Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T21:20:54.310Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

On artificial intelligence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Peter H. Schönemann
Peter H. Schönemann
Affiliation:
Ludwig Maximilian Universität, München, Federal Republic of Germany and Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind. 47907
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 8 , Issue 2 , July 1985 , pp. 241 - 242
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahern, S. & Beatty, J. (1979) Pupillary responses during information processing vary with Scholastic Aptitude Test scores. Science 205:1289–92. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Allport, D. A. (1980) Patterns and actions: Cognitive mechanisms are contentspecific. In: Cognitive psychology: New directions, ed. Claxton, G.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [THC]Google Scholar
Anderson, R. J. & Sisco, F. H. (1977) Standardization of the WISC-R performance scale for deaf children. Office of Demographic Studies Publication Series T, no. 1. Gallaudet College. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Ashcraft, M. H. & Stazyk, E. H. (1981) Mental addition: A test of three verification models. Memory & Cognition 9:185–96. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, C. (1974) Working memory. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 8, ed. Bower, G.. Academic Press. [PMAR]Google Scholar
Baker, J. R. (1974) Race. Oxford University Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
Bardis, P. D. (1969) The principle of instrumental parsimony. Revue Internationale de Sociologie: 92–101. [PDB]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (in press) Rationality and intelligence. Cambridge University Press. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. & Treiman, R. (1980) Some problems in the study of differences in cognitive processes. Memory and Cognition 8:313–21. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bengtson, V. L., Kasschau, P. L. & Ragan, P. K. (1977) The impact of social structure on aging individuals. In: Handbook of the psychology of aging, ed. Birren, J. E. & Schaie, K. W.. Van Nostrand Reinhold. [JPR]Google Scholar
Bethge, H. J., Carlson, J. S. & Wiedl, K. H. (1982) The effects of dynamic assessment procedures on Raven matrices performance, visual search behavior, test anxiety and test orientation. Intelligence 6:89–97. [JSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanchard, J. (1980) Preliminary investigation of transfer between single-word decoding ability and contextual reading comprehension by poor readers in grade six. Perceptual and Motor Skills 51:1271–81. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blau, Z. (1981) Black children/white children. Free Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Bock, R. D. & Mislevy, R. J. (1981) The profile of American youth: Data quality analysis of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. University of Chicago/National Opinion Research Center. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Borkowski, J. G. (1985) Signs of intelligence: Strategy generalization and metacognition. In: The growth of reflection in children, ed. Yussen, S.. Academic Press. [JGB]Google Scholar
Borkowski, J. G. & Krause, A. (1983) Racial differences in intelligence: The importance of the executive system. Intelligence 1:379–95. [JGB, rARJ, TN, KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borkowski, J. G. & Peck, V. A. (in press) Causes and consequences of metamemory in gifted children. In: Conceptions of intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. & Davidson, J.. Cambridge University Press. [JGB]Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr, (1982) Twins: Nurture's twice-told tale. In: 1983 Yearbook of science and the future. Encylopaedia Britannica. [JPR]Google Scholar
Bouchard, T. J. Jr & McGue, M. (1981) Familial studies of intelligence: A review. Science 212:1055–59. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braden, J. P. (1984) The factorial similarity of the WISC-R Performance Scale in deaf and hearing samples. Personality and Individual Differences 5:403–9. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, L. & Bryant, P. (1983) Categorizing sounds and learning to read-A causal connection. Nature 301:419–21. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, R. & Caldwell, B. (1984) The relation of infants' home environments to achievement test performance in first grade: A follow-up study. Child Development 55:803–9. [KES]Google ScholarPubMed
Brand, C. R. (1984) Personality dimensions: An overview of modern traitpsychology. In: Psychological Survey 5, ed. Nicholson, J. & Beloff, H.. British Psychological Society. [CB]Google Scholar
Brand, C. R. (1985a) The psychological bases of political attitudes and interests. In: Hans Eysenck: Consensus and controversy, ed. Modgil, S. & Modgil, C.. Falmer. [CB]Google Scholar
Brand, C. R. (1985b) Intelligence and inspection time: An ontogenetic relationship? In: The biology of human intelligence, ed. Turner, C.. Eugenics Society. [CB]Google Scholar
Bridgeman, B. & Buttram, J. (1975) Race differences in nonverbal analogy test performance as a function of verbal strategy training. Journal of Educational Psychology 67:586–90. [JSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulmer, M. G. (1970) The biology of twinning in man. Clarendon Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
Butterfield, E. C. & Ferretti, R. P. (in press) Toward a theoretical integration of cognitive hypotheses about intellectual differences among children. In: Intelligence and cognition in special children, ed. Borkowski, J. & Day, J.. Ablex. [JCB]Google Scholar
Callaway, E. (1975) Brain electrical potentials and individual psychological differences. Grune & Stratton. [EC, taARJ]Google Scholar
Callaway, E. (1984) Human information processing: Some effects of methylphenidate, age and scopolamine. Biological Psychiatry 19:649–62. [EC]Google ScholarPubMed
Callaway, E., Halliday, R., Naylor, H. & Schechter, G. (in press) Effects of oral scopolamine on human stimulus evaluation. Psychopharmacology. [EC]Google Scholar
Carlson, J. S. (1983) Applications of dynamic assessment to cognitive and perceptual functioning of three ethnic groups. National Institute of Education final report, grant #NIE-G-81–0081, 100 pp. [JSC]Google Scholar
