To investigate risk assessment and management processes across a health board in the context of the implementation of a new risk screening tool and policy through use of staff focus groups to identify how teams make decisions related to risk and gain an understanding of how the new CRAFT tool is used.

In mental health services, risk assessment and management are key responsibilities for clinical staff. A risk management tool that is structured and evidence-based aims to assist staff in managing risks including violence, self-harm, suicide and self-neglect.

It is not clear whether risk tools have clinical utility in influencing risk-related decision making and previous reviews within the health board indicated that risk policy was not being adhered to, prompting a review of the policy. Furthermore, policy recommends service user and carer collaboration with staff in all areas of mental health in Scotland but despite these recommendations there is little evidence to suggest they are routinely involved in risk assessment and management processes.

The present study is an opportunity to explore how teams think about and discuss risk management.

A qualitative analysis was carried out of data from two staff focus groups. These groups were identified by contacting interested teams by email. Groups comprised clinical staff from different disciplines within the MDT including medical and nursing staff. Staff were questioned about their understanding of risk, thoughts regarding risk assessment and their experience of being trained in and using the CRAFT tool.

Themes emerging from the data indicate that staff felt the CRAFT had limited clinical utility or impact on their assessment of risk but may prove useful for communicating decisions about risk between staff and services. However, concerns were raised that the format of the tool made it difficult to complete and read, meaning that important information may not be adequately communicated. Staff reported feeling inadequately trained in the use of the CRAFT tool and felt there were inconsistencies in its use across the health board.

Staff focus groups have identified challenges with the completion of the current CRAFT tool and expressed a need for better training in order to improve consistency of use across the health board. An update to the tool is due to be rolled out across the board in an effort to address these issues and improve risk assessment completion on the whole.

This study aims to explore the experiences of autistic adults who were previously diagnosed with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).

This interpretive phenomenological study aims to explore the experiences of autistic adults who were previously diagnosed with BPD. Data were collected using sixty-minute, one-to-one, virtual, semi-structured interviews. The audio-recordings of the interviews were transcribed and analysed using an interpretive phenomenological analysis.

Participants had autistic features since childhood which went unnoticed. Camouflaging, gender and lack of awareness of the spectrum nature of autism had contributed to missing autism in childhood. The commonality of trauma, suicidality and self-harm, in the context of wider systemic issues, resulted in participants receiving a diagnosis of BPD. It was revealed that the diagnosis of BPD was readily given and inappropriately disclosed. This diagnosis was emotionally damaging for participants and highly stigmatising. Treatment for BPD was inadequate, ineffective, and distressing. There were several negative impacts of the BPD label, including diagnostic overshadowing. Participants felt that misdiagnosis is preventable with various measures. Autism diagnoses were difficult to obtain in adulthood, but receipt of one was beneficial for participants in various ways. However, participants felt there was a need for more autism awareness and autism-friendly services.

The BPD label in autistic people can be harmful to their physical, mental and social health. In contrast, an autism diagnosis in adulthood can be beneficial despite the multiple barriers in receiving such diagnosis. Misdiagnosis is preventable by training clinicians, screening risk groups and developing dedicated autism services.

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation recommended by NICE for treatment of depression with minimal side-effects and a high patient acceptability. Our aim was to assess the effectiveness of rTMS in real world clinical service in alleviating symptoms of depression and anxiety.

All patients receiving rTMS in our Centre for Neuromodulation Services (CNS) received 5 daily treatment sessions a week for a period of 5 weeks (25 sessions in total). All patients routinely completed PHQ-9, BDI-II and GAD-7 measures before and after the course of treatment. The scores on these measures were retrospectively analysed using paired-sample t-test.

All 15 patients completed the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales while 10 patients completed BDI-II. Eleven patients (73%) had improved PHQ-9 scores post-treatment with average improvement of 5.5 points which was statistically significant [paired-sample t-test: t(14) = 3.019, p = 0.009]. Nine patients (90%) had improved BDI-II scores post-treatment with average reduction of 36% from baseline which was statistically significant [t(9) = 3.681, p = 0.005]. Eleven patients (73%) had improved GAD-7 scores post-treatment, with average reduction of 4 points. This reduction was also statistically significant [t(14) = 3.038, p = 0.009]. Improvement in all measures was also of a level that would be considered clinically significant for these measures. All patients tolerated the treatment well with no patients dropping out due to side effects.

With the limitation of relatively small sample size, our initial analysis indicates that rTMS treatment offered in real world clinical service is effective in treating symptoms of depression. Although our protocol was not intended to treat anxiety, our patients had remarkable improvement in anxiety symptoms as well.

