorpe (Huntingdon and Peterborough). For a graffito see p. 359 below, No. 39.Google Scholar

137 A. L. F. Rivet (ed.), The R. Villa in Britain (1969), pl. 3.17.

138 Excavation by the Oxford University Archaeological Society on behalf of Sir Gerald Spencer Summers was directed by Mr. I. F. Sanders, who sent information; summary reports, BNFAS 1971, 32-33, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 10. For a graffito see p. 360 below, No. 40.Google ScholarPubMed

139 By Dr. J. K. St. Joseph in June and by Mr. Pickering, J. independently in July: Antiquity xlv (1971), 140–1, pl. xxiv.Google Scholar

140 Emergency excavation after levelling operations for new playing-fields was directed for Rugby Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment by Mr. S. J. Taylor, who sent information; summary reports, AE 1971, 21-2: BNFAS 1971, 27-9, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 9. For a sketch-plan showing the outline of the defences established by air-photography, geophysical survey and excavation see WMANS 1971, 14.Google ScholarPubMed

141 Information from Mr. D. N. Hall on behalf of the Higham Ferrers Hundred Archaeological Society; summary reports, BNFAS 1971, 37-8, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 14.Google ScholarPubMed

142 Emergency excavation in advance of gravel digging was directed on behalf of the Bedford Archaeological Society by Mr. P. G. Tilson, who provided details; summary reports, Bedfordshire Arch. J. vi (1971), 84Google Scholar, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 12.Google Scholar

143 Antiq. Journ. xli (1961), 32 ff.Google Scholar

144 Excavation on a proposed building-site was directed on behalf of the Department of the Environment by Mr. J. Dyer, who sent information; summary report, AE 1971, 45-6.

145 Information from Mr. A. E. Brown, who directed excavation for the Department of Adult Education, University of Leicester, and the Department of the Environment; summary reports, AE 1971, 53, BNFAS 1971, 21, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 12.Google ScholarPubMed

146 Oxoniensia xvii/xviii (1952/1953), 224–6, and xx (1955), 90.Google Scholar

147 Excavation for the Oxford Archaeological Excavation Committee was directed by Messrs T. G. Hassall and C. J. Young; information from Mr. Young; summary report, C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 33–4Google ScholarPubMed; full report forthcoming in Oxoniensia xxxvii (1972)Google Scholar. For a plan see Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972), 211.Google Scholar

148 It is suggested that this road should be given the number 161A in Margary's system (op. cit., note 21), replacing the Port Way which does not follow an obviously Roman course. Work by Messrs. G. H. Hargreaves and R. P. F. Parker is reported in C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 15.Google ScholarPubMed

149 Excavation for the Oxford Delegacy for Extra-Mural Studies, Oxford City and County Museum and Oxford Architectural and Historical Society was directed by Messrs D. G. Benson and T. Rowley; information from Mr. Rowley; summary report, G.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 10–12 with plan.Google ScholarPubMed

150 Excavation for the M40 Archaeological Research Group was directed by Mr. N. Clayton and Mrs. M. Gray; summary reports, AE 1971, 63, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 13–14.Google ScholarPubMed

151 Excavation in 1967-70 was directed by Messrs A. C. Brodribb and D. R. Walker and Dr. A. R. Hands, who sent information; see Excavations at Shakenoak iii (1972, privately printed and obtainable from Dr. Hands, Exeter College, Oxford). For an inscription see below, p. 353, No. 8.Google Scholar

152 Excavation for Milton Keynes Research Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mrs. R. Niblett (Miss R. Dunnett); summary reports, AE 1971, 53, and C.B.A. Group 9 Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 14.Google ScholarPubMed

153 Excavation for the Department of the Environment was directed by Dr. I. M. Stead; summary report, AE 1971, 19.

154 Excavation in 1969 for the East Hertfordshire Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. R. J. Kiln, who sent information; summary report with plan, Hertfordshire Arch. Rev. (Autumn 1970), 31. The site lies 100 m north-east of excavations conducted for the same Society in 1966-8 by Mr. A. V. Gibson, and it probably forms part of a large villa-complex.

155 Excavations for the Department of the Environment in advance of roadworks were directed (i) by Mr. T. W. J. Potter, and (ii) by Messrs. R. J. Kiln and C. Partridge for the East Hertfordshire Archaeological Society; information from Mr. Potter and Mr. Partridge; summary reports, AE 1971, 19, 60, and Hertfordshire Arch. Rev. (Autumn 1971), 67-8, and Ibid. (Spring 1972), 97-9.

156 Emergency excavation in 1970-2 was directed on behalf of the St. Albans Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment by Mr. M. Freeman, who sent information; summary reports, AE 1971, 60, Hertfordshire Arch. Rev. (Autumn 1971), 68-9, and Ibid. (Spring 1972), 86-8.