Carlson, J. S. & Jensen, C. M. (1982) Reaction time, movement time, and intelligence: A replication and extension. Intelligence 6:265–74. [JGB, taARJ, TN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, J. S., Jensen, C. M. & Widaman, K. F. (1983) Reaction time, intelligence and attention. Intelligence 7:329–44. [JSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlson, J. S. & Wiedl, K. H. (1980) Applications of a dynamic testing approach in intelligence assessment: Empirical results and theoretical formulations. Zeitschrift für Differentielle Psychologie 1:303–18. [JSC]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H. (1981) Building theories of reading ability: On the relation between individual differences in cognitive skills and reading ability. Cognition 9:73–114. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, T. H. (1984) Attention, skill, and intelligence: Some speculations on extreme individual differences in human performance. In: Learning and cognition in the mentally retarded, ed. Brooks, P. H., Sperber, R. & McCauley, C.. Erlbaum. [THC]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H., Brown, T. L. & Vavrus, L. G. (1985) Using component skills analysis to integrate findings about reading development. In: New directions in child development #27; The development of reading skills, ed. Carr, T. H.. Jossey-Bass. [THC]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H., Pollatsek, A. & Posner, M. I. (1981) What does the visual system know about words? Perception and Psychophysics 29:183–90. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carr, T. H., Posner, M. I., Pollatsek, A. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1979) Orthography and familiarity effects in word processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:389–414. [MIP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carroll, J. B. (1980) Individual difference relations in psychometric and experimental cognitive tasks. Report no. 163, L. L. Thurstone Psychometric Laboratory, University of North Carolina. [PK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1981) Review of Bias in mental testing, A. R. Jensen. Psychometrika 46:227–33. [LVJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1940) A culture-fair intelligence test 1. Journal of Educational Psychology 31:161–79. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1963) Theory of fluid and crystalized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology 54:1–22. [RBC, J-EG, taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1967) The theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence checked at the 5-year-old level. British Journal of Educational Psychology 37:209–34. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1971) Abilities: Their structure, growth and action. IPAT, Champaign, Ill. [RBC]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1978) The scientific use of factor analysis in behavioral and life sciences. Plenum. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chase, W. G. & Ericsson, K. A. (1981) Skilled memory. In: Cognitive skills and their acquisition, ed. Anderson, J. R.. Erlbaum. [PMAR]Google Scholar
Chase, W. G. & Simon, H. A. (1973) Perception in chess. Cognitiv Psychology 4:55–81. [THC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chi, M. T. T. (1976) Short-term memory limitations in children: Capacity or processing deficits? Memory and Cognition 4:559–72. [MIP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cole, M., Gay, G. & Glick, J. (1968) Some experimental studies of Kpelle quantitative behavior. Psychonomic Monograph Supplement 2, no. 10 (Whole no. 26):173–90. [YHP]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1981) Disorders of reading and their implications for models of normal reading. Visible Language 15:245–86. [MIP]Google Scholar
Cooper, L. & Regan, D. T. (1982) Attention, perception and intelligence. In: Handbook of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R.. Wiley. [PMAR]Google Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. (1957) The two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist 12:671–84. [CB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. (1969) Heredity, environment and educational policy. Harvard Educational Review 39:338–47. [JPD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronbach, L. J. (1979) The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery—A test battery in transition. Personnel and Guidance Journal 57:232–37. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dasen, P. R. (1984) The cross-cultural study of intelligence: Piaget and the Baoulé. International Journal of Psychology. In press. [JSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Day, J. E., French, L. & Hall, L. K. (1985) Social interaction and cognitive development. In: Metacognition, cognition, and human performance, ed. Forrest-Pressley, D. L., MacKinnon, G. E. & Waller, T. G.. Academic Press. [JGB]Google Scholar
Dempster, F. N. (1981) Memory span: Sources of individual and developmental differences. Psychological Bulletin 89:63–100. [CB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, F. N. (1985) Short-term memory development in childhood and adolescence. In: Basic processes in memory development: Progress in cognitive development research, ed. Brainerd, C. J. & Pressley, M.. Springer. [CB]Google Scholar
Detterman, D. (1982) Does “g” exist? Intelligence 6:99–108. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Detterman, D. K. & Sternberg, R. J., eds. (1982) How and how much can intelligence be increased. Ablex. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Dillon, R. & Carlson, J. S. (1978) The use of activation variables in the assessment of cognitive abilities in three ethnic groups: A testing-the-limits approach. Educational and Psychological Measurement 38:437–43. [JSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donders, F. C. (1868/1869; 1969) Over de snelheid van psychische processen. Trans. W. G. Koster. In: Attention and performance II, ed. Koster, W. G.. Acta Psychologica 30:412–31. [THC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duncan Johnson, C. (1981) P300 latency: A new metric of information processing. Psychophysiology 18:207–15. [EC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durkin, D. (1982) A study of poor black children who are successful readers. Reading Education Report no. 33. Center for the Study of Reading, University of Illinois. [KES]Google Scholar
Engle, R. W. & Bukstel, L. (1978) Memory processes among bridge players of different expertise. American Journal of Psychology 91:673–89. [THC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ertl, J. P. (1969) Neural efficiency and human intelligence. Final report, U.S. Office of Education Project no. 9–0105. [EC, RBC]Google Scholar
Ertl, J. P. & Schafer, E. W. W. (1967) Cortical activity preceding speech. Life Sciences 6:473–79. [EC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, M. A. & Carr, T. H. (1985) Cognitive abilities, conditions of learning, and the early development of reading skill. Reading Research Quarterly. In press. [THC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eveleth, P. B & Tanner, J. M. (1976) Worldwide variation in human growth Cambridge University Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1939) Review of Primary mental abilities by L. L. Thurstone. British Journal of Educational Psychology 9:270–75. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1979) The structure and measurement of intelligence. Springer. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1982a) The psychophysiology of intelligence. In: Advances in personality assessment, vol. 1, ed. Spielberger, C. D. & Butcher, J. N.. Erlbaum. [RBC, taARJ]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1982b) A model of intelligence. Springer. [PEV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1984) The effect of race on human abilities and mental test scores. In: Perspectives on bias in mental testing, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Brown, R. T.. Plenum. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1985) The theory of intelligence and the psychophysiology of cognition. In: Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, vol. 3, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Erlbaum. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. & Barrett, P. (1985) Psychophysiology and the measurement of intelligence. In: Methodological and statistical advances in the study of individual differences, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Willson, V.. Plenum. [rARJ, EWPS]Google Scholar