The extent and nature of child sexual abuse (CSA) and its consequences with respect to psychiatric morbidity is still poorly described in children. This was a community based cross sectional study to describe the social demographic profile and identify psychiatric morbidity in children with CSA and to further examine the association between the sexual assault profile and the psychiatric illness present.

This study includes 100 children aged between 6–17 years ascertained as sexually abused at the time. The setting was BHAROSA centre, which is a society for protection of women and at-risk children with funding from the Department of Women and Child Development Telangana state, India. Simple random sampling was used to choose the participants and a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire was used to assess the sexual assault profile. The Developmental Psychopathology Checklist (DPCL) which is the Indian adaptation of Child behaviour checklist was used to understand the associated psychopathology. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity was discerned by the Diagnostic Statistical Manual Text Revision (DSM V-TR).

The average age for the first CSA encounter was 10.87 years. Most often the perpetrator was found to be an acquaintance (66%) of the child's family. ‘Vaginal/anal penetration’ (55%) was the most common form of abuse. In half of the cases there was a significant delay of two days-two weeks between the last episode of abuse and its discovery. 12% attributed themselves fully responsible for the abuse. 23% reported unsupportive reactions from the caregivers such as being dismissed or being blamed themselves for the abuse. More than half (53%) had at least one psychiatric disorder with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) being the most common (28%) followed by conduct disorder (21%) and depression (17%). 28% had quasi psychotic symptoms and 25% non-specific somatic symptoms. 12% reported suicidal thoughts/ideation. 5 children tested positive for HIV and 2 were pregnant. Children who experienced ‘Vaginal/Anal penetration’ and those who pretended the act did not take place were found to have statistically significant rates of depression, PTSD and suicidality.

All children and adolescents who have been sexually abused must be evaluated for psychiatric morbidity regardless of their social demographic and abuse profiles. Additionally, all parents and caregivers should be sensitised on the fact that the majority of the perpetrators are acquaintances to the subjects. Coping strategies of the children especially self-blame and poor social support exert direct negative effects on victims’ adjustment.

In a recent national study in India, 35% of women reported experiencing domestic violence. The association between domestic violence and mental health outcomes especially suicidal risk has been less studied in Asia especially in India. With this context in mind, we aimed to establish a preliminary prevalence of suicidal risk in women reporting domestic violence using self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as proxy measures. We also wanted to probe the feasibility of assessing suicidal risk in a community center for vulnerable women with limited access to referral care and to determine the acceptability of safety plans as well as referral to a hospital setting for women with increased suicidal risk.

A single center cross-sectional pilot study was conducted among 50 females who have officially reported Domestic Violence. The participants had reported this domestic violence to a ‘SHE Teams’ center in Telangana state, India, which is a women safety surveillance initiative launched by the state government. HARK (Humiliation, Afraid, Rape, Kick) questionnaire to assess the type of domestic violence experienced and SITBI (Self Injurious Thoughts and Behaviors Interview) questionnaire to evaluate the type of self-harm in victims were used.

It was found that 100% of the study population experienced emotional abuse, 50% sexual abuse, 74% physical abuse and 80% of them were afraid of their partners. It was also found that 64% had suicidal ideation, 40% had made a suicidal plan, 22% made suicidal gestures, 34% have attempted to commit suicide at least once. 12% had thoughts of Non-Suicidal Self Injury and 10% have committed Non-Suicidal Self Injury. Women who were unemployed and those who were harassed for dowry/endowment by the spouse or spouse's family had a statistically significant association with elevated suicidal risk. 17 participants were referred to a psychiatrist in the nearby hospital and 32 requested for shelter in fear of future violence.

Domestic violence is a risk factor for poor mental health among women and suicide is one of the main causes of premature death in this population. To prevent more suicides in women, identifying risk and referral of domestic violence victims should be an essential part of health care systems apart from adequate legal support. This pilot study provides preliminary data for a future study of risk factors mediating suicidal risk in women who are victims of domestic violence and to develop targeted interventions as well.

The Independent Forensic Mental Health Review (Scottish Government, 2021) highlighted an issue with timely transitions through and out of Scottish forensic inpatient services. Concerns were raised regarding the impact of transfer and discharge delays upon patients. As part of a wider service evaluation examining the pathways forensic mental health patients navigated through secure inpatient care, this study aimed to identify the requirements, processes and time-frames involved in transfer from The State Hospital (TSH), which provides male only, high secure care to Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Data for 69 patients noted on TSH transfer list (2017–2019) were collected. In addition to patient demographic, clinical and forensic variables, data was gathered about use of appeals against excessive security under section 264 and 265 of the Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003.

