Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T08:19:03.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Normalization and Applied Behaviour Analysis: Values and Technology in Services for People with Learning Difficulties

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 June 2009

Eric Emerson
Affiliation:
Institute of Social and Applied Psychology, University of Kent at Canterbury
Peter McGill
Affiliation:
Institute of Social and Applied Psychology, University of Kent at Canterbury

Extract

It is argued that normalization and applied behaviour analysis represent the most significant developments of the past two decades in approaches to the design of services for people with learning difficulties. Problems in translating these approaches into practice have been compounded by an apparent conflict between them. The nature of this conflict is examined and suggestions for a rapprochement are made.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aanes, D. and Haagenson, L. (1978). Normalization: attention to a conceptual disaster. Mental Retardation 16, 5556.Google ScholarPubMed
Altmeyer, B. K., Williams, D. E. and Sams, V. (1985). Treatment of severe self-injurious and aggressive biting. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 16, 159167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy (1977). Ethical issues for human services. Behavior Therapy 8, 763764.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audit Commission (1986). Making a Reality of Community Care. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M. and Risley, T. R. (1968). Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1, 9197.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baker, M. (1983). Hunting and fishing in human services. TIPS 3, 13.Google Scholar
Baldwin, S. (1985). Sheep in wolf's clothing: impact of normalisation teaching on human services and service providers. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research 8, 131142.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackman, D. (1981). The experimental analysis of behaviour and its relevance to applied psychology. In Applications of Conditioning Theory, Davey, G. (Ed.), London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Brost, M. and Johnson, T. Z. (1982). Getting to Know You: One Approach to Service Assessment and Planning for Individuals with Disabilities. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Coalition for Advocacy.Google Scholar
Burton, M. (1983). Understanding mental health services: theory and practice. Critical Social Policy 7, 5474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, E. G. and Durand, V. M. (1985). Reducing behavior problems through functional communication training. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 18, 111126.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clifford, L. X. (1984). A reaction to “social role valorization”. Mental Retardation 22, 147.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. (1985). Visions of Social Control. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Conway, J. B. and Butcher, B. D. (1974). Soap in the mouth as an aversive consequence. Behavior Therapy 5, 154156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullen, C., Burton, M., Watts, S. and Thomas, M. (1983). A preliminary report on the nature of interactions in a mental handicap institution. Behaviour Research and Therapy 21, 579583.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, N. J. (1975). Sociological Constructions of Deviance: Perspectives and Issues in the Field. Dubuque, Iowa: Brown.Google Scholar
Department of Health and Social Security (1980). Mental Handicap: Progress, Problems and Priorities. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Felce, D., De Kock, U. and Repp, A. (1986). An eco-behavioural analysis of small community based houses and traditional large hospitals for severely and profoundly mentally handicapped adults. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 7, 393408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Felce, D., Kushlick, A. and Mansell, J. (1980). Evaluation of alternative residential facilities for the severely mentally handicapped in Wessex: client engagement. Advances in Behaviour Research and Therapy 3, 1318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flynn, R. J. (1980). Normalization, PASS and service quality assessment: how normalizing are current human services? In Normalization, Social Integration and Community Services, Flynn, R. J. and Nitsch, K. E. (Eds). Baltimore: University Park Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gold, M. W. (1980). Try Another Way: Training Manual. Champaign, Illinois: Research Press.Google Scholar
Goldiamond, I. (1974). Toward a constructional approach to social problems. Ethical and constitutional issues raised by applied behavior analysis. Behaviorism 2, 184.Google Scholar
Gordon, R. A. (1975). Examining labelling theory: the case of mental retardation. In The Labeling of Deviance: Evaluating a Perspective, Gove, W. R. (Ed.). London: Wiley.Google Scholar
Guskin, S. L. (1978). Theoretical and empirical strategies for studying the labelling of mentally retarded persons. In International Review of Research in Mental Retardation: Vol. 9, Ellis, N. R. (Ed.), London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gorman-Smith, D. and Matson, J. L. (1985). A review of treatment research for self-injurious and stereotyped responding. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 29, 295308.Google ScholarPubMed
Guydish, J. and Kramer, J. J. (1982). Behavior modification: doing battle in the ethical arena. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 13, 315320.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holland, J. G. (1978). Behaviorism: Part of the problem or part of the solution? Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 11, 163174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazdin, A. E. and Matson, J. L. (1981). Social validation in mental retardation. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 2, 3953.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohlenberg, R. J., Levin, M. and Belcher, S. (1973). Skin conductance changes and the punishment of self-destructive behavior: A case study. Mental Retardation 11, 1113.Google Scholar