Feuerstein, R. (1979) The dynamic assessment of retarded performers. University Park Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Fitts, P. M. & Posner, M. I. (1967) Human performance. Wadsworth, [YHP]Google Scholar
Floderus-Myrbed, B., Pedersen, N. & Rasmuson, I. (1980) Assessment of heritability for personality, based on a short form of the Eysenck Personality Inventory: A study of 12, 898 twin pairs. Behavior Genetics 10:153–62. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flynn, J. (1980) Race, IQ, and Jensen. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [KES]Google Scholar
Flynn, J. (1984) Japanese IQ. Nature 308:222. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraser, I. C. (1984) The psychophysiological measurement of adult intelligence. Thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh. [CB]Google Scholar
Frederiksen, J. R. (1980) Component skills in reading: Measurement of individual differences through chronometric analysis. In: Aptitude, learning, and instruction. Vol. 1: Cognitive process analyses of aptitude, ed. Snow, R. E., Federico, P.-A. & Montague, W. E.. Erlbaum. [THC]Google Scholar
Freedman, D. G. (1979) Human sociobiology: A holistic approach. Free Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
French, J. W., Ekstrom, R. B. & Price, L. A. (1963) Kit of reference tests for cognitive factors. Educational Testing Service. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Garrett, H. E., Bryan, A. I. & Perl, R. E. (1935) The age factor in mentalorganization. Archives of Psychology, no. 176. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Gordon, R. A. (1976) Prevalence: The rare datum in delinquency measurement and its implications for the theory of delinquency. In: The juvenile justice system, ed. Klein, M. W.. Sage. [RAG]Google Scholar
Gordon, R. A. (1984) Digits backward and the Mercer-Kamin law: An empirical response to Mercer's treatment of internal validity of IQ tests. In: Perspectives on bias in mental testing, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Brown, R. T.. Plenum. [RAG]Google Scholar
Gorsuch, R. L. (1974) Factor analysis. W. B. Saunders. [RAG, rARJ]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
Groen, G. J. & Parkman, J. M. (1972) A chronometric analysis of simple addition. Psychological Review 79:329–43. [THC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guilford, J. P. (1965) Fundamental statistics in psychology and education. 4th ed.McGraw-Hill. [RAG]Google Scholar
Gustafsson, J.-E. (1984) A unifying model for the structure of intellectual abilities. Intelligence 8:179–203. [J-EG, rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guthrie, J. T. (1973) Models of reading and reading disability. Journal of Educational Psychology 65:9–18. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haier, R. J., Robinson, D. L., Braden, W. & Williams, D. (1983) Electrical potentials of the cerebral cortex and psychometric intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences 4:591–99. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, J. & Pearson, P. (1983) An instructional study: Improving the inferential comprehension of good and poor fourth-grade readers. Journal of Educational Psychology 75:821–29. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harlow, H. F. (1959) Learning set and error factor theory. In: Psychology: A study of a science, vol. 2, ed. Koch, S.. McGraw-Hill. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Harman, H. H. (1960) Modern factor analysis. University of Chicago Press. [RAG]Google Scholar
Harman, H. H. (1967) Modern factor analysis. 2nd ed.University of Chicago Press. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley. [PEV]Google Scholar
Heber, R. & Garber, H. (1973) The Milwaukee Project: A study of the use of family investigation to prevent cultural-familial mental retardation. In: Exceptional infant, vol. 3, ed. Friedlander, B. Z., Sterritt, G. M. & Kirk, G. K.. Brunner/Mazel. [JSC]Google Scholar
Hemmelgarn, T. E. & Kehle, T. J. (1984) The relationship between reaction time and intelligence in children. School Psychology International 5:77–84. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrickson, A. E. (1982) The biological basis of intelligence, Part 1: Theory. In: A model for intelligence, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. Springer. [CB]Google Scholar
Hendrickson, D. E. (1982) The biological basis of intelligence, Part 2: Measurement. In: A model for intelligence, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. Springer. [CB]Google Scholar
Hendrickson, D. E. & Hendrickson, A. E. (1980) The biological basis of individual differences in intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences 1:3–33. [taARJ, EWPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennessy, J. J. (1974) Structure and patterns of mental abilities in several ethnic groups. Doctoral dissertation, New York University. University Microfilms no. 74–24, 997. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Hennessy, J. J. & Merrifield, P. R. (1976) A comparison of the factor structures of mental abilities in four ethnic groups. Journal of Educational Psychology 68:754–59. [RAG, taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, D. D. (1971) Cortical response of retardates for AER and audiometry. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 75:474. [EC]Google ScholarPubMed
Horn, J. L. (1965) Fluid and crystallized intelligence, a factor analytic study of the structure among primary mental abilities. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois. [RBC]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1966) Short period fluctuations in intelligence. University of Denver Research Institute. [RBC]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1968) Organization of abilities and the development of intelligence. Psychological Review 75:242–59. [RBC, J-EG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horn, J. L. (in press) Remodeling old models of intelligence. In: Handbook of intelligence, ed. Wolman, B.. Prentice-Hall. [JGB]Google Scholar
Hulme, C. (1984) British Journal of Psychology. In press. [PMAR]Google Scholar
Humphreys, L. G. (1971) Theory of intelligence. In: Intelligence: Genetic and environmental influences, ed. Cancro, R.. Grune & Stratton. [rARJ, LVJ]Google Scholar
Humphreys, L. G. (1981) The primary mental ability. In: Intelligence and learning, ed. Friedman, M. P., Das, J. P. & O'Connor, N.. Plenum. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Humphreys, L. G. (1983) Review of Ability testing by A. K. Wigdor & W. R. Garner. American Scientist 71:302–3. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Humphreys, L. G. (1984) General intelligence. In: Perspectives on bias in mental testing, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Brown, R. T.. Plenum. [LVJ]Google Scholar