Forty-nine (71.0%) patients were referred to medium secure care, 6 (12.2%) to low secure care and 14 (20.3%) for return to prison. Schizophrenia was the most common primary diagnosis (43, 62.3%), with 75.5% (37) of those referred to medium secure care vs 21.4% (3) returning to prison having received this diagnosis. There were statistically significant associations in terms of time between referral and transfer between individuals who had a primary diagnosis of Schizophrenia/Schizoaffective disorder (no 114, yes 388.5 days; Median) and whether they had lodged a section 264 appeal (no 109.5, yes 469.0 days; Median) or section 265 appeal (no 134.5, yes 517.0 days; Median) against excessive security. There were no significant differences in days from referral to transfer/discharge based on behaviour leading to admission or the number of formal attempts to transfer during current admission. Twenty (40.8%) patients referred to medium secure services made a successful section 265 appeal which resulted in a ruling that they should be transferred within three months. Seven (35%) of these patients were transferred inside three months.

Patients are waiting significantly variable lengths of time from referral to transfer depending on the service they are being referred to. The use of section 264 and 265 appeals against excessive security was implicated in a greatly increased length of time to transfer. Patients considered to have the most serious chronic mental health conditions are waiting the longest time for transfer with potential implications for their mental health. Patients’ human rights are potentially affected due to continuing to be placed in conditions of excessive security for more than a year following decision to refer.

Floatation-REST (restricted environmental stimulation therapy) has shown promising potential as a therapeutic intervention in psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and anorexia nervosa. We speculate that the sensory deprivation might act as a kind of interoceptive training. Within our lab, interoceptive trait prediction error has been used to predict states of anxiety in autistic adults. There is also emerging research conceptualising interoceptive mismatches potentially playing a role in fatigue. Our aim was to run a feasibility study assessing the tolerability of Floatation-REST for participants with disabling fatigue. We also aimed to establish the feasibility of gathering data on mechanistic measures, such as heart rate variability (HRV) and interoception, during floatation.

Participants were recruited via online advertisements and were screened to check they scored at least 36 on the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). Pertinent medication changes and previous float experience within the last 6 weeks were amongst the exclusion criteria. Baseline measures included: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS); Body Perception Questionaire; hypermobility questionnaire and Tellegen Absorption Scale. Participants completed four 90 minute sessions of floatation-REST across a 2–6 week period with 1 week of ecological momentary sampling (EMS) before and after. Immediate pre and post float measures included testing interoceptive sensibility, accuracy and awareness. HRV was measured during floatation. Change in energy was measured by retrospective subjective assessment, changes in validated fatigue scales and EMS.

Baseline MFIS scores (median = 67.5; range = 55–77) indicated a high degree of severity of participant fatigue. 15 participants were recruited to the study. 13 participants started the float intervention and 11 completed all four sessions. No drop out was due to poor tolerability. Most adverse events were mild, expected and related to the pre/post float testing. HRV data was successfully captured throughout all sessions. Participant surveys described improvements in energy levels, sleep and relaxation and 73% “strongly agreed” to an overall positive effect. Furthermore, both statistically and clinically significant reductions were noted in the mean FSS scores (56.9 to 52.6; p = 0.044) and the MFIS scores (67.0 to 56.4; p = 0.003). Detailed energy assessment was obtained by EMS with 37 to 86 data points per participant.

Floatation-REST appears to be a feasible intervention for people with severe fatigue. EMS, HRV data, interoceptive data and other measures were reliably recorded. Reported subjective benefits were supported by an improvement in objective fatigue scores, though the lack of a control group makes these improvements speculative at present.

Depression poses a significant public health concern globally, characterized by prolonged periods of sadness, loss of interest, and impairment in daily functioning. With over 800,000 annual deaths attributed to suicide, it stands as the second leading cause of mortality among 15–29-year-olds worldwide. To address this growing crisis, various digital methods are being increasingly developed for screening depression efficiently in large populations. However, the ethical implications surrounding the use of these tools remain debated. This scoping review aims to explore the landscape of research on digital screening methods for depression in India, elucidating ethical challenges and identifying research gaps.

By synthesizing available evidence, this study seeks to contribute to the discourse surrounding the ethical use of digital tools for depression screening in India, ultimately striving for improved mental health outcomes in the population.

Using a pre-tested search strategy in January 2024, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar for studies regarding digital divide in the use of digital technology for mental health. Relevant studies were selected using a two phased screening process. Studies included in the review were synthesised qualitatively using a thematic synthesis approach.

Out of 379 titles identified in our database search, only four were included in the qualitative synthesis. Two of these were cross-sectional, followed by a qualitative study and a pre-post evaluation. These studies were conducted in remote villages in the state of Andhra Pradesh, urban slums of Delhi, pan-Indian national survey and rural and under resourced urban areas.

