Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T04:22:29.229Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

In defence of dual-route models of reading

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Max Coltheart
Max Coltheart
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 8 , Issue 4 , December 1985 , pp. 709 - 710
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allport, D. A. (1980) Patterns and actions: Cognitive mechanisms are content specific. In: Cognitive psychology: New directions, ed. Claxton, G.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [GU]Google Scholar
Allport, D. A. & Funnell, E. (1981) Components of the mental lexicon. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B295:397–410. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. A. & Hinton, G. E. (1981) Parallel models of associative memory. Erlbaum. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Andrews, S. (1982) Phonological recoding: Is the regularity effect consistent? Memory and Cognition 10:565–75. [DAB, LH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Backman, J., Bruck, M.Hébert, M. & Seidenberg, M. (1984) Acquisition and use of spelling-sound correspondences in reading. Journal of Experimental Child Physiology 38:114–33. [MSS]Google Scholar
Balota, D. A. & Chumbley, J. I. (1984) Are lexical decisions a good measure of lexical access? The role of word frequency in the neglected decision stage. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 10:340–57. [DAB, taGWH]Google ScholarPubMed
Balota, D. A. & Chumbley, J. I. (1985) The locus of word-frequency effects in the pronunciation task: Lexical access and/or production. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, in press. [DAB]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1977a) Mechanisms for pronouncing printed words: Use and acquisition. In: Basic processes in reading: Perception and comprehension, ed. LaBerge, D. & Samuels, S. J.. Erlbaum. [JB, RKO]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1977b) What we might know about orthographic rules. In: Attention and performance, vol. 6, ed. Dornic, S.. Academic Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1979) Orthographic and word-specific mechanisms in children's reading of words. Child Development 50:60–72. [JB, AL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. & Strawson, C. (1976) Use of orthographic and word-specific knowledge in reading words aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:386–93. [taGWH, AL, RKO]Google Scholar
Baron, J. & Thurston, I. (1973) An analysis of the word superiority effect. Cognitive Psychology 4:207–28. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J., Treiman, R., Freyd, J. J. & Kellman, P. (1980) Spelling and reading by rules. In: Cognitive processes in spelling, ed. Frith, U.. Academic Press. [JB]Google Scholar
Bauer, D. W. & Stanovich, K. E. (1980) Lexical access and the spelling-to-sound regularity effect. Memory and Cognition 8:424–32. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauvois, M. F. & Dérouesné, J. (1979a) Phonological alexia: Three dissociations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 42:1115–24. [MC, taGWH, TS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauvois, M. F. & Dérouesné, J. (1979b) Reading without phonology: Data from phonological alexia without expressive or receptive aphasia. Paper presented to the International Neuropsychology Society, Holland. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Beauvois, M. F., Dérouesné, J. & Saillant, B. (1980) Syndromes neuropsychologiques et psychologie cognitive, trois examples: Aphasie tactile alexie phonologique et agraphie lexicale. Cahiers de Psychologie 23:1211–45. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Becker, C. A. (1980) Semantic context effects in visual word recognition: An analysis of semantic strategies. Memory and Cognition 8:489–512. [THC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, C. A. (1985) What do we know about context effects? In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 5, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. G. & MacKinnon, G. E.. Academic Press. [THC]Google Scholar
Besner, D. (1983) Basic decoding components in reading: Two dissociable feature extraction processes. Canadian Journal of Psychology 37:429–38. [rGWH]Google Scholar
Besner, D. & Davelaar, E. (1983) Suedohomofoan effects in visual word recognition: Evidence for phonological processing. Canadian Journal of Psychology 37:300–305. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besner, D., Davelaar, E., Alcott, D. & Parry, P. (1984) Wholistic reading of alphabetic print: Evidence from the FDM and the FBI. In: Orthographies and reading, ed. Henderson, L.. Erlbaum. [rGWH]Google Scholar
Besner, D., Hildebrandt, N. & McCann, R. (1984). Visual and phonological codes in the oral reading of Japanese Kana. Paper read at the meeting of the Psychonomic Society. [MSS]Google Scholar
Briggs, P. & Underwood, G. (1982) Phonological coding in good and poor readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 34:93–112. [rGWH, GU]Google Scholar
Brooks, L. R. (1977) Visual pattern in fluent word identification. In: Toward a psychology of reading, ed. Reber, A. S. & Scarborough, D., Erlbaum. [THC]Google Scholar