Humphreys, L. G., Fleishman, A. I. & Lin, P.-C. (1977) Causes of racial and socioeconomic differences in cognitive tests. Journal of Research in Personality 11:191–208. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, E. (1976) Varieties of cognitive power. In: The nature of intelligence, ed. Resnick, L. B.. Erlbaum. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Hunt, E. (1978) Mechanics of verbal ability. Psychological Review 85:109–30. [PMAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, E. (1980) Intelligence as an information-processing concept. British Journal of Psychology 71:449–74. [EC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, E., Lunneborg, C. & Lewis, J. (1975) What does it mean to be high verbal? Cognitive Psychology 7:194–227. [PMAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, J. (1980) Early development and experience, vol. 10. 1974 Heinz Werner Lecture Series. [PDB]Google Scholar
Hunt, J. McV. (1961) Intelligence and experience. Ronald. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Hunter, J., Jones, L., Vincent, H. & Carmichael, J. W. (1982) Project SOAR: Teaching cognitive skills in a pre-college program. Journal of learning Skills 2:24–26. [AW]Google Scholar
IPAT. (1950, 1959) The Culture Fair Intelligence Test Series. IPAT, Champaign, Ill. [RBC]Google Scholar
Jackson, M. D. & McClelland, J. L. (1979) Processing determinants of reading speed. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 108:151–81. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jarman, R. F. (1978) Level I and Level II abilities: Some theoretical re-interpretations. British Journal of Psychology 69:257–69. [JPD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1966) Social class and perceptual learning. Mental Hygiene 50:226–39. [PHS]Google ScholarPubMed
Jensen, A. R. (1969) How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review 39:1–123. [JPD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1971) Do schools cheat minority children? Educational Research 14:3–28. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1973a) Educability and group differences. Methuen/Harper & Row. [taARJ, RCN]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1973b) Level I and Level II abilities in three ethnic groups. American Educational Research Journal 4:263–76. [tarARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1974a) Interaction of Level I and Level II abilities with race and socioeconomic status. Journal of Educational Psychology 66:99–111. [tarARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1974b) How biased are culture-loaded tests? Genetic Psychology Monographs 90:185–244. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1977a) An examination of culture bias in the Wonderlie Personnel Test. Intelligence 1:51–64. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1977b) Cumulative deficit in IQ of blacks in the rural south. Developmental Psychology 13:184–91. [PDB, KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1979) g: Outmoded theory or unconquered frontier? Creative Science and Technology 2:16–29. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1980a) Bias in mental testing. Free Press. [JCB, tarARJ, LVJ, RCN, YHP, PHS]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1980b) Chronometric analysis of intelligence. Journal of Social and Biological Structures 3:103–22. [taARJ, TN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1981) Reaction time and intelligence. In: Intelligence and learning, ed. Friedman, M. P., Das, J. P. & O'Connor, N.. Plenum. [taARJ, PMAR]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1982a) The chronometry of intelligence. In: Advances in the psychology of human intelligence, vol. 1, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Erlbaum. [tarARJ, PMAR]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1982b) Reaction time and psychometric g. In: A model for intelligence, ed. Eysenek, H. J.. Springer. [JB, tarARJ, YHP]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1983a) The effects of inbreeding on mental ability factors. Personality and Individual Differences 4:71–87.[tarARJ, RCJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1983b) The definition of intelligence and factor score indeterminacy. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:313–15. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1983c) Again, how much can we boost IQ? Review of How and how much can intelligence be increased, ed. Detterman, D. K. & Sternberg, R. J.. Contemporary Psychology 28:756:58. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1984a) Test validity: g versus the specificity doctrine Journal of Social and Biological Structures 7:93–118. [taARJ, AW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1984b) The Black–white difference on the K-ABC: Implications for future tests. Journal of Special Education 18:377–408. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1984c) Test bias: Concepts and criticisms. In: Perspectives on bias in mental testing, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Brown, R. T.. Plenum. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1984d) Sociobiology and differential psychology: The arduous climb from plausibility to proof. In: Annals of theoretical psychology, vol. 2, ed. Royce, J. R. & Mos, L. P.. Plenum. [JPR]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (1985) Race differences and Type II errors: A comment on Borkowski and Krause. Intelligence 9:33–39. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. (in press) Methodological and statistical techniques for the chronometric study of mental abilities. In: Methodological and statistical advances in the study of individual differences, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Willson, V. L.. Plenum. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. & Figueroa, R. A. (1975) Forward and backward digit span interaction with race and IQ: Predictions from Jensen's theory. Journal of Educational Psychology 67:882–93. [tarARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, A. R. & Inouye, A. R. (1980) Level I and Level II abilities in Asian, white, and black children. Intelligence 4:41–49. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. & Munro, E. (1979) Reaction time, movement time and intelligence. Intelligence 3:121–26. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R. & Osborne, R. T. (1979) Forward and backward digit span interaction with race and IQ: A longitudinal developmental comparison. Indian Journal of Psychology 54:75–87. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Jensen, A. R. & Reynolds, C. R. (1982) Race, social class and ability differences on the WISC-R. Personality and Individual Differences 3:423–38. [RAG, tarARJ, KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jensen, A. R., Schafer, E. W. W. & Crinella, F. M. (1981) Reaction time, evoked brain potentials and psychometric g in the severely retarded. Intelligence 5:179–97. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1973) Evolution of brain and intelligence. Academic Press. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Jones, L. V. (1984) White-black achievement differences: The narrowing gap. American Psychologist 39. In press. [LVJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karrer, R. (1984) An analysis of input, central, and motor segments of response time in the mentally retarded. Paper presented at the Conference on Motor Behavior of the Retarded, NICHD, Washington, D.C. [JPD]Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. S. & Kaufman, N. L. (1983) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children: Interpretive manual. American Guidance Service. [RAG, taARJ]Google Scholar