The studies examined diverse aspects of the digital divide in India, revealing profound socio-economic disparities and gender inequities. Disparities in ownership of digital devices and usage were stark, with less educated, lower-income, and lower-caste groups facing marginalization due to limited access and skills. There were gender discrepancies in mobile phone ownership and internet access, with females significantly less likely to possess these technologies compared with males. However, there is a strong potential of mobile technology in increasing mental health service utilization in rural areas, fostering community awareness and stigma reduction.

Collectively, these findings illuminate the multifaceted challenges of the digital divide in India, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted interventions to promote equitable access to technology and bridge socio-economic gaps.

Non epileptic attacks (also referred to as psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, functional seizures or dissociative seizures) are similar in appearance to epileptic seizures but are not accompanied by ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) discharges. NEAD is classified as either a conversion or dissociative disorder in DSM-V and ICD11 respectively, and is often associated with significant long-term disability. People with NEAD often access care across many different specialties and healthcare settings. Their experiences of doing so are frequently negative, based both on interactions with clinicians and integration of care.

The aims of this study were to review the existing literature on the attitudes of clinicians towards non-epileptic attack disorder (NEAD), and any differences that exist between professional groups.

The study followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines and was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). Three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycInfo) were searched for studies of clinician attitudes towards NEAD using pre-developed terms. These terms were optimised following familiarisation with the literature. Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and studies were selected if they included data regarding the attitudes of healthcare professionals from any group towards NEAD. A data extraction template was used to synthesise study characteristics and outcomes. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to appraise methodological quality of the included studies. Two reviewers independently completed the selection process and data extraction.

The search strategy yielded 2885 citations, of which 76 were selected for review of the full publication based on the title and abstract. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied to full texts. The literature mainly included clinicians from general practice, neurology, emergency department and psychiatry. There was general negative stereotyping of people with NEAD and a lack of confidence in management. Attitudes differed between professions, particularly with respect to aetiology.

The literature highlighted that many clinicians held a negative attitude towards people with NEAD, and there was evidence of a general lack in confidence towards NEAD across all healthcare professional groups. There was a difference between healthcare professional groups, mostly related to views on aetiology. The review highlights the need for greater education related to NEAD with a focus on understanding aetiology and greater transparency in interdisciplinary working.

Sleep problems are common in opioid users and in patients receiving opioid agonist treatment. The aim of the present study was to study the pattern and prevalence of subjective sleep disturbances in opioid dependent subjects maintained on opioid agonist treatment (buprenorphine and methadone).

Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a tertiary health care center in India. 106 adult opioid dependent male patients maintained on buprenorphine and 50 adult opioid dependent male patients maintained on methadone who were initiated on medication at least six months prior, on stable dose of medication for last one month and were adherent on medication for at least 50% occasions in last one month were included in the study.

The mean age of the sample for buprenorphine-maintained group and methadone maintained group was 41.1 (SD: 14.3) years and 27.7 (SD: 7.8) years respectively. Tobacco, alcohol and cannabis were used by majority of the participants in both the groups. Most participants had used heroin by smoking before starting buprenorphine (n = 68, 64.1%) and methadone (n = 46, 88.5 %). The duration of use of illicit opioids was for median duration of 10 (IQR: 5, 22) years for buprenorphine group and 5 (IQR: 3, 7) years for methadone group.

In buprenorphine group, the participants had been on buprenorphine for a median duration of sixty (IQR: 17, 120) months. The mean current dose of buprenorphine was 10.2 (SD 3.8) milligram per day. The mean PSQI score was 6.6 (SD 3.4). About 63.2% (n = 67) of the participants have scores more than five (PSQI > 5) suggesting sleep problems. The mean subjective total sleep time of the sample was 403.5 (SD 94.8) minutes and median sleep latency was 35 (IQR 18.8, 62.5) minutes.

Similarly, in methadone group, the participants had been on methadone for a median duration of seventeen (IQR: 10, 22) months. The median current dose of methadone was 20 (IQR: 14, 36) milligrams per day. The mean PSQI score was 5.2 (SD 2.8). About 44.2% (n = 23) of the participants have scores more than five (PSQI > 5) suggesting sleep problems. The mean subjective total sleep time of the sample was 466.5 (SD 114) minutes and median sleep latency was 30 (IQR 15, 97.5) minutes. Subjective sleep problems were associated with past three months opioid use.

The methadone group had relatively younger population with early onset of substance use. They were on relatively lesser dose of methadone. This group also had lesser sleep problems than the buprenorphine group.

Introduction: Second-generation antipsychotics are widely used in psychiatry but are associated with weight gain. Obesity is more prevalent in mental illness and may contribute to the mortality gap. Non-pharmacological management of antipsychotic-induced weight gain (AIWG) has limited success whilst pharmacological treatment typically involves antidiabetic medications that psychiatrists have less experience with. Recent developments in the field have shown promise with using centrally-acting opioid receptor antagonists (CORAs) at treating AIWG.