157 Information from Mr. F. Cowler, who undertook fieldwork on behalf of the Hertfordshire Archaeological Society.

158 Details of finds in Norfolk were sent by Miss B. Green of Norwich Castle Museum.

159 JRS xxxviii (1948), 91.Google Scholar

160 Excavation was directed by Dr. and Mrs. A. K. Knowles.

161 Excavation by Dr. Knowles.

162 Now in Ipswich Museum; information and photograph were sent by Miss E. Owles.

163 Information from Miss Owles, who directed excavation for Ipswich Museum.

164 British Museum, Guide to the Antiquities of R. Britain 3 (1964), 62, no. 3; British Museum Quarterly xxxv (1971), pl. lxviA.Google Scholar

165 Excavation (by Mr. S. E. West for the Department of the Environment) of the building in which the tank was found continues; information from Miss E. Owles.

166 Photography was by Dr. J. K. St. Joseph and Mr. D. R. Wilson for the University of Cambridge: Antiquity xlv (1971), 224–5, pl. xxxv.Google Scholar

167 Excavation in 1970-1 by the Billericay Archaeological and Historical Society and Billericay School was directed by the late Mr. D. T. Bumpstead; information from Mr. S. G. P. Weller. A duplicated interim report has been published by the Society.

168 Information and plan from Mr. P. J. Drury, who observed the work for Chelmsford Excavation Committee and the Department of the Environment; summary report, AE 1971, 56. For the earlier excavations see Victoria County Hist. Essex iii (1963), 65, 67–71.Google Scholar

169 Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. (3rd s.) ii (1968-1970), 137–42Google Scholar; but see more recent map in Ibid., iii (i) (1971), p. 1.

170 Information from Mr. P. Crummy, who directed excavation for the Colchester Excavation Committee and the Department of the Environment; summary report, AE 1971, 56-7. For an inscription see below, p. 353, No. 6.

171 Information from Mr. P. J. Drury, who directed excavation for the Essex Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment; summary report, AE 1971, 57. For a graffito see p. 356 below, No. 24.

172 The kiln was found by Mr. H. J. D. Bennett and excavated under the direction of Mr. W. J. Rodwell for the Essex Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment; information from Mr. Rodwell; summary report, AE 1971, 57.

173 Excavation for Essex Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Miss K. A. Gomer; information from Mr. W. J. Rodwell; summary report, AE 1971, 57-8.

174 JRS xlviii (1958), 150Google Scholar, fig. 20; cf. Victoria County Hist. Essex iii (1963), 150. Excavation was Mr. H. J. D. Bennett; information and plan from Mr. Rodwell.Google Scholar

175 Excavation by the Colchester Archaeological Group was directed by Mrs. K. de Brisay; interim report in the Group's Annual Bulletin xv (1972), 23–43.Google Scholar On the Red Hills see Victoria County Hist. Essex iii (1963), 32–4.Google Scholar

176 Excavation by the Colchester Archaeological Group was directed by Mr. Holbert, P. R.; report in the Group's Annual Bulletin xv (1972), 19–22.Google Scholar

177 Information from Mrs. M. U. Jones, who directed excavation for the Mucking Excavation Committee and the Department of the Environment in advance of gravel-digging; summary report, AE 1971, 17-18.

178 Victoria County Hist. Essex iii (1963), 171–4.Google Scholar

179 Excavation for Essex Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Miss K. A. Gomer and Mr. W. J. Rodwell; information and plan from Mr. Rod well; summary report, AE 1971, 18.

180 Victoria County Hist. Essex iii (1963), 199, pl. xxix B.Google Scholar

181 Excavation for the Mil Archaeological Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. M. G. Spratling, who sent information; summary report, AE 1971, 58.

182 Information from Mr. W. J. Rodwell who directed excavation for the Wickford Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment; summary report, AE 1971, 58. For a tile bearing an alpha and omega monogram see below, p. 356, No. 26.

183 R. Merrifield, The R. City of London (1965), 321 (Bastion C ).

184 Excavation for Guildhall Museum was directed by Mr. P. R. V. Marsden: information from Mr. R. Merrifield.

185 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 85 (Road 4a).

186 Information from Mr. R. Canham, who directed excavation for the London Museum.

187 Information from Mr. S. A. Castle, who directed excavation for the Brockley Hill Excavation and Field-Work Group after one kiln had been revealed by a sewer-trench; the mortaria were dated by Mrs. K. F. Hartley.

188 Excavation for the London Museum, the London and Middlesex Archaeological Research Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. H. Sheldon; summary report, AE 1971, 59.