Keele, S. W. (1973) Attention and human performance. Goodyear. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Kendall, M. G. & Stuart, A. (1976) The advanced theory of statistics, vol. 2, Inference and relationship. 3rd ed.Griffin. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Kinehla, R. A. (1974) Detecting target elements in multi-element arrays: A confusability model. Perception and Psychophysics 15:149–58. [EC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klahr, D. & Wallace, J. G. (1976) Cognitive development. Wiley. [THC]Google Scholar
Klapp, S. T., Marshburn, E. A. & Lester, P. T. T. (1983) Short-term memory does not involve the “working memory’ of information processing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Ceneral 112:240–64. [JPD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krech, D., Roscnzwcig, M. R. & Bennett, E. L. (1962) Relations between brain chemistry and problem-solving among rats reared in enriched and impoverished environments. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55:801–7. [PEV]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lachman, R., Lachman, J. & Butterfield, E. C. (1979) Cognitive psychology and information processing: An introduction. Erlbaum. [JPD]Google Scholar
Laosa, L. (1982) School, occupation, culture, and family: The impact of parental schooling on the parent-child relationship. Journal of Educational Psychology 74:791–827. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laub, J. H. (1983) Urbanism, race, and crime. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2:183–98. [RAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesser, G. S., Fifer, G. & Clark, D. (1965) Mental abilities of children from different social class and cultural groups. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 30, no. 4. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
LeVinc, R. A. (1975) Culture, behavior, and personality. Aldine. [JPR]Google Scholar
Loehlin, J. C., Lindzey, G. & Spuhler, J. N. (1975) Race differences in intelligence. W. H. Freeman. [taARJ, JPR]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1976) Cognitive development: Its cultural and social foundation. Havard University Press. [YHP]Google Scholar
Lynn, R. (1978) Ethnic and racial differences in intelligence: International comparisons. In: Human variation: The biopsychology of age, race, and sex, ed. Osborne, R. T., Noble, C. E. & Weyl, N.. Academic Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
Lynn, R. (1982) IQ in Japan and the United States shows a growing disparity. Nature 297:222–23. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. A. & Elley, W. B. (1963) The reduction of socioeconomic bias in intelligence testing. British Journal of Educational Psychology 33:107–19. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, G. & Donchin, E. (1981) A metric for thought: A comparison of P3 latency and reaction time. Science 211:77–80. [EC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacGillivray, I., Nylander, P. P. P. & Corney, G. (1975) Human multiple reproduction. Saunders. [JPR]Google Scholar
McGue, M., Bouchard, T. J. Jr, Lykken, D. T. & Feuer, D. (1984) Information processing abilities in twins reared apart. Intelligence 8:239–58. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGurk, F. C. C. (1951) Comparison of the performance of Negro and white high school seniors on cultural and noncultural psychological test questions. Catholic University Press [taARJ]Google Scholar
McGurk, F. C. C. (1953a) On white and Negro test performance and socioeconomic factors. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 48:448–50. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGurk, F. C. C. (1953b) Socioeconomic status and culturally-weighted test scores of Negro subjects. Journal of Applied Psychology 37:276–77. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGurk, F. C. C. (1975) Race differences-twenty years later. Homo 26:219–39. [taARJ]Google Scholar
McNemar, Q. (1969) Psychological statistics. 4th ed.Wiley. [RAG]Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1982) Brain and intelligence in vertebrates. Clarendon Press. [EMM]Google Scholar
Macphail, E. M. (1985) Vertebrate intelligence: The null hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B308:37–51. [EMM]Google Scholar
Malina, R. M. (1979) Secular changes in size and maturity: Causes and effects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. Vol. 44, serial no. 179, nos. 3–4. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, N. G., Eaves, L. J. & Eysenck, H. J. (1977) Genetical, environmental and personality factors influencing the age of first sexual intercourse in twins. Journal of Biosocial Science 9:91–97. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Matarazzo, J. D. (1972) Wechsler's measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. 5th ed.Williams & Wilkins. [rARJ, EWPS]Google Scholar
Mercer, J. R. (1984) What is a racially and culturally nondiscriminatory test? In: Perspiectives on bias in mental testing, ed. Reynolds, C. R. & Brown, R. T.. Plenum. [RAG, taARJ]Google Scholar
Misawa, G., Motegi, M., Fujita, K. & Hattori, K. (1984) A comparative study of intellectual abilities of Japanese and American children on the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS). Personality and Individual Differences 5:173–81. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mulaik, S. A. (1972) The foundations of factor analysis. McGraw-Hill. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Nagoshi, C. T., Johnson, R. C., DeFries, J. C., Wilson, J. R. & Vandenberg, S. C. (in press) Group differences and first principal component loadings in the Hawaii Family Study of Cognition: A test of the generality of “Spearman's hypothesis.” Personality and Individual Differences. [RCJ, JRW]Google Scholar
Nettelbeek, T. & Kirby, N. H. (1983) Measures of timed performance and intelligence. Intelligence 7:39–52. [taARJ, TN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nichols, P. L. (1972) The effects of heredity and environment on intelligence test performance in 4 and 7 year old white and Negro sibling pairs. Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota. [RAG, taARJ, KES]Google Scholar
Niswander, K. R. & Gordon, M. (1972) Women and their pregnancies. W. B. Saunders. [JPR]Google Scholar
Noble, C. E. (1969) Race, reality, and experimental psychology. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 13:10–30. [JGB, rARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Noble, C. E. (1978) Age, race, and sex in the learning and performance of psychomotor skills. In: Human variation: The biopsychology of age, race, and sex, ed. Osborne, R. J., Noble, C. E. & Weyl, N.. Academic Press. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Oceam, William (1320/1965) In: Gulielmi Ockham opera omnia philosophica et theologica, ed. Moody, E.. Franciscan Institute. [PDB]Google Scholar
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) (1982) Profile of American youth: 1980 nationwide administration of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery. Department of Defense. [RAG, taARJ]Google Scholar