Objective: Review and synthesise the available RCT evidence on the efficacy of CORAs at treating AIWG.

Methodology: Four databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane) were searched, from database inception to present, for RCTs using CORAs (naloxone, naltrexone, samidorphan) to reduce AIWG. Our primary outcome sought was weight change in kilograms, with secondary outcomes of change in percentage of body weight, waist circumference and 7% or 10% weight change thresholds. We used random-effects meta-analysis due to study heterogeneity.

A total of 450 articles were found (319 post-deduplication), of which seven met criteria (samidorphan = 4, naltrexone = 3, naloxone = 0) including n = 1,416 patients. On meta-analysis, change in body weight (kg) for CORAs as a class was statistically significant (RE = 1.37 kg; 95% CI: 0.51, 2.24). However, change in BMI was not statistically significant (RE = 0.61kg/m2; 95% CI: −0.56, 1.78). Remaining analysis was only available for samidorphan, which showed statistically significant improvement in change in body weight (%) (RE = 1.81%; 95% CI: 1.07, 2.55), absolute risk of weight gain ≥7% (RE = 12.41%; 95% CI: 6.55, 18.27), absolute risk of weight gain ≥10% (RE = 10.83%; 95% CI: 5.46, 16.21), and change in waist circumference (RE = 1.50 cm; 95% CI: 0.32, 2.67).

Evidence is strongest for samidorphan, though CORAs as a class remains poorly researched and the benefits are modest. Additionally, samidorphan is currently only available in the combination medication olanzapine-samidorphan and the literature reflects this. Further research is needed to examine its efficacy in AIWG from other antipsychotics.

Patients with opioid dependence seek treatment for the discomforting withdrawal symptoms. Accurate clinical assessment is essential as medications are optimized based on these withdrawal symptoms. However, subjective reporting can present challenges. Heart rate variability (HRV) can enhance clinical assessment and has taxonomic and therapeutic implications. This study aimed to explore the correlation between HRV and subjective withdrawal in patients with opioid dependence and to compare the HRV parameters in patients undergoing detoxification to those maintained on opioid agonist treatment and healthy controls.

3 groups of adult male participants were included. Group 1 included 40 patients with opioid dependence undergoing inpatient detoxification. Group 2 included 40 patients with opioid dependence receiving stable doses of buprenorphine on outpatient basis. Group 3 included 49 healthy controls. The Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS) was used for withdrawal symptoms. For Group 1 and Group 2, HRV was assessed twice – before administration of morning dose of buprenorphine, and then 2 hours post administration. For Group 3 HRV was assessed once.

At baseline, resting heart rate differed significantly between the 3 groups (p < 0.001), it was highest for Group 2 (92.4) and lowest for Group 3 (79.4). In time domain parameters of HRV, the beat-to-beat variability was highest for Group 1 with standard deviation of all normal RR intervals (SDNN) = 134.8, root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD) = 181.7 and RR tri index = 8.9 (p < 0.005). In frequency domain parameters of HRV, total power was highest for Group 1 (98334.1, p < 0.001) while relative power did not differ significantly among the groups. The SOWS had a weak negative correlation with RMSSD in Group 2 (r = -0.312, p < 0.05) but did not have any correlation with HRV parameters in Group 1. Post administration of morning buprenorphine, the HRV parameters did not show a significant change in either of the groups (except reduction in very low frequency percentage in Group 1 from 12.013 to 7.196, p < 0.05).

A higher degree of subjective withdrawal is associated with lower beat-to-beat variability in patients on stable doses of buprenorphine. However, this exploratory study did not find a robust relationship between HRV and subjective withdrawal symptoms. Higher RMSSD (representative of higher vagal tone) in patients undergoing detoxification may suggest greater physiological adaptation to withdrawal symptoms. This study provides additional insights into HRV in patients with opioid dependence.

The aim of this study is to investigate incident and total benzodiazepine prescribing in the Netherlands during the COVID-19 pandemic, including the impact of lockdown periods.

A national Dutch pharmacological registry was used, investigating extramural psychiatric drug prescriptions, between March 2020 and March 2022. Data included incident and total prescriptions as well as daily defined doses (DDDs) of benzodiazepines. The data covered 96% out of a total Dutch population of 17.5 million people. This was compared with the previous calendar year as a reference expressed as a monthly risk ratio (RR) and was corrected for population growth. Changes over time will be discussed if the RR was above 1.1 or below 0.9.

A total of 13.4 million prescriptions over a period of three years were included of which 5.8% were incident prescriptions. Three lockdown periods were identified during pandemic.