189 Excavation was directed by Messrs. A. E. Brown and H. Sheldon; summary report, C. B. A. Calendar of Excavations (summaries, 1971), 9.

190 Excavation for Southwark Archaeological Excavation Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. H. Sheldon; summary report, AE 1971, 9. For a set of twelve inscribed bone gaming-counters see p. 357 below, No. 30.

191 Excavation by the Gloucester Archaeological Research Group on behalf of the Royal Commission on Historical Monuments (England) was directed by Mr. N. P. Spry; summary report, AR 1971, 28.

192 Excavation was directed by Mr. C. Renfrew; summary report, AR 1971, 26.

193 Excavation for the Extra-Mural Departments of the Universities of Birmingham and Bristol was directed by Mr. P. J. Fowler and Dr. G. Webster; information and plan from Dr. Webster; summary report, AR 1971, 26.

194 Information, plan and photographs from Mr. A. D. McWhirr, who directed excavation for Cirencester Excavation Committee and the Department of the Environment; summary reports, AE 1971, 58, and AR 1971, 26-7; cf. Current Archaeology iii (1971-1972), 144–52.Google Scholar

195 Excavation by the Malvern Research Group was directed by Mr. P. L. Waters; summary report with plan, WMANS 1971, 10.

196 Excavation was directed by Capt. H. S. Gracie; summary report, AR 1971, 27.

197 Excavations for Gloucester City Museum and the Department of the Environment were directed by Messrs H. R. Hurst and J. F. Rhodes; summary reports, AE 1971, 58-9, and AR 1971, 27-8.

198 Excavation for Stroud Museum was directed by Mr. L. F. J. Walrond; summary report, AR 1971, 28-9.

199 B. Gunliffe, Roman Bath (1969), 108-16.

200 Excavations were directed (i) by Professor B. W. Cunliffe (who sent information) for Bath Excavation Committee, (ii) by Mr. J. P. Greene for Bath Excavation Committee and the Department of the Environment, and (iii) by Mr. M. B. Owen for the Roman Baths Museum; summary reports, AE 1971, 63. and AR 1971, 31-2.

201 Emergency excavation by the Bridgwater and District Archaeological Society on behalf of the M5 Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Messrs M. Langdon and P. J. Fowler; report, Proc. Somerset Arch. Nat. Hist. Soc. cxv (1971), 53–4; cf. AE 1971, 64, and AR 1971, 7, 9.Google Scholar

202 Excavation and fieldwork for Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, Yeovil Archaeological and Local History Society, Bristol Education Committee and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. R. H. Leech; summary reports, AE 1971, 64, and AR 1971, 33.

203 Excavation by Group Archaeology was directed by Mr. T. M. Staples; summary report, AR 1971, 32.

204 Excavation for the University of Bristol was directed by Dr. K. Branigan; summary report, AR 1971, 33.

205 Reported by Mr. H. W. W. Ashworth of Wells Museum: AR 1971, 32.

206 Excavation by the Bridgwater and District Archaeological Society on behalf of the M5 Committee; summary report, AR 1971, 10.

207 By Messrs. J. R. Pine and A. B. Reid; summary report, AR 1971, 33.

208 Fieldwork by Professor E. K. Tratman; summary report, AR 1971, 33.

209 Margary, op. cit. (note 21), 125 (Road 510).

210 Observation by Bridgwater and District Archaeological Society for the M5 Research Committee; summary report, AR 1971, 7.

211 Excavation for the Frome Society for Local Study was directed by Mr. G. A. P. Thomas, who sent information; summary report, AR 1971, 34.

212 Excavation by Mr. J. H. Barrett; summary reports, AR 1971, 34, Antiq. Journ. li (1971), 311; full report forthcoming in Proc. Univ. Bristol Spelaeological Soc.Google Scholar

213 Rescue excavations by the Exeter Archaeological Field Unit on behalf of the City and University of Exeter and the Department of the Environment were directed (i) by Mr. J. R. Collis, (ii) by Mr. M. Griffiths; information by courtesy of Lady (Aileen) Fox; summary reports, AE 1971, 55, and AR 1971, 24.

214 Excavation for Devon Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mrs. S. H. M. Pollard, who sent information; summary reports, AE 1971, 8, and AR 1971, 21.

215 Trans. Devon Ass. xci (1959), 71–82.Google Scholar

216 Excavation in advance of building was directed on behalf of the Department of the Environment by Mrs. H. Miles; summary reports, AE 1971, 17, and AR 1971, 24.

217 Information about sites in Dorset, unless stated otherwise, was sent by Mr. R. A. H. Farrar; reports will appear in Proc. Dorset Nat. Hist. Arch. Soc. xciii (1971).Google Scholar

218 By Messrs. C. J. Bailey and E. Flatters.

219 Excavation by students of Weymouth College of Education was directed by Mr. W. G. Putnam, who sent information; summary report, AR 1971, 24-5.