Ogbu, J. (1982) Societal forces as a context of ghetto children's school failure. In: The language of children reared in poverty, ed. Feagans, L. & Farran, D.. Academic Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Olson, R. K., Kliegel, R., Davidson, B. J. & Foltz, G. (1984) Individual and developmental differences in reading ability. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 4, ed. Waller, T. G. & MacKinnon, E.. Academic Press. [THC]Google Scholar
Omanson, R. C. (1985) Knowing words and understanding texts. In: New Directions in Child Development #27: The development of reading skills, ed. Carr, T. H.. Jossey-Bass. In press. [THC]Google Scholar
Ombrédane, A., Robaye, F. & Plumail, H. (1956) Résultats d'une application répétée du matrix-couleur á une population de Noirs Congolai [Results of a repeated administration of the coloured matrices to a population of Congolese Blacks]. Bulletin du Centre d'Etudes et Recherches Psychotechniques 5:129–47. [YHP]Google Scholar
Osborne, R. T. & McGurk, F. C. J., eds. (1982) The testing of Negro intelligence, vol. 2. Foundation for Human Understanding. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Pachella, R. C. (1974) The interpretation of reaction time in information-processing research. In: Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition, ed. Kantowitz, B. H.. Erlbaum. [TN]Google Scholar
Palinscar, A. S. & Brown, A. L. (1984) Reciprocal teaching of comprehension-fostering and monitoring activities. Cognition and Instruction 1:117–75. [JGB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parmellee, A. & Sigman, M. (1983) Perinatal brain development and behavior. In: Handbook of child psychology, infancy and developmental psychobiology, vol. 2, ed. Haith, M. M. & Campos, J. J.. Wiley. [JSC]Google Scholar
Paul, S. (1985) Speed of information processing: The semantic verification test and general mental ability. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Payne, R. B. & Turkat, I. D. (1982) Sex, race, and psychomotor reminiscence. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 19:336–38. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson, P. (1984) Handbook of reading research. Longman. [KES]Google Scholar
Pfefferbaum, A., Wenegrat, B. G., Ford, J. M., Roth, W. T. & Kopell, B. S. (1984) Clinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials. 2. Dementia, depression and schizophrenia. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:104–24. [EC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Platt, J. R. (1964) Strong inference. Science 146:347–52. [EC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin, R. (1983) Developmental behavioral genetics. Child Development 54:253–59. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polich, J., Howard, L. & Starr, A. (1984) P300 latency correlates with digit span. Psychophysiology 20:665–69. [EC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poortinga, Y. H. (1971) Cross-cultural comparison of maximum performance tests: Some methodological aspects and some experiments with simple auditory and visual stimuli. Psychologia Africana Monograph Supplement, no. 6. [YHP]Google Scholar
Poortinga, Y. H. (1983) Psychometric approaches to intergroup comparison: The problem of equivalence. In: Human assessment and cultural factors, ed. Irvine, S. H. & Berry, J. W.. Plenum. [YHP]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1966) Components of skilled performance. Science 152:1712–18. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I. (1978) Chronometric explorations of mind. Erlbaum. [THC, taARJ]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1982) Cumulative development of attentional theory. American Psychologist 37:168–79. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. I. & McLeod, P. (1982) Information processing models: In search of elementary operations. Annual Review of Psychology 33:447–514. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Posner, M. I., Pea, R. & Volpe, B. (1982) Cognitive neuroscience: Developments toward a science of synthesis. In: Perspectives on mental representations, ed. Mehler, J., Walker, E. & Garrett, M.. Erlbaum. [MIP]Google Scholar
Pressey, S. L. & Teter, G. F. (1919) A comparison of colored and white children by means of a group scale of intelligence. Journal of Applied Psychology 3:277–82. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, G. (1984) Mnemonic support and curriculum selection in teaching by mothers: A conjoint effect. Child Development 55:659–68. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1979) Current paradigms and models in human information processing. In: Human stress and cognition: An information processing approach, ed. Hamilton, V. & Warburton, D. M.. Wiley. [TN]Google Scholar
Rabbitt, P. M. A. (1981) Cognitive psychology needs models for changes in performance with old age. In: Attention and Performance 9, ed. Long, J. & Baddeley, A.. Erlbaum. [MIP]Google Scholar
Rabbitt, P. M. A. & Rodgers, M. (1965) Age and choice between responses in a self-paced repetitive task. Ergonomics 8:435–44. [PMAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramey, C. T., Campbell, F. A., & Finkelstein, N. W. (1984) Course and structure of intellectual development in children at high risk for developmental retardation. In: Learning and cognition in the mentally retarded, ed. Brooks, P., Sperber, R., & McCauley, C.. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Reuning, H. (1972) Psychological studies of Kalahari Bushmen. In: Mental tests and cultural adaptation, ed. Cronbach, L. J. & Drenth, P. J. D.. Mouton. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Reynolds, C. R. & Cutkin, T. B. (1981) Multivariate comparison of the intellectual performance of blacks and whites matched on four demographic variables. Personality and Individual Differences 2:175–80. [RAG, taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, C. R. & Jensen, A. R. (1983) WISC-R subscale patterns of abilities of blacks and whites matched on Full Scale IQ. Journal of Educational Psychology 75:207–14. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rock, D. A., Werts, C. E. & Flaugher, R. L. (1978) The use of analysis of covariance structures for comparing the psychometric properties of multiple variables across populations. Multivariate Behavioral Research 13:403–18. [JGB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roth, E. (1964) Die geschwindigkeit der Verarbeitung von Information und ihr Zusammenhang mit Intelligenz. Zeitschrift für experimentelle und angewandte Psychologie 11:616–22. [TN]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1984a) Sociobiology: Toward a theory of individual and group differences in personality and social behavior. In: Annals of theoretical psychology, vol. 2, ed. Royce, J. R. & Mos, L. P.. Plenum. [JPR]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1984b) Group differences, genetic similarity, and the importance of personality traits. In: Annals of theoretical psychology, vol. 2, ed. Royce, J. R. & Mos, L. P.. Plenum. [JPR]Google Scholar
Rushton, J. P. (1984c) Differential K Theory: The sociobiology of individual differences. Personality and Individual Differences 6. [JPR]Google Scholar