When analysing the total benzodiazepine prescription group, prescriptions and DDDs remained mostly stable throughout the pandemic. A brief relative increase in prescription DDD amounts was found during the second lockdown (RR: 1.11). When viewing the incident benzodiazepine prescriptions, there was a short period between the first and second lockdown when both prescription numbers and DDDs decreased (RR: 0.86 and RR: 0.83 respectively). The DDDs of incident prescriptions increased sharply during the second and third lockdown period and remained elevated between both, with an average RR of 1.13.

Total monthly benzodiazepine prescriptions and DDDs remained mostly stable during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands. COVID-19 related lockdowns seem to have mainly influenced incident benzodiazepine DDDs dispensed during the second and third lockdown. Increased incident DDDs, but not prescription numbers, imply that new patients on average received larger benzodiazepine prescriptions. The increase in incident prescription DDDs could be indicative of decreased accessibility to (psychiatric) healthcare. It could also have been driven by an increase of the incidence and/or severity of sleep and anxiety symptoms during the second and third lockdown. A better understanding of exact causes and mechanisms behind these changes is relevant in order to limit the psychiatric repercussions of future (inter)national emergencies.

There is evidence that children and young people (CYP) of Black ethnicity are more likely to experience involuntary hospital admission. This is not explained by clinical and sociodemographic factors. One possible explanation are differences in pathways into, and/or use of mental health services (MHS). This study investigates the associations between ethnicity, pathways into MHS, MHS use and involuntary hospitalisation in CYP.

Using data from the Clinical Record Interactive Search (CRIS) system for (South London and the Maudsley) SLaM services we identified 652 CYP under 18 years admitted to inpatient units between 2008 and 2021 living within the SLaM catchment; 458 (70.2%) were admitted informally and 194 (29.7%) were detained. We conducted univariable logistic regression to investigate the association between pathways into MHS (referral source, S.136 presentation), MHS use (time known to services, recent appointment prior to admission, and presence of a care plan), clinical factors (diagnosis, severity, risk) and social factors (gender, age, ethnicity, deprivation) with the outcome i.e. involuntary admission. We then conducted multivariable logistic regression to investigate the association between the clinical and social factors and involuntary admission.

In multivariable analyses we found evidence that adverse pathways into MHS such as S.136 presentation (OR 6.25, 95%CI 2.06-19.01, p = 0.001), and referrals from social services (OR 4.92, 95%CI 1.49-16.19, p = 0.009) and police/legal services (OR 4.22, 95%CI 1.03-17.31, p = 0.045) were associated with involuntary hospitalisation. There was no evidence that the duration of contact with MHS, having had an appointment in the 28 days prior to admission or a care plan in the 12 months prior to admission were associated with involuntary hospitalisation after adjusting for other factors. There was evidence that being of Black ethnicity (OR 2.04, 95%CI 1.19-3.50, p = 0.010), older age (13–15 years: OR 4.46, 95%CI 1.57-12.72, p = 0.005; age 16–17 years: OR 8.67, 95%CI 3.08-24.41, p < 0.001) and having a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder (OR 4.21, 95%CI 2.21-8.02, p < 0.001) were associated with involuntary admission after accounting for pathways into and use of MHS.

In this cohort of child and adolescent inpatients living in South East London, we found that CYP who experience adverse pathways into MHS are more likely to experience involuntary hospitalisation. Prior contact with MHS did not appear to influence involuntary admission. We found that Black CYP remained more than twice as likely to be admitted involuntarily after accounting for MHS use and pathways into MHS as well as social and clinical factors.

Self-stigma is common among patients suffering from depressive disorders and negatively affects their quality of life. Quality of life reflects individuals' general well-being, an important measure of treatment outcomes. However, local research on the relationship between self-stigma and quality of life in patients with depressive disorder is lacking. Information on clinical and personal characteristics associated with self-stigma in depression is also limited.

The primary aim of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between self-stigma and the quality of life of patients suffering from depressive disorder in an outpatient department. The secondary aim was to identify socio-demographic, clinical, or personal characteristics associated with self-stigma in these patients.

One hundred and thirty-one patients with depressive disorders were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a psychiatric centre in Hong Kong. Depressive disorder was diagnosed with the Chinese-bilingual version of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Axis I Disorders. Socio-demographic and clinical information were obtained. Self-stigma was measured with the Self-Stigma Scale-Short Form. The quality of life was evaluated with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF Hong Kong Version. Self-esteem, coping strategies, personality traits, and social functioning were evaluated. Bivariate analyses were performed to explore the association between the above factors with self-stigma or quality of life. Regression analyses were conducted to explore the relationship between self-stigma and quality of life, and to identify the factors independently associated with self-stigma.