220 RCHM (England), County of Dorset ii (1970), 573.Google Scholar

221 Excavations for the Dorchester Excavation Committee and the Department of the Environment were directed (i) by Mr. B. J. O'Connor, (ii) by Mr. D. W. A. Startin, and (4) by Mr. C. J. S. Green; information from Mr. W. G. Putnam and Mr. Green; summary reports, AE 1971, 55-6, and AR 1371, 25.

222 By Mr. J. Beavis.

223 Excavation was directed by Mr. R. Lucas; photographs by courtesy of Mr. R. A. H. Farrar.

224 Excavation by the Wimborne Historical Society was directed by Mr. N. H. Field.

225 Excavation for the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society was directed by Mr. R. M.

226 Tanner; plan by courtesy of Mr. R. A. H. Farrar. 126 Excavation for Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. I. A. Kinnes; summary report, AE 1971, 23.

227 JRS xxix (1939), 221, fig. 18. Information from Mr. J. G. P. Erskine, who directed excavation for Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society and the Department of the Environment; summary reports, AE 1971, 23, and AR 1971, 34.Google Scholar

228 Excavation was directed by Mr. B. Phillips; summary report, AR 1971, 34.

229 Information from Mr. S. D. Ford, who directed excavation by the Newbury Museum Historical Group; report forthcoming in the Trans. Newbury Dist. Field Club. See also Shefford Woodlands (Berks.), p. 350 below.

230 Emergency excavation on the site of an ‘overspill’ housing estate was directed on behalf of Andover Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment by Mr. D. W. A. Startin; summary report, AE 1971, 59-60.

231 Information from Mr. D. Graham, who directed the excavation on behalf of the Farnham Museum Society.

232 Excavation for Southampton University was directed by Professor B. W. Cunliffe, who sent information; summary reports, AR 1971, 29, and C.B.A. Calendar of Excavations (summaries, 1971), 7.

233 Excavation for the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. D. E. Johnston; summary report, AE 1971, 18.

234 Information and plan from Mr. A. T. Morley Hewitt, who directed excavation.

235 Excavations for the Winchester Excavations Committee were directed by Mr. M. Biddle, who provided information, plans and photograph; an interim report will appear in Antiq. Journ. liii (1973).Google Scholar

236 Excavation for the Middle Thames Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. C. C. Stanley; summary report, C.B.A. Group 9 Archaeological Newsletter No. 2 (1972), 12, with fig. 5 (plan).Google Scholar

237 Information from Mr. S. D. Ford, who directed excavation by the Newbury Museum Historical Group; report forthcoming in Trans. Newbury Hist. Field Club. Cf. Baydon (Wilts.), p. 346 above.

238 Sussex Arch. Coll. xxix (1879), 168Google Scholar; E. Straker, Wealden Iron (1931), 331-2.

239 Cunliffe, B. W. (ed.), Excavations on the R. Fort at Richborough, Kent v (1968), 258.Google Scholar

240 Excavation for the Wealden Iron Research Group was directed by Messrs. G. Brodribb and H. F. Cleere; information from Mr. Cleere.

241 Holmes, J., Chichester: the Roman town (The Chichester Papers, No. 50, 1965), 5.Google Scholar

242 Information from Mr. A. Down, who directed excavations for Chichester Civic Society Excavations Committee and the Department of the Environment; summary report, AE 1971, 64-5.

243 Information from Mr. A. Down, who directed excavation for Chichester Civic Society Excavations Committee.

244 Excavation for Canterbury Archaeological Society and the Department of the Environment was directed by Mr. F. Jenkins and Miss L. Millard; information from Miss Millard; summary report, AE 1971, 62. For earlier excavations at the Riding Gate see JRS xliv (1954), 102, and xlv (1955), 143.Google Scholar

245 Emergency excavation on the line of the York St. diversion was directed on behalf of the Council for Kentish Archaeology and the Department of the Environment by Mr. B. Philp; summary report, AE 1971, 20; cf. Kent Arch. Rev. No. 27 (Spring, 1972), 211.Google Scholar Destruction of the two military works and of the ‘Painted House’ has now been averted by raising the new road and by altering the plan of a multistorey car-park. See now also Kent Arch. Rev. No. 29 (Autumn 1972), 260–4.Google Scholar

246 Information from Mr. A. P. Detsicas, who directed excavation for the Eccles Excavation Committee.

247 Excavation by Springhead Excavation Group of the Gravesend Historical Society was directed by Mr. S. R. Harker, who sent information.