Ryan, E. (1981) Identifying and remediating failures in reading comprehension: Toward an instructional approach for poor comprehenders. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 3, ed. Waller, T. & MacKinnon, G.. Academic Press. [KES]Google Scholar
Salthouse, T. A. & Somberg, B. L. (1982) Skilled performance: Effects of adult age and experience or elementary processes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 111:176–207. [TN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sameroff, A. & Seifer, R. (1983) Familial risk and child competence. Child Development 54:1254–68. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuels, S. (1979) The method of repeated readings. Reading Teacher 32:403–8. [KES]Google Scholar
Sanders, A. F. (1983) Towards a model of stress and human performance. Acta Psychologica 53:61–97. [EC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandoval, J. (1982) The WISC-R factoral validity for minority groups and Spearman's hypothesis. Journal of School Psychology 20:198–204. [RAG, taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandoval, J. & Millie, M. P. P. (1980) Accuracy of judgments of WISC-R item difficulty for minority groups. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 48:249–53. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarr, S. (1981a) Implicit messages: A review of Bias in mental testing. American Journal of Education 89:330–38. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarr, S. (1981b) Race, social class, and individual differences in IQ. Erlbaum. [RAG, taARJ, KES]Google Scholar
Scarr, S., Caparulo, B. K., Ferdman, B. M., Tower, R. B. & Caplan, J. (1983) Developmental status and school achievements of minority and non-minority children from birth to 18 years in a British Midlands town. British Journal of Developmental Psychology 1:31–48. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scarr, S. & Carter-Saltzman, L. (1982) Genetics and intelligence. In: A handbook of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. J.. Cambridge University Press. [CB]Google Scholar
Schafer, E. W. W. (1982) Neural adaptability: A biological determinant of behavioral intelligence. International Journal of Neuroscience 17:183–91. [taARJ, EWPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schafer, E. W. W. (1984) Habituation of evoked cortical potentials correlates with intelligence. Psychophysiology 21:597. [EWPS]Google Scholar
Schafer, E. W. W. & Marcus, M. M. (1973) Self-stimulation alters human sensory brain responses. Science 181:175–77. [EWPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schechter, G. & Callaway, E. (1984) Attention selectively modulates parallel visual processes. Abstract. Society for the Neurosciences, 14th Annual Meeting, Vol. 10, part 2. [EC]Google Scholar
Schiff, M., Duyme, M., Dumaret, A. & Tomkiewicz, S. (1982) How much could we boost scholastic achievement and IQ scores? A direct answer from a French adoption study. Cognition 12:165–96. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmid, J. & Leiman, J. M. (1957) The development of hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika 22:53–61. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schönemann, P. H. (1981) Factorial definitions of intelligence: Dubious legacy of dogma in data analysis. In: Multidimensional data representations: When and why, ed. Borg, I.. Mathesis Press. [PHS]Google Scholar
Schönemann, P. H. (1983) Do IQ tests really measure intelligence? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:311–15. [PHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwartz, R. M. & Stanovich, K. E. (1981) Flexibility in the use of graphic and contextual information by good and poor readers. Journal of Reading Behavior 13:263–69. [THC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen, A., Jensen, A. R., Sen, A. K. & Arora, I. (1983) Correlation between reaction time and intelligence in psychometrically similar groups in America and India. Applied Research in Mental Retardation 4:139–52. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Serpell, R. (1979) How specific are perceptual skills? British Journal of Psychology 70:365–80. [YHP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shucard, D. & Horn, J. (1972) Evoked cortical potentials and measurement of human abilities. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78:59–68. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shuey, A. M. (1966) The testing of Negro intelligence. 2nd ed.Social Science Press. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Silverstein, A. B. (1980a) Estimating the general factor in the WISC and the WAIS. Psychological Reports 46:189–90. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silverstein, A. B. (1980b) Estimating the general factor in the WISC-R. Psychological Reports 47:1185–86. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sisco, F. H. (1982) Sex differences in the performance of deaf children on the WISC-R Performance Scale. Doctoral dissertation. University of Florida. University Microfilms no. DA 8226432. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Sharp, D. M. (1984) Inspection time, decision time and visual masking. Thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen. [CB]Google Scholar
Sherry, D. F. (1984) What food-storing birds remember. Canadian Journal of Psychology 38:304–21. [EMM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sörbom, D. (1974) A general method for studying differences in factor means and factor structures between groups. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology 27:229–39. [J-EG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spearman, C. (1904) General intelligence, objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology 15:201–93. [RBC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spearman, C. (1923) The nature of “intelligence” and the principles of cognition. Macmillan. [tarARJ]Google Scholar
Spearman, C. (1927) The abilities of man. Macmillan. [tarARJ, RCN]Google Scholar
Stankov, L. (1983) The role of competition in human abilities revealed through auditory tests. Multivariate Behavioral Research. Monograph no. 83–1. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1979) The effect of orthographic structure on the word search performance of good and poor readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 28:258–67. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F. & Feeman, D. (1981) A longitudinal study of sentence context effects in second-grade children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 32:185–99. [THC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1977) Intelligence, information processing and analogical reasoning: The componential analysis of human abilities. Erlbaum. [PK]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1982) Handbook of human intelligence. Cambridge University Press. [HJE, PMAR]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1984a) Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of intelligence. Cambridge University Press. [JGB]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1984b) Toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:269–87. [THC, KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J., Conway, B. E., Ketron, J. R. & Bernstein, M. (1981) People's conceptions of intelligence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition 41:37–55. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Gardner, M. K. (1982) A componential interpretation of the general factor in human intelligence. In: A model for intelligence, ed. Eysenck, H. J.. Springer. [tarARJ]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Powell, J. S. (1983) Comprehending verbal comprehension. American Psychologist 38:878–93. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sternberg, S. (1966) High speed scanning in human memory. Science 153:652–54. [PMAR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sternberg, S. (1969) The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method. In: Attention and performance II, W. G. Koster. Acta Psychologica 30:276–315. [THC, PMAR]Google Scholar