LaGrow, S. J. and Repp, A. C. (1984). Stereotypic responding: a review of intervention research. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 8, 595609.Google Scholar
LaVigna, G. W. and Donnellan, A. M. (1986). Alternatives to Punishment: Solving Behavior Problems with Non-aversive Strategies. New York: Irvington.Google Scholar
Lemert, E. (1967). Human Deviance, Social Problems and Social Control. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Lovaas, O. I. and Simmons, J. Q. (1969). Manipulation of self-destruction in three retarded children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 2, 143157.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lovett, H. (1985). Cognitive Counselling and Persons with Special Needs. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar
Marchetti, A. and Matson, J. L. (1981). Training skills for community adjustment. In Handbook of Behavior Modification with the Mentally Retarded, Matson, J. L. and McCartney, J. R. (Eds), London: Plenum.Google Scholar
Matson, J. L. and Gorman-Smith, D. (1986). A review of treatment research for aggressive and disruptive behaviour in the mentally retarded. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 7, 95103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarver, R. B. and Cavalier, A. R. (1983). Philosophical concepts and attitudes underlying programming for the mentally retarded. In Treatment Issues and Innovations in Mental Retardation, Matson, J. L. and Andrasik, F. (Eds). London: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Merbaum, M. (1973). The modification of self-destructive behavior by a mother-therapist using aversive stimuli. Behavior Therapy 4, 442447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mesibov, G. B. (1976). Alternatives to the principle of normalisation. Mental Retardation 16, 3032.Google Scholar
O'Brien, J. (1987). A guide to life-style planning: Using The Activities Catalogue to integrate services and natural support systems. In The Activities Catalogue: An Alternative Curriculum for Youth and Adults with Severe Disabilities, Wilcox, B. W. and Bellamy, G. T. (Eds). Baltimore: Brookes.Google Scholar
Peaker, C. (1987). Residential care in the community. In Health Care UK 1987: An Economic, Social and Policy Audit. Harrison, A. and Gretton, J. (Eds). Newbury: Policy Journals.Google Scholar
Porterfield, J., Blunden, R. and Blewitt, E. (1980). Improving environments for profoundly handicapped adults: Using prompts and social attention to maintain high group engagement. Behavior Modification 4, 225241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Repp, A. C., Felce, D. and De Kock, U. (1987). Observational studies of staff working with mentally retarded persons: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities 8, 331350.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers-Warren, A. and Warren, S. (1977). Ecological Perspectives in Behavior Analysis. Baltimore: University Park Press.Google Scholar
Rowitz, L. (1974). A sociological perspective on labelling. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 79, 265267.Google Scholar
Rowitz, L. (1981). A sociological perspective on labelling in mental retardation. Mental Retardation 19, 4751.Google ScholarPubMed
Schwade, S. (1979). The case against social validation. Behaviorists for Social Action Journal 1, 1117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, A. and Goldiamond, I. (1975). Social Casework: The Behavioral Approach. New York: Columbia University.Google Scholar
Scull, A. T. (1984a). Competing perspectives on deviance. Deviant Behavior 5, 275289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scull, A. T. (1984b). Decarceration: Community Treatment of the Deviant—A Radical View. 2nd Edn.Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1953). Science and Human Behavior. New York: MacMillan.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond Freedom and Dignity. New York: Knopf.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1974). About Behaviourism. London: Jonathon Cape.Google Scholar
Stolz, S. B. (1981). Adoption of innovations from applied behavioral research: “Does anybody care?”. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 14, 491506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tennant, L., Cullen, C. and Hattersley, J. (1981). Applied behaviour analysis: Interventions with retarded people. In Applications of Conditioning Theory, Davey, G. (Ed), London: Methuen.Google Scholar
Throne, J. M. (1975). Normalization through the normalization principle: right ends, wrong means. Mental Retardation 13, 2325.Google ScholarPubMed
Walker, M. (1987). Just who benefits from behaviourist techniques? Community Living 1, 4.Google Scholar
Willems, E. P. (1974). Behavioral technology and behavioral ecology. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 7, 151165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, P. and Schoultz, B. (1982). We Can Speak For Ourselves. London: Souvenir Press.Google Scholar
Wolfensberger, W. (1972). The Principle of Normalization in Human Services. Toronto: National Institute on Mental Retardation.Google Scholar
Wolfensberger, W. (1980). The definition of normalization: update, problems, disagreements and misunderstandings. In Normalization, Social Integration and Community Services, Flynn, R. J. and Nitsch, K. E. (Eds). Baltimore: University Park Press.Google Scholar
Wolfensberger, W. (1983a). Social role valorization: A proposed new term for the principle of normalization. Mental Retardation 21, 234239.Google ScholarPubMed
Wolfensberger, W. (1983b). Reflections on the Status of Citizen Advocacy. Toronto:. National Institute on Mental Retardation.Google Scholar
Wolfensberger, W. and Thomas, S. (1983). Program Analysis of Service Systems Implementation of Normalisation Goals. 2nd Edn, Toronto: National Institute on Mental Retardation.Google Scholar
Wolfensberger, W. and Zauha, H. (Eds) (1973). Citizen Advocacy and Protective Services for the Impaired and Handicapped. Toronto: National Institute on Mental Retardation.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.