Self-stigma was independently associated with the four main quality of life domains after controlling for socio-demographic, clinical, and personal characteristics among patients with depressive disorder. A multiple regression model showed that high levels of neuroticism and low self-esteem were independently associated with higher levels of self-stigma.

This cross-sectional study supported the negative association between self-stigma and quality of life among individuals with depressive disorder. Neuroticism and self-esteem were found to be independently associated with self-stigma in depressive patients. Considering the associations found, identifying and focusing on depressive patients with a higher risk of self-stigma and implementing self-stigma interventions is important. Specific self-stigma reduction strategies should be introduced to mitigate the self-stigma in depressive patients and to improve their quality of life.

The COVID-19 pandemic placed increased pressure on service provision and healthcare worker [HCW] wellness. As the pandemic recedes, staff need an appropriate response to facilitate individual and organisational recovery, to minimise long-term healthcare worker burnout and to be better equipped for future crisis in healthcare. The aim was to explore and reflect on the experiences of staff working during the COVID-19 pandemic in an acute paediatric hospital to determine an appropriate response in the post-crisis work environment.

A Qualitative research design using responses from open ended questions from one hundred and thirty-three clinical and non-clinical staff (89% clinical) from an Irish paediatric teaching hospital. Reponses were thematically analysed.

HCWs experienced frustration, uncertainty, anxiety and stress, during the pandemic crisis. This included communication inconsistencies, inadequate support and staffing and other resource shortages, leaving staff at high risk for long-term burnout as the pandemic recedes. Three themes were developed detailing this; 1) Support, 2) Communication and 3) Trust.

This research supports the long-standing need to increase mental health service investment and to implement an appropriate response to regain and maintain a healthy workforce, post COVID-19. This response should address the biopsychosocial needs of the individual and healthcare organisations should work dynamically, creatively and collaboratively to ensure the psychological safety of its workforce moving forward.

Adults with Down syndrome (DS) face significant health inequalities and are at increased risk of numerous health concerns. Despite the need, there is a lack of high-quality randomised trial evidence and clinical interventions for people with DS are largely based on consensus guidelines or clinician preferences. As life-expectancy of those with DS increases, the research gap continues to widen.

There is a perception that randomised controlled trials (RCTs) involving people with DS may be hard to carry out due to difficulties in recruitment and retention of participants. However, there is no scientific literature exploring this topic. This systematic review aimed to assess planned vs actual recruitment and retention in RCTs involving adults with DS, and to summarise reported facilitators and barriers to participation of adults with DS in relevant trials.

The MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE databases were searched systematically to retrieve all RCTs involving adults with DS aged 16 years or older published from 01.11.1961 to 15.12.2023. Ongoing RCTs were identified from trial registries and searches were supplemented by review of reference lists. Data extraction is ongoing but seeks to elicit details of trial design; planned and achieved recruitment sample size; planned and achieved retention rate, and any specific recruitment or retention strategies described. Risk of bias analysis was not relevant to the research question and so not performed. The review was prospectively registered on Prospero (CRD42023447126).

The database searches retrieved 1,825 results. Post deduplication, 1,518 articles underwent title and abstract screening, of which 82 full texts were reviewed. 53 papers were included in the final analysis, reflecting 47 RCTs involving 1,772 individuals. Commonly studied interventions included exercise programmes for physical fitness and pharmaceuticals that may augment neuropsychological function. Studies typically reported small sample sizes at the point of randomisation (mean = 38.5, SD = 49.6), with over half reporting a sample size of n < 50. A significant number of studies reported difficulty recruiting and retaining participants (detailed data will be available in the poster). Of the minority of articles that reported power calculations, several reported failure to meet target sample size.

Initial results point to a paucity of high-quality, large-scale RCTs involving adults with DS and challenges related to recruitment of participants. The results may aid development of strategies that allow clinical trial teams to overcome challenges in recruitment and retention in RCTs, and may eventually contribute to the improved health and wellbeing of adults with DS.

Caregivers of autistic children may experience greater stress and reduced mental well-being compared with caregivers of typically developing children or children with other neurodevelopmental conditions. Less is known about earlier child and family predictors of later caregiver stress, as most studies have been cross-sectional. This study aimed to examine how caregiver (coping strategies and appraisal of their child's autism) and child factors (behavioural difficulties and adaptive functioning) were related to mental health and quality of life in caregivers of 2–7-year-old autistic children over 4–6 years.

Methods: At Time 1 (T1), 119 caregivers completed the Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP), Family Impact of Childhood Disability (FICD), Centre for Epidemiology Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC), and Scales of Independent Behavior-Revised (SIB-R). Of those, 50 completed the same measures 4–6 years later (Time 2-T2). Demographic data at T1 and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire at T2 were also collected. The relative contributions of T1 caregiver and child factors in predicting T2 caregiver self-reported depression and quality of life were analysed with multiple regressions.

Caregivers’ depressive symptoms remained generally stable across 4–6 years (30% at T1 and 38% at T2 scoring at or above the CES-D cut-off), and earlier caregiver depression predicted later caregiver depression. At T2, child adaptive functioning significantly improved compared with T1, while mean child behavioural difficulties (e.g., behaviours disruptive to others, damaging to property, socially offensive or inappropriate) remained generally stable. Caregiver appraisal of the impact of child's autism on the family also did not change much over time, but higher T1 negative caregiver appraisals of their child's diagnosis predicted poorer later social quality of life on the WHOQOL. There were mixed findings regarding the helpfulness of coping patterns assessed by the CHIP, with our findings suggesting that family integration and optimism could be helpful in improving caregiver mental well-being.

Modifiable predictors of longer-term caregiver adaptation indicate that in addition to providing early supports for children's adaptive functioning and social communication, caregivers’ appraisals of autism, caregiver and family coping strategies, and earlier caregiver depressive symptoms also need to be targeted.

Functional outcome can be even more important than syndromic outcomes, as the ability to meet role expectations at work, home, or school and the quality of interpersonal relationships are often cited as the most important outcomes for people with bipolar disorder (BD) and their families. We investigated the factors correlated with functioning by using the Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST).

A total of 197 bipolar disorder out-patients were involved in this study, 166 (84.3%) were bipolar I disorder (BD-I) patients and 31 (15.7%) were bipolar II (BD-II) patients. We used the FAST for functioning of the patients and the severity of depressive and manic/hypomanic symptoms were measured by bipolar depression rating scale (BDRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). We also examined the disturbances in biological rhythm by the Biological Rhythm Interview of Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (BRIAN).

There were significant positive correlations between FAST and numbers of depressive episode, YMRS, BDRS and BRIAN and showed negative correlation between FAST and age at onset of mood disorder. FAST was associated with YMRS (β=0.3768, p < 0.001), BDRS (β=0.293, p < 0.001), BRIAN (β=0.167, p = 0.011), with 47.1% of the variance explained (R2=0.471, Durbin-Watson test = 1.51, p < 0.001) in multiple linear regression. In other words, residual mood symptoms and biological rhythm imbalance have a negative impact on the functioning of BD patients.

Although the other factors must be present to predict the functioning of bipolar disorder patients, manic symptoms, depressive symptoms and biological rhythm imbalance have negative impacts on functioning of BD patients in this study.

At the core of medical diagnosis lies specific blood tests, urine analysis, microscopic and histologic examination of tissues, and as well radiological investigations that are usually confirmatory of the presence of a disease. However, the diagnosis of ADHD currently relies on reports of clinical symptoms which is usually subjective, with variable interpretations by different professionals, thus posing issues of misdiagnosis and reliability. This study set out to explore, appraise and summarize molecular biomarkers in literature over the past 30 years, which can be applied for the diagnosis of ADHD.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neuropsychiatric and neurobehavioral disorder that affects children and adolescents, and more recently, gaining recognition in adults. It is characterized by a pervasive pattern of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity or a mixture of the three, that cuts across the individual's multiple domains of life.

One-thousand articles collated across multiple sources and databases were systematically reviewed and analysed for this project. The keywords for the search criteria in the Boolean operators are “biomarkers and ADHD”, “molecular biomarkers and ADHD” and “biomarkers and ADHD and Diagnosis”.

5.6% of the articles from several types of studies were included in the final analysis after the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The results revealed various heterogeneity across age, gender, ethnicity, medication status, comorbidities, and study type, in applying biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis of ADHD. Genetics and epigenetics studies were the most common type of molecular biomarkers studied and identified, accounting for 25% of the results. 80% of the studies analysed blood samples with a few others focusing on saliva, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, hair, and stool samples. All the studies identified focused on diagnostic biomarkers with 25% of them combining either prognostic or response-monitoring subtypes of biomarkers.

This study identified several potential molecular biomarkers in ADHD. However, most of the results showed only associations between the findings and the diagnosis/occurrence of ADHD. It remains a scientific goal to identify a specific and reliable biomarker for ADHD to assist psychiatrists in making accurate diagnosis. Lastly, it would be pragmatic to explore other types of biomarkers such as radiologic and electro-neurologic markers; given that diagnosis is a constellation of signs and symptoms together with appropriate tests. Combining them logically would increase the specificity of diagnosis of ADHD. This study was completed in partial fulfilment of Master of Science (MSc) in Clinical Psychiatry with the University of South Wales.