Brooks, L. R. (1978a) Nonanalytic concept formation and memory for instances. In: Cognition and categorization, ed. Rosch, E. & Lloyd, B. B.. Erlbaum. [MBR]Google Scholar
Brooks, L. R. (1978b) Non-analytic correspondences and pattern in word pronunciation. In: Attention and performance, vol. 7, ed. Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [JB]Google Scholar
Brooks, L. R. & Miller, A. (1979) A comparison of explicit and implicit knowledge of an alphabet. In: Processing of visible language, vol. 1, ed. Kolers, P. A., Wrolstad, M. E. & Bouma, H.. Plenum. [THC]Google Scholar
Bruder, G. A. (1978) Role of visual familiarity in the word-superiority effects obtained with the simultaneous-matching task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:88–100. [JFJ]Google ScholarPubMed
Bruner, J. S. & O'Dowd, D. (1958) A note on the informativeness of parts of words. Language and Speech 1:98–101. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bub, D. N., Cancelliere, A. & Kertesz, A. (1985) Whole-word and analytic translation of spelling to sound in a non-semantic reader. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [MC, tarGWH, JK, KP, TS]Google Scholar
Campbell, R. & Besner, D. (1981) This and thap—constraints on the pronunciation of new written words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A:375–96. [RJG, tarGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, A. (1984) The logic of neuropsychological research and the problem of patient classification in aphasia. Brain and Language 21:9–20. [TS]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H., Davidson, B. J. & Hawkins, H. L. (1978) Perceptual flexibility in word recognition: Strategies affect orthographic computation but not lexical access. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:674–90. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Carr, T. H. & Pollatsek, A. (1985) Recognizing printed words: A look at current models. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, Vol. 5, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. G. & MacKinnon, G. E.. Academic Press. [THC, AP]Google Scholar
Chastain, G. (1981) Phonological and orthographic factors in the wordsuperiority effect. Memory and Cognition 9:389–97. [GC]Google Scholar
Chastain, G. (1984) Phonological access to the mental lexicon in a target discrimination task. Journal of General Psychology 110:53–60. [GC]Google Scholar
Chomsky, C. (1970) Reading, writing, and phonology. Harvard Educational Review 40:287–309. [JB]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968) The sound pattern of English. Harper & Row. [KIF]Google Scholar
Chumbley, J. I. & Balota, D. A. (1985) A word's meaning affects the decision in lexical decisions. Memory and Cognition, in press. [DAB]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1978) Lexical access in simple reading tasks. In: Strategies of information processing, ed. Underwood, G.. Academic Press. [MC, LH, taGWH, JM, AP]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980a) Deep dyslexia: A review of the syndrome. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [TS]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980b) Reading, phonological recoding and deep dyslexia. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [taGWH, JM]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1981) Disorders of reading and their implications for models of normal reading. Visible Language 15:245–86. [taGWH, AP]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1982) The psycholinguistic analysis of acquired dyslexias: Some illustrations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London B298:151–64. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M., Besner, D., Jonasson, J. T. & Davelaar, E. (1979) Phonological encoding in the lexical decision task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:489–507. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coltheart, M., Davelaar, E., Jonasson, J. T. & Besner, D. (1977) Access to the internal lexicon. In: Attention and performance, vol. 6, ed. Dornic, S.. Erlbaum. [tarGWH]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M., Masterson, J., Byng, S., Prior, M. & Riddoch, M. J. (1983) Surface dyslexia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A:469–96. [MC, taGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C., eds. (1980) Deep dyslexia. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Davelaar, E.Coltheart, M., Besner, D. & Jonasson, J. T. (1978) Phonological recoding and lexical access. Memory and Cognition 6:391–402. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deloche, G., Andreewsky, E. & Desi, M. (1981) Surface dyslexia: A case report and some implications to reading models. Brain and Language 15:12–31. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Dennis, I., Besner, D. & Davelaar, E. (1984) Phonology in visual word recognition: Pseudohomophone effects and the roll of homophones. (In preparation.) [taGWH]Google Scholar
Dérouesné, J. & Beauvois, M. F. (1979) Phonological processing in reading: Data from alexia. Journal of Neurology, Neruosurgery and Psychiatry 42:1125–32. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Dérouesné, J. & Beauvois, M. F. (1982) The “phonemic” stage in the non-lexical reading process: Evidence from a case of phonological alexia. Paper presented at the fifth INS European Conference, Deauville. [DAB, taGWH]Google Scholar
Evett, L. J. & Humphreys, G. W. (1981) The use of abstract graphemic information in lexical access. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A:325–50. [DB, taGWH]Google Scholar
Evett, L. J., Humphreys, G. W. & Quinlan, P. T. (1985) Orthographic segmentation processes in visual word identification. Paper presented to the Experimental Psychology Society, London. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Feldman, L. B. (1981) Visual word recognition in Serbo-Croatian is necessarily phonological. Status report on speech research SR-66. Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Conn. [MSS]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. (1976) Accessing the internal lexicon. In: New approaches to language mechanisms, ed. Wales, R. J. & Walker, E. C. T.. North Holland. [THC, taGWH]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. (1979) Levels of processing and the structure of the language processor. In: Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merrill Garrett, ed. Cooper, W. E. & Walker, E.. Erlbaum. [THC]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. (1981) Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts on naming time: Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A:465–95. [rGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forster, K. I. & Chambers, S. (1973) Lexical access and naming time. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 12:627–35. [KIF]Google Scholar
Frederiksen, J. & Kroll, J. (1976) Spelling and sound: Approaches to the internal lexicon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:361–79. [KIF, MSS]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1891). On aphasia. Repr. 1953. International Universities Press. [AL]Google Scholar
Frith, U. (1985) Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [rGWH]Google Scholar
Funnell, E. (1983) Phonological processes in reading: New evidence from acquired dyslexia. British Journal of Psychology 74:159–80. [MC, LH, tarGWH]Google Scholar
Gernsbacher, M. A. (1984) Resolving 20 years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:256–81. [MSS]Google Scholar
Gibson, E. J., Pick, A., Osser, H. & Hammond, M. (1962) The role of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in the perception of words. American Journal of Psychology 75:554–70. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gibson, E. J., Shurcliff, A. & Yonas, A. (1970) Utilization of spelling patterns by deaf and hearing subjects. In: Basic studies in reading, ed. Levin, H. & Williams, J. P.. Basic Books. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Glushko, R. J. (1979) The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 5:674–91. [DAB, THC, RJG, LH, tarGWH, JK, RKO, AJP, AP, MSS, MT]Google Scholar
Glushko, R. J. (1981) Principles for pronouncing print: The psychology of phonography. In: Interactive processes in reading, ed. Lesgold, A. M. & Perfetti, C. A.. Erlbaum. [RJG, taGWH, JM, CAP]Google Scholar
Gordon, B. & Caramazza, A. (1982) Lexical decision for open- and closed-class words: Failure to replicate differential frequency sensitivity. Brain and Language 15:143–60. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cough, P. B. (1972) One second of reading. In: Language by car and by eye, ed. Kavanagh, J. F. & Mattingly, I. G.. MIT Press. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Gough, P. B. & Cosky, M. J. (1977) One second of reading again. In: Cognitive theory, vol. 2, ed. Castellan, N. J., Pisoni, D. B. & Potts, G. R.. Erlbaum. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Hansen, D. & Rodgers, T. S. (1973) An exploration of psycholinquistic units in initial reading. In: The psycholinguistic nature of the reading process, ed. Goodman, K. S.. Wayne State University Press. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Hawkins, H. L., Reicher, G. M., Rogers, M. & Peterson, L. (1976) Flexible coding in word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 2:380–85. [GC]Google Scholar
Henderson, L. (1977) Word recognition. In: Tutorial essays in psychology, ed. Sutherland, N. S.. Erlbaum. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Henderson, L. (1981) Information processing approaches to acquired dyslexia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A:507–22. [LH, taGWH]Google Scholar
Henderson, L. (1982) Orthography and word recognition in reading. Academic Press. [DAB, DB, KIF, LH, taGWH, JM, RKO, TS]Google Scholar
Henderson, L. (1985) Issues in the modelling of pronunciation assembly in normal reading. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [LH]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. (1977) Relaxation and its role in vision. Doctoral dissertation, University of Edinburgh. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Huey, E. B. (1908) The psychology and pedagogy of reading. Repr. 1968. MIT Press. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W. (1985) Attention, automaticity and autonomy in visual word processing. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 5, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. G. & Mackinnon, G. E.. Academic Press. [rGWH]Google Scholar
Humphreys, G. W., Evett, L. J. & Taylor, D. E. T. (1982) Automatic phonological priming in visual word recognition. Memory and Cognition 10:576–90. [rGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Humphreys, G. W., Quinlan, P. T. & Evett, L. J. (1983) Automatic orthographic priming: Implications for processing orthography. Working Papers of the London Psycholinquistics Group 5:48–55. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Inhoff, A. W., Pollatsek, A., Posner, M. I. & Rayner, K. (in preparation) Covert attention during eye movements in reading. [AWI]Google Scholar
Jackson, M. D. (1980) Further evidence for a relationship between memory access and reading ability. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 19:688–94. [rGWH]Google Scholar
James, C. T. (1975) The role of semantic information in lexical decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1:130–36. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Johnston, J. C. & McClelland, J. L. (1980) Experimental tests of a hierarchical model of word identification. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 19:503–25. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Juola, J. F., Schadler, M., Chabot, R. & McCaughey, M. (1978) The development of visual information processing skills related to reading. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 25:459–76. [JFJ]Google Scholar
Just, M. A. & Carpenter, P. A. (1980) A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension. Psychological Review 87:329–54. [WEC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Katz, L. & Feldman, L. B. (1983) Relation between pronunciation and recognition of words in deep and shallow orthographies. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 9:157–66. [DCM]Google Scholar
Kay, J. (1982) Psychological mechanisms involved in oral reading. Doctoral dissertation, University of Cambridge. [taGWH, JK, MT]Google Scholar
Kay, J. (1985) Mechanisms of oral reading: A critical appraisal of cognitive models. In: Progress in the psychology of language, vol. 2, ed. Ellis, A. W.. Erlbaum. [JK]Google Scholar
Kay, J. & Lesser, R. (in press) The nature of phonological processing in oral reading: Evidence from surface dyslexia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37A. [JK]Google Scholar
Kay, J. & Marcel, A. J. (1981) One process, not two, in reading aloud: Lexical analogies do the work of nonlexical rules. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33A:397–414. [MC, tarGWH, JK, DN, AJP, MBR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kay, J. & Patterson, K. E. (1985) Routes to meaning in surface dyslexia. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Kremin, H. (1985) Routes and strategies in surface dyslexia and dysgraphia. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Kucera, H. & Francis, W. N. (1967) Computational analysis of present-day American English. Brown University Press. [MSS]Google Scholar
Liberman, I. Y., Shankweiler, D., Liberman, A. M., Fowler, C. & Fischer, F. W. (1977) Phonetic segmentation and recoding in the beginning reader. In: Towards a psychology of reading: The proceedings of the CUNY conference ed. Reber, A. S. & Scarborough, D. L.. John Wiley. [rGWH, AL]Google Scholar
Lupker, S. J. (1984) Semantic priming without association: A second look. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 23:709–33. [rGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCaughey, M. W., Juola, J. F., Schadler, M. & Ward, N. J. (1980) Wholeword units are used before orthographic knowledge in perceptual development. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 30:411–21. [JFJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McClelland, J. L. (1976) Preliminary letter identification in the perception of words and nonwords. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1:80–91. [taGWH]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88:375–407. [DAB, THC, GC, taGWH, CAP, AP, MSS]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. ed. (in press) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. MIT Press. [MSS]Google Scholar
McConkie, G. W. & Rayner, K. (1975) The span of the effective stimulus during a fixation in reading. Perception & Psychophysics 17:578–86. [AWI]Google Scholar
McCusker, L. X., Cough, P. B. & Bias, R. G. (1981) Word recognition inside out and outside in. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 7:538–51. [taGWH]Google Scholar
McCusker, L. X., Hillinger, M. L. & Bias, R. G. (1981) Phonological recoding and reading. Psychological Bulletin 89:217–45. [taGWH, RKO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacDonald, J. & McGurk, H. (1978) Visual influences in speech perception processes. Perception & Psychophysics 24:253–57. [AP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcel, A. J. (1980) Surface dyslexia and beginning reading: A revised hypothesis of the pronunciation of print and its impairments. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [DAB, LH, taGWH, JM]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. & Patterson, K. E. (1978) Word recognition and production: Reciprocity in clinical and normal studies. In: Attention and performance, vol. 7, ed. Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Margolin, D. I., Marcel, A. J. & Carlson, N. (1985) Common mechanisms in dysnomia and post-semantic surface dyslexia: Processing deficits and selective attention. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Marsh, G. & Desberg, P. (1983) Development of strategies in the acquisition of symbolic skills. In: The acquisition of symbolic skills, ed. Rogers, D. R. & Slaboda, J. A.. Plenum. [RKO]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. & Newcombe, F. (1966) Syntactive and semantic errors in paralexia. Neuropsychologia 4:169–76. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. & Newcombe, F. (1973) Patterns of paralexia: A psycholinguistic approach. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 2:175–99. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. & Newcombe, F. (1980) The conceptual status of deep dyslexia: An historical perspective. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. & Newcombe, F. (1981) Lexical access: A view from pathology. Cognition 10:209–14. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, R. C. (1982) The pseudohomophone effect: The role of visual similarity in non-word decisions. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 34A:395–410. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Mason, M. (1975) Reading ability and letter search time: Effects of orthographic structure defined by single letter positional frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 104:146–66.Google Scholar
Mason, M. (1978) The role of spatial redundancy in grapheme recognition: Perception or interference? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 4:662–73. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Massaro, D. W. & Venezky, R. L. (1983) Review of orthography and word recognition in reading. American Journal of Psychology 96:584–87. [RKO]Google Scholar
Masterson, J. (1985) On how we read nonwords: Data from different populations. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [MC]Google Scholar
Meyer, D. E., Schvaneveldt, R. W. & Ruddy, M. G. (1974) Functions of graphemic and phonemic codes in visual word recognition. Memory and Cognition 2:309–21. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A., Bruner, J. S. & Postman, L. (1954) Familiarity of letter sequences and tachistoscopic identification. Journal of General Psychology 50:129–39. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Mitchell, D. C. (1982) The process of reading: A cognitive analysis of fluent reading and learning to read. John Wiley. [DCM]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1969) Interaction of information in word recognition. Psychological review 76:165–78. [THC]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1979) Facilitation in word recognition experiments causing change in the logogen model. In: Processing of visible language, vol. 1, ed. Kolers, P. A., Wrolstad, M. E. & Bouma, H.. Plenum. [THC, MT]Google Scholar
Morton, J. & Patterson, K. E. (1980) a new attempt at an interpretation, or, an attempt at a new interpretation. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [taGWH, TS]Google Scholar
Norris, D. & Brown, G. (1985) Race models and analogy theories: A dead heat? A reply to Seidenberg. Cognition, in press. [rGWH, DN, KP, MSS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, R. K., Kleigl, R., Davidson, B. J. & Foltz, G. (1984) Individual and developmental differences in reading disability. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 4, ed. Waller, T. G.. Academic Press. [RKO]Google Scholar
Paap, K. R., Newsome, S. L., McDonald, J. E. & Schvaneveldt, R. W. (1982) An activation-verification model for letter and word recognition: The word-superiority effect. Psychological Review 89:573–94. [THC, AP]Google Scholar
Parkin, A. J. (1982) Phonological recoding in lexical decision: Effects of spelling-to-sound regularity depend on how regularity is defined. Memory and Cognition 10:43–53. [taGWH, TS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkin, A. J. (1984) Redefining the regularity effect. Memory and Cognition 12:287–92. [AJP]Google Scholar
Parkin, A. J. (submitted) On the nature of consistency effects in word and nonword pronunciation. [AJP]Google Scholar
Parkin, A. J. & Graystone, D. (1984) Orthographic versus phonological irregularity in the pronunciation of single words. (In preparation.) [taGWH]Google Scholar
Parkin, A. J. & Underwood, G. (1983) Orthographic versus phonological irregularity in lexical decision. Memory and Cognition 11:351–55. [taGWH, TS, GU]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E. (1978) Phonemic dyslexia: Errors of meaning and the meaning of errors. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 30:587–607. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Patterson, K. E. (1980) Derivational errors. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E. (1981) Neuropsychological approaches to the study of reading. British Journal of Psychology 72:151–74. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E. (1982) The relation between reading and phonological coding: Further neuropsychological observations. In: Normality and pathology in cognitive functioning, ed. Ellis, A. W.. Academic Press. [MC, taGWH]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E. & Marcel, A. J. (1977) Aphasia, dyslexia and the phonological coding of written words. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:307–18. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M. eds. (1985) Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading. Erlbaum. [TS]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E. & Morton, J. (1985) From orthography to phonology: An attempt at an old interpretation. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K. E., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [DB, MC, LH, tarGWH, JK, JM, DN]Google Scholar
Perfetti, C. & Lesgold, A. (1977) Discourse comprehension and sources of individual differences. In: Cognitive processes in comprehension, ed. Just, M. & Carpenter, P.. Erlbaum. [rGWH]Google Scholar
Poeck, K. (1983) What do we mean by “aphasic syndromes”? A Neurologist's view. Brain and Language 20:79–89. [TS]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1978) Chronometric analysis of mind: The third Paul Fitts lectures. Erlbaum. [AWI]Google Scholar
Pring, L. (1981) Phonological codes and functional spelling units: Reality and implications. Perception & Psychophysics 30:573–78. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Rayner, K., ed. (1983) Eye movements in reading: Perceptual and language processes. Academic Press. [WEC]Google Scholar
Reicher, G. M. (1969) Perceptual recognition as a function of meaningfulnessof stimulus materials. Journal of Experimental Psychology 81:275–80. [GC]Google Scholar
Reitsma, P. (1983) Printed word learning in beginning readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 36:321–39. [rGWH, RKO]Google Scholar
Reitsma, P. (1984) Sound priming in beginning readers. Child Development 55:406–23. [rGWH, RKO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosch, E. & Mervis, C. B. (1975) Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology 7:573–605. [MBR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosson, M. B. (1983) From SOFA to LOUCH: Lexical contributions to pseudoword pronunciation. Memory and Cognition 11:152–60. [RJG, tarGWH, JM, AJP, MT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rosson, M. B. (in press) The interaction of pronunciation rules and lexical representations in reading aloud. Memory and Cognition. [MBR]Google Scholar
Rubenstein, H., Lewis, S. S. & Rubenstein, M. A. (1971) Evidence for phonemic recoding in visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour 10:645–58. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L. (1982) An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 2. The contextual enhancement effect and some tests and extensions of the model. Psychological Review 89:60–94. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & Siple, P. (1974) Process of recognising tachistoscopically presented words. Psychological Review 81:99–118. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Saffran, E. M. & Marin, O. S. M. (1977) Reading without phonology: Evidence from aphasia. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 29:515–25. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Sasanuma, S. (1980) Acquired dyslexia in Japanese: Clinical features and underlying mechanisms. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. F., Marin, O. S. M. & Saffran, E. M. (1979) Dissociations of language function in dementia: A case study. Brain and Language 7:277–306. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (1984) The time course of phonological code activation in two writing systems. Cognition, in press. [MSS]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (1985) The time course of information activation and utilization in visual word recognition. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. & MacKinnon, G.. Academic Press. [MSS]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (in press) Constraining models of word recognition. Cognition. [MSS]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Barnes, M. A. and Tanenhaus, M. K. (1984) When does irregular spelling or pronunciation influence word recognition? Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behaviour, 23:383–404. [DAB, KIF, LH, tarGWH, AWI, AJP, MSS, MT, GU]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Sanders, M. & Langer, P. (1984) Pre-and post-lexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition. Memory and Cognition 12:315–28. [WEC, rGWH]Google Scholar
Seymour, P. H. K. (1979) Human visual cognition. Collier Macmillan. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Seymour, P. H. K. & MacGregor, C. J. (1984) Developmental dyslexia: A cognitive experimental analysis of phonological, morphemic and visual impairments. Cognitive Neuropsychology 48(1):43–82. [DB]Google Scholar
Seymour, P. H. K. & May, G. P. (1981). Locus of format effects in word recognition. Paper presented at meeting of the Experimental Psychology Society, Oxford. [DB]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1979) Case study approach in neuropsychological research. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology 1:183–211. [TS]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. & Coughlan, A. K. (1980) Modality specific word comprehension deficits in deep dyslexia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 43:866–72. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T. & McCarthy, R. (1985) Phonological reading: From patterns of impairment to possible procedures. In: Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological reading, ed. Patterson, K., Marshall, J. C. & Coltheart, M.. Erlbaum. [MC, taGWH, KP, TS]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. & Warrington, E. K. (1975) Word recognition in a phonemic dyslexic patient. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 27:187–99. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. & Warrington, E. K. (1980) Single and multiple component central dyslexic syndromes. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [taGWH, TS]Google ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T., Warrington, E. K. & McCarthy, R. (1983) Reading without semantics. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35A:111–38. [tarGWH, JK, JM, TS]Google Scholar
Shulman, H. G., Hornak, R. & Sanders, E. (1978) The effects of graphemic, phonetic and semantic relationships on access to lexical structures. Memory and Cognition 6:115–23. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1969) The sciences of the artificial. MIT Press. [AL]Google Scholar
Simpson, B. G., Lorsbach, T. C. & Whitehouse, D. (1983) Encoding and contextual components of word recognition in good and poor readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 35:161–71. [rGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, F. (1971) Understanding reading. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Snowling, M. (1980) The development of grapheme-phoneme correspondence in normal and dyslexic readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 29:294–305. [rGWH]Google Scholar
Spoehr, K. T. (1978) Phonological encoding in visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 17:127–41. [GC]Google Scholar
Spoehr, K. T. & Smith, E. E. (1975) The role of orthographic and phonotactic rules in perceiving letter patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1:21–34. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1980) Toward an interaction compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency. Reading Research Quarterly 16:32–71. [rGWH]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & Bauer, D. W. (1978) Experiments on the spelling-to-sound regularity effect in word recognition. Memory and Cognition 6:410–15. [taGWH, AWI]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. & West, R. F. (1983) On priming by a sentence context. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 112:1–37. [AWI]Google Scholar
Stroop, J. R. (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:643–61. [JM]Google Scholar
Taft, M. (1979) The use of grapheme-phoneme conversion rules. Paper presented at the Sixth Australian Experimental Psychology Conference, Australian National University. [MT]Google Scholar
Taft, M. (1982) An alternative to grapheme-phoneme conversion rules? Memory and Cognition 10:465–74. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Taft, M. (1984) Evidence for an abstract lexical representation of word structure. Memory and Cognition 12:264–69. [MT]Google Scholar
Taft, M. (1965) The decoding of words in lexical access: A review of the morphological approach. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. G. & MacKinnon, G. E.. Academic Press. [THC]Google Scholar
Taylor, G. A., Miller, T. J. & Juola, J. F. (1977) Isolating visual units in the perception of words and nonwords. Perception & Psychophysics 21:377–86. [JFJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treiman, R. (1984) Individual differences among children in spelling and reading styles. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 37:463–77. [JB]Google Scholar
Treiman, R. & Baron, J. (1981) Speech segmentation and acquisition of spelling to sound rules. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 2, ed. Waller, T. G. & MacKinnon, G. E.. Academic Press. [AL]Google Scholar
Treiman, R., Freyd, J. J. & Baron, J. (1983) Phonological recoding and use of spelling-sound rules in reading of sentences. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 22:682–700. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Underwood, G. & Baugh, K. (1982) Word shape, orthographic regularity and contextual interactions in a reading task. Cognition 12:197–209. [GU]Google Scholar
Venezky, R. L. (1970) The structure of English orthography. Mouton Press. [taGWH, JK, RKO, AJP]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. (1975) The selective impairment of semantic memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 27:635–58. [TS]Google Scholar
Warrington, E. K. (1981) Concrete word dyslexia. British Journal of Psychology 72:175–96. [taGWH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & Shallice, T. (1979) Semantic access dyslexia. Brain 102:43–63. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Waters, G. S. & Seidenberg, M. S. (in press) Spelling-sound effects in reading: Time course and decision criteria. Memory and Cognition. [MSS]Google Scholar
Waters, G. S., Seidenberg, M. S. & Bruck, M. (1984) Children's and adults' use of spelling-sound information in three reading tasks. Memory and Cognition 12:293–305. [MSS]Google Scholar
Weigl, E. & Bierwisch, M. (1970) Neuropsychology and linguistics. Foundations of Language 6:1–18. [taGWH]Google Scholar
Wheeler, D. D. (1970) Processes in word recognition. Cognitive Psychology 1:59–85. [GC]Google Scholar