Straumanis, J. J. Jr, Shagass, C. & Overton, D. A. (1973) Auditory evoked response in young adults with Down's syndrome and idiopathic mental retardation. Biological Psychiatry 6:75–90. [EC]Google ScholarPubMed
Teichner, W. H. & Krebs, M. J. (1974) Laws of visual choice reaction time. Psychological Review 81:75–98. [TN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thomas, B. (1984) Early toy preferences of four-year-old readers and nonreaders. Child Development 55:424–30. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thurstone, L. L. (1938) Primary mental abilities. University of Chicago Press. [RCN]Google Scholar
Tierney, R. & Cunningham, J. (1984) Research on teaching reading comprehension. In: Handbook of reading research, ed. Pearson, P.. Longman. [KES]Google Scholar
Trotman, F. (1977) Race, IQ, and the middle class. Journal of Educational Psychology 69:266–73. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulkin, S. (1968) Race, class, family, and school achievement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 9:31–37. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Undheim, J. O. (1981a) On intelligence. 1. Broad ability factors in 15-year-old children and Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 22:171–79. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Undheim, J. O. (1981b) On intelligence. 2. A neo-Spearman model to replace Cattell's theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 22:181–87. [J-EG, rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Undheim, J. O. (1981c) On intelligence. 4. Toward a restoration of general intelligence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 22:251–65. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Department of Labor, Manpower Administration (1970) Manual for the USES General Aptitude Test Battery. U.S. Employment Service. [RAG, taARJ]Google Scholar
Van de Vijver, F. J. R. & Poortinga, Y. H. (1982) Cross-cultural generalization and universality. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 13:387–408. [YHP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vavrus, L. G., Brown, T. L. & Carr, T. H. (1983) Component skill profiles of reading ability: Variations, tradeoffs, and compensations. Paper presented at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society, 11 1983, San Diego, Calif. [THC]Google Scholar
Vernon, P. A. (1981a) Level I and Level II: A review. Educational Psychologist 16:45–64. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, P. A. (1981b) Reaction time and intelligence in the mentally retarded. Intelligence 5:345–55. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, P. A. (1983) Speed of information processing and general intelligence. Intelligence 7:53–70. [tarARJ, TN, PMAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, P. A. & Jensen, A. R. (1984) Individual and group differences in intelligence and speed of information processing. Personality and Individual Differences 5:411–23. [tarARJ, TN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vernon, P. E. (1979) Intelligence, heredity, and environment. Freeman. [PMAR]Google Scholar
Vernon, P. E. (1982) The abilities and achievements of Orientals in North America. Academic Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
Veroff, J., McClelland, L. & Marquis, K. (1971) Measuring intelligence and achievement motivation in surveys. Final report to U.S. Dept. of HEW, OEO, contract no. OEO-4180. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Viaud, G. (1960) Intelligence: Its evolution and forms. Hutchinson. [rARJ]Google Scholar
Wade, M., Hoover, J. & Newell, K. (1984) Training reaction and movement times of moderately and severely mentally retarded persons in aiming movements. American Journal of Mental Deficiency 89:174–79. [KES]Google ScholarPubMed
Wallach, M. & Wallach, L. (1979) Helping disadvantaged children learn to read by teaching them phoneme identification skills. In: Theory and practice of early reading, vol. 3, ed. Resnick, L. & Weaver, P.. [KES]Google Scholar
Wechsler, D. (1958) The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. 4th ed.Williams & Wilkins. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Weinrich, J. D. (1977) Human sociobiology: Pair bonding and resource predictability (Effects of social class and race). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 2:91–118. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiss, V. (1984) Psychometric intelligence correlates with interindividual different rates of lipid peroxidation. Biomedica Biochimica Acta 6:755–63. [EC]Google Scholar
Welford, A. T. (1980) Reaction times. Academic Press. [YHP]Google Scholar
Werner, H. & Kaplan, E. (1952) The acquisition of word meanings: A developmental study. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, no. 51. [taARJ]Google Scholar
Wherry, R. J. (1959) Hierarchical factor solutions without rotation. Psychometrika 24:45–51. [taARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whimbey, A. (1975) Intelligence can be taught. Dutton. [AW]Google Scholar
Whimbey, A. (1981) Competency in comprehension (and scientific literacy) as reasoning. Washington, D.C.: Fund for the Improvement of Post-secondary Education. [AW]Google Scholar
Whimbey, A. (1983) Analytical reading and reading. Innovative Sciences. [AW]Google Scholar
Whimbey, A. (1984) Mastering reading through reasoning. Innovative Sciences. [AW]Google Scholar
Whimbey, A. & Lochhead, J. (1982) Problem solving and comprehension: A short course in analytical reasoning. Franklin Institute Press. [AW]Google Scholar
Willerman, L. (1973) Activity level and hyperactivity in twins. Child Development 44:288–93. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, J. (1980) Teaching decoding with an emphasis on phoneme analysis and phoneme blending. Journal of Educational Psychology 72:1–15. [KES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press. [JPR]Google Scholar
Wilson, R. S. (1983) The Louisville Twin Study: Developmental synchronies in behavior. Child Development 54:298–316. [JPR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, R. & Matheny, A. (1983) Mental development: Family environment and genetic influences. Intelligence 7:195–215. [KES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wober, M. (1974) Towards an understanding of the Kiganda concept of intelligence. In: Culture and cognition: Readings in cross-cultural psychology, ed. Berry, J. W. & Dasen, P. R.. Methuen. [JSC]Google Scholar
Yerkes, R. M. & Dodson, J. D. (1908) The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology and Psychology 18:458–82. [rARJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar