Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dzt6s Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T03:57:54.229Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Free will and motor subroutines: Too much for a small area

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Giacomo Rizzolatti
Giacomo Rizzolatti
Affiliation:
Istituto di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 8 , Issue 4 , December 1985 , pp. 597
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbie, A. (1940) Cortical lamination in the monotremata. Journal of Comparative Neurology 72:428–67. [taGG, EJN]Google Scholar
Adams, R. D. & Victor, M. (1981) Principles of neurology. McGraw-Hill. [MWe]Google Scholar
Aitken, P. G. (1981) Cortical control of conditioned and spontaneous vocal behavior in rhesus monkeys. Brain and Language 13:171–84. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alexander, M. P. & Schmitt, M. A. (1980) The aphasia syndrome of stroke in the left anterior cerebral artery territory. Archives of Neurology 37:97–100. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angel, R. W. (1976) Efference copy in the control of movement. Neurology (Minneapolis) 26:1164–68. [taGG]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1981) Perceptual structures and distributed motor control. In Handbook of physiology: The nervous system, vol. 2, Motor control, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [taGG]Google Scholar
Baleydier, C. & Mauguière, F. (1980) The duality of the cingulate gyrus of the monkey: Neuroanatomical study and functional hypothesis. Brain 103:525–54. [taGG, EJN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barbas, H. & Pandya, D. N. (1981) Frontal lobe afferent input to area 6 in the rhesus monkey. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 7:414. [DP]Google Scholar
Barbas, H. (1982) Cytoarchitecture and intrinsic connections of the frontal cortex in the rhesus monkey. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 8:933. [DP]Google Scholar
Bear, D. M. (1983) Hemispheric specialization and the neurology of emotion. Archives of Neurology 40:195–202. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Becker, W., Hoehne, O., Iwase, K. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1972) Bereitschaftspotential, prämotorische Positivierung und andere Hirnpotentiale bei sakkadischen Augenbewegungen. Vision Research 12:431–36. [HHK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benjamin, D. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1982) Some afferents of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the monkey. Anatomical Record 202:15A. [DP]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. A. (1967) The co-ordination and regulation of movements. Pergamon Press. [JWB, taGG, JPS]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. A. (1984) Trends and problems in the study of investigation of physiology of activity. In: Human motor actions: Bernstein reassessed, ed. Whiting, H. T. A., North-Holland. [rGG]Google Scholar
Biber, M. P., Kneisley, L. W. & LaVail, J. H. (1978) Cortical neurons projecting to the cervical and lumbar enlargements of the spinal cord in young and adult rhesus monkeys. Experimental Neurology 59:492–508. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bizzi, E., Polit, A. & Morasso, P. (1976) Mechanisms underlying achievement of final head position. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:435–44. [JPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloxham, C. A., Mindel, T. A. & Frith, C. D. (1984) Initiation and execution of predictable and unpredictable movements in Parkinson's disease. Brain 107:371–84. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bogen, J. E. (1979) The callosal syndrome. In: Clinical neuropsychology, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E.. Oxford University Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Boschert, J., Hink, R. F. & Deecke, L. (1983) Finger movement versus toe movement-related potentials: Further evidence for supplementary motor area (SMA) participation prior to voluntary action. Experimental Brain Research 55:73–80. [HHK]Google Scholar
Bowker, R. M. & Coulter, J. D. (1981) Intracortical connectivities of somatic sensory and motor areas: Multiple cortical pathways in monkeys. In: Cortical sensory organization, vol. 1, Multiple somatic areas, ed. Woolsey, C. N.. Humana Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Braak, H. (1980) Architectonics of the human telencephalic cortex. Springer-Verlag. [tarGG, MWi]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brand, M. (1984) Intending and acting: Toward a naturalized action theory. MIT Press. [rGG]Google Scholar
Brinkman, C. (1981) Lesions in supplementary motor area interfere with a monkey's performance of a bimanual coordination task. Neuroscience Letters 27:267–70. [HHK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinkman, C. (1982) Callosal section abolishes bimanual coordination deficit resulting from supplementary motor area lesion in the monkey. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 8:734. [taGG, HHK]Google Scholar
Brinkman, C. (1985) Comparison of the activity of neurones in the supplementary motor and premotor areas associated with self-paced movements in the monkey. Experimental Brain Research 58:A7. [rGG]Google Scholar
Brinkman, C. & Porter, R. (1979) Supplementary motor area of the monkey: Activity of neurons during performance of a learned motor task. Journal of Neurophysiology 42:681–709. [tarGG, RP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brinkman, J. (1981) Lesions in supplementary motor area interfere with a monkey's performance of a bimanual coordination task. Neurosciencc Letters 27:267–70. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brion, S. & Jedynak, C.-P. (1972) Trouble du transfert interhémisphérique à propos de trois observations de tumeurs du corps calleux: Le signe de la main étrangère. Revue Neurologique 126:257–66. [taGG]Google Scholar
Brodmann, K. (1908) Beitrage zur histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. 4. Mitteilung: Die Cortexgliederung des Menschen. Journal of Psychology and Neurology 10:231–46. [tarGG]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1977) Mind, brain and consciousness: The neuropsychology of cognition. Academic Press. [JWB, JMF, tarGG]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1979) Language representation in the brain. In: Neurobiology of social communication in primates, ed. Steklis, H. & Raleigh, M.. Academic Press. [JWB]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1983) Microstructure of perception. Cognition and Brain Theory 6:145–84. [JWB]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1985) Frontal lobe syndromes. In: Handbook of clinical neurology, 2d ed., ed. Vinken, P., Bruyn, G. & Klawans, H.. Elsevier. [JWB]Google Scholar
Brust, J. C. M., Plank, C., Burke, A., Guobadia, M. M. I. & Healton, E. B. (1982). Language disorder in a right-hander after occlusion of the right anterior cerebral artery. Neurology 32:492–97. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buser, P., Bancaud, J. & Chauvel, P. (1982) A study of some connections of the human SMA. Experimental Brain Research, suppl., in press. [BL]Google Scholar
Campbell, A. W. (1905) Histological studies on the localization of cerebral function. Cambridge University Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Cooke, J. D., Brown, J. D. & Brooks, V. B. (1978) Increased dependence on visual information for movement control in patients with Parkinson's disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 5:413–15. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cools, A. R. (1980) Role of the neostriatal dopaminergic activity in sequencing and selecting behavioral strategies: Facilitating of processes involved in selecting the best strategy in a stressful situation. Behavioral and Brain Research 1:361–68. [tarGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coxe, W. S. & Landau, W. M. (1965) Observations upon the effect of supplementary cortex ablation in the monkey. Brain 88:763–72. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crutcher, M. D. & DeLong, M. R. (1984) Single cell studies of the primate putamen. 2. Relations to direction of movement and pattern of muscular activity. Experimental Brain Research 53:244–58. [WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Damasio, A. & Geschwind, N. (1984) The anatomical basis of language: Recent advances. Annual Review of Neurosciences 7:127–47. [ARD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, A. R. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1980) Structure and function of the supplementary motor area. Neurology 30:359. [taGG]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1983) Emotional disturbances associated with focal lesions of the limbic frontal lobe. In: The neuropsychology of human emotion: Recent advances, ed. Heilman, K. M. & Satz, P.. Guilford Press. [ARD, rGG]Google Scholar
Damasio, A. R., Van Hoesen, G. W. & Vilensky, J. (1981) Limbic-motor pathways in the primate: A means for emotion to influence motor behavior. Neurology 31:60. [ARD, tarGG]Google Scholar
Dart, D. A. (1934) The dual structure of the neopallium: Its history and significance. Journal of Anatomy 69:3–19. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Deecke, L., Grozinger, B. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1976) Voluntary finger movement in man: Cerebral potentials and theory. Biological Cybernetics 23:99–119. [taGG, HHK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deecke, L., Heise, B., Kornhuber, H. H., Lang, M. & Lang, W. (1984) Brain potentials, associated with voluntary manual tracking: Bereitschaftspotential, conditioned pre-motion positivity, directed attention potential, and relaxation potential. Anticipatory activity of the limbic and frontal cortex. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 425:450–64. [HHK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1978) An electrical sign of participation of the mesial “supplementary” motor area in human voluntary finger movement. Brain Research 159:473–76. [taGG, HHK, WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Deecke, L., Scheid, P. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1969) Distribution of the readiness potential, pre-motion positivity, and motor potential of human cerebral cortex preceding voluntary finger movements. Experimental Brain Research 7:158–68. [taGG, HHK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeLong, M. R. (1982) Cortico-basal ganglia loops. In: Neural coding of motor performance, ed. Massion, J., Paillard, J., Schultz, W. & Wiesendanger, M.. Experimental Brain Research, supp. 7. Springer-Verlag. [rGG]Google Scholar
Denny-Brown, D. (1958) Nature of apraxia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 126:9–32. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denny-Brown, D. (1966) The cerebral control of movement. Thomas. [taGG]Google Scholar
Deschênes, M., Paradis, M., Roy, J. P. & Steriade, M. (1984) Electrophysiology of neurons of lateral thalamic nuclei in cat: Resting properties and burst discharges. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:1196–1219. [taGG, MWe]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desmedt, J. E. (1981) Scalp-recorded cerebral event-related potentials in man as point of entry into the analysis of cognitive processing. In: The organization of the cerebral cortex, ed. Schmitt, F. O., Worden, F. G., Adelman, G. & Dennis, S. D., MIT Press. [rGG]Google Scholar
Deuel, R. K. & Dunlop, N. L. (1979) Role of frontal polysensory cortex in guidance of limb movements. Brain Research 169:183–88. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVito, J. L. & Anderson, M. E. (1982) An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatto. Experimental Brain Research 46:107–17. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diamond, I. T. (1979) The subdivisions of neocortex: A proposal to revise the traditional view of sensory, motor, and association areas. In: Progress in psychobiology and physiological psychology, vol. 8, ed. Sprague, J. M. & Epstein, A. N.. Academic Press. [EJN]Google Scholar
Donchin, E., Ritter, W. & McCallum, W. C. (1978) Cognitive psychophysiology: The endogenous components of the ERP. In: Eventrelated brain potentials in man, ed. Callaway, E., Tueting, P. & Koslow, S. H.. Academic Press. [tarGG]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C. (1982) The initiation of voluntary movements by the supplementary motor area. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 231:423–41. [tarGG, BL, WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eccles, J. C. (1984) The wonder of being human. In: Our brain and our mind, ed. Eccles, J. C. & Robinson, D.. Macmillan. [ARD]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. (1978) Group selection and phasic reentrant signaling: A theory of higher brain function. In: The mindful brain: Cortical organization and the group-selective theory of higher brain function. MIT Press. [tarGG]Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. & Finkel, L. H. (1984) Neuronal group selection in the cerebral cortex. In: Dynamic aspects of neocortical function, ed. Edelman, G. M., Gall, W. E. & Cowan, W. M.. John Wiley. [rGG]Google Scholar
Eidelberg, D. & Galaburda, A. M. (1984) Inferior parietal lobule: Divergent architectonic asymmetries of the human brain. Archives of Neurology 41:843–52. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Erickson, T. C. & Woolsey, C. N. (1951) Observations of the supplementary motor area of man. Transactions of the American Neurological Association 76:50–52. [taGG]Google Scholar
Fel'dman, A. G. & Latash, M. L. (1982) Afferent and efferent components of joint position sense: Interpretation of kinesthetic illusions. Biological Cybernetics 42:205–14. [JPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1984) The development of coordination. Journal of Motor Behavior 16:99–134. [JPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Flowers, K. (1978) Lack of prediction in the motor behaviour of parkinsonism. Brain 101:35–52. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foerster, O. (1936) Motorische Felder und Bahnen. In: Handbuch der Neurologie, Vol. 6, ed. Bumke, O. & Förster, O.. Springer. [HHK, MWi]Google Scholar
Foit, A., Larsen, B., Hattori, S., Skinhøj, E. & Lassen, N. A. (1980) Cortical activation during somatosensory stimulation and voluntary movement in man: A regional cerebral blood flow study. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 50:426–36. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1973) Unit activity in prefrontal cortex during delayed-response performance: Neuronal correlates of transient memory. Journal of Neurophysiology 36:61–78. [JMF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuster, J. M. (1980) The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe. Raven Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1981) Prefrontal cortex in motor control. In: Handbook of physiology, nervous system, vol. 2, (ed. Brooks, V. B.). American Physiological Society. [JMF]Google Scholar
Fuster, J. M. (1984) Behavioral electrophysiology of the prefrontal cortex. Trends in Neurosciences 7:408–14. [JMF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fuster, J. M., Bauer, R. H. & Jervey, J. P. (1982) Cellular discharge in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of the monkey in cognitive tasks. Experimental Neurology 77:679–94. [JMF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galaburda, A. M. & Pandya, D. N. (1982) Role of architectonics and connections in the study of primate brain evolution. In: Primate brain evolution: Methods and concepts, ed. Armstrong, E. & Falk, D.. Plenum Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Galaburda, A. M. (1983) The intrinsic, architectonic and connectional organization of the superior temporal region of the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 221:169–84. [DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N. (1965) Disconnexion syndromes in animals and man. Brain 88:237–94, 585–644. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1975) The apraxias: Neural mechanisms of disorders of learned movement. American Scientist 63:188–95. [MWe]Google ScholarPubMed
Gibson, J. J. (1966) The senses considered as perceptual systems. Houghton-Mifflin. [JPS]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Houghton-Mifflin. [JPS]Google Scholar
Gloor, P., Olivier, A., Quesney, L. F., Andermann, F. & Horowitz, S. (1982) The role of the limbic system in experiential phenomena of temporal lobe epilepsy. Annals of Neurology 12:129–44. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godschalk, M. & Lemon, R. N. (1983) Involvement of monkey premotor cortex in preparation of arm movements. Experimental Brain Research, supp. 7:114–19. [taGG]Google Scholar
Godschalk, M. & Lemon, R. N. (1983) Involvement of monkey premotor cortex in preparation of arm movements. Experimental Brain Research, (supp.) 7:114–19. [taGG]Google Scholar
Codschalk, M., Lemon, R. N., Kuypers, H. G. J. M. & Ronday, H. K. (1984) Cortical afferents and efferents of monkey postarcuate area: An anatomical and electrophysiological study. Experimental Brain Research 56:410–24. [tarGG, DP]Google Scholar
Godschalk, M., Lemon, R. N., Nijs, H. G. T. & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1981) Behaviour of neurons in monkey peri-arcuate and precentral cortex before and during visually guided arm and hand movements. Experimental Brain Research 44:113–16. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goldberg, G. (1984) Response and projection: A reinterpretation of the premotor concept. In: Neuropsychology of apraxia and related disorders, ed. Roy, E. A.. Elsevier/North Holland. [taGG]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G., Kwan, H. C., Borrett, D. & Murphy, J. T. (1984a) Differential topography of the movement-associated scalp potential with internal vs. external dependence of movement timing. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 65:630. [taGG]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G., Kwan, H. C., Borrett, D. & Murphy, J. T. (1984b) Topography of the movement-associated scalp potential suggests initiation of spontaneous movement by the supplementary motor area. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 65:662. [taGG]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G., Kwan, H. C., Borrett, D. & Murphy, J. T. (1985) Topography of the movement-associated potential with self-initiated and externally contingent action. In preparation. [rGG]Google Scholar
Goldberg, G., Mayer, N. H. & Toglia, J. U. (1981) Medial frontal cortex infarction and the alien hand sign. Archives of Neurology 38:683–68. [taGG, EJN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, H. J. III, Cusick, C. G., Pons, T. P. & Kaas, J. H. (1983) The relation of callosal connections to microstimulation maps of precentral motor cortex in owl monkeys. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 9:309. [taGG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1975) Elements of a two-process theory of learning. Academic Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982a) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University Press. [taGG, JAG]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1982b) Précis of Gray's The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5:469–84. [JAG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graybiel, A. M. & Ragsdale, C. W. Jr (1979) Fiber connections of the basal ganglia. Progress in Brain Research 51:239–82. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, J. R., Angevine, J. B., White, J. C. Jr, Edes, A. D. & Smith, R. D. (1980) Significance of the supplementary motor area in partial seizures and in cerebral localization. Neurosurgery 6:66–75. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grözinger, B., Kornhuber, H. H. & Kriebel, J. (1979) Participation of mesial cortex in speech: Evidence from cerebral potentials preceding speech production in man. Experimental Brain Research, supp. 2:189–92. [HHK]Google Scholar
Haberly, L. B. & Price, J. L. (1978) Association and commissural fiber systems of the olfactory cortex of the rat: Systems originating in the olfactory peduncle. Journal of Comparative Neurology 181:781–808. [EJN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassler, R. (1980) Brain mechanisms of intention and attention with introductory remarks on other volitional processes. Progress in Brain Research 54:585–614. [HHK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heilman, K. M. & Valenstein, E. (1979) Mechanisms underlying hemispatial neglect. Annals of Neurology 5:166–70. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heimer, L., Switzer, R. D. & Van Hoesen, G. W. (1981) Ventral striatum and ventral pallidum: Components of the motor system? Trends in Neuroscience 5:83–87. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendry, S. H. C., Jones, E. G. & Graham, J. (1979). Thalamic relay nuclei for cerebellar and certain related fiber systems in the cat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 185:679–714. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herkenham, M. (1980) Laminar organization of thalamic projections to the rat cortex. Science 207:532–33. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillyard, S. A., Picton, T. W. & Regan, D. (1978) Sensation, perception and attention: Analysis using ERPs. In: Event-related brain potentials in man, ed. Callaway, E., Tueting, P. & Koslow, S. H.. Academic Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Hore, J., Meyer-Lohmann, J. & Brooks, V. B. (1977) Basal ganglia cooling disables learned arm movements of monkeys in the absence of visual guidance. Science 195:584–86. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hore, J. & Vilis, T. (1984) Loss of set in muscle responses to limb perturbations during cerebellar dysfunction. Journal of Neurophysiology 51:1137–48. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Horsley, V. & Schafer, E. A. (1888) A record of experiments upon the functions of the cerebral cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 179B:1–45. [taGG]Google Scholar
Huang, S.-C., Phelps, M. E., Hoffman, E. J., Sideris, K., Selin, C. J. & Kuhl, D. E. (1980) Noninvasive determination of local cerebral metabolic rate of glucose in man. American Journal of Physiology 238:E69–E82. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Huffman, R. D., Felpel, L. P. & Lum, J. (1984) An extracellular microelectrode study of globus pallidus and cerebellar projections to the thalamus of the monkey. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 10:180. [taGG]Google Scholar
Humphrey, D. R. (1979) On the cortical control of visually directed reaching: Contributions by nonprecentral motor areas. In: Posture and movement, ed. Talbott, R. E. & Humphrey, D. R.. Raven Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Humphrey, D. R. & Reed, D. J. (1983) Separate cortical systems for control of joint movement and joint stiffness: Reciprocal activation and coactivation of antagonist muscles. In: Advances in neurology, vol. 39, Motor control in health and disease, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Raven Press. [MWe]Google Scholar
Humphrey, D. R., Schmidt, E. M. & Thompson, W. D. (1970) Predicting measures of motor performance from multiple spike trains. Science 179:758–62. [MWe]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. H. (1884) The Croonian lectures: Evolution and dissolution of the nervous system. British Medical Journal 1:591–93, 660–63, 703–7. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaspers, R., Schwarz, M., Sontag, K. H. & Cools, A. R. (1984) Caudate nucleus and programming behaviour in cats: Role of dopamine in switching motor patterns. Behavioural Brain Research 14:17–28. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeannerod, M. & Biguer, B. (1982) Visuomotor mechanisms in reaching within extrapersonal space. In: Analysis of visual behavior, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W.. MIT Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Jonas, S. (1981) The supplementary motor region and speech emission. Journal of Communication Disorders 14:349–73. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. G. (1981) Functional subdivisions and synaptic organization of the mammalian thalamus. International Review of Physiology 25:173–245. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. G. (1983) The nature of the afferent pathways conveying short-latency inputs to primate motor cortex. In: Motor control mechanisms in health and disease, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Raven Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Jones, E. G., Coulter, J. D. & Hendry, S. H. C. (1978) Intracortical connectivity of architectonic fields in the somatic sensory, motor, and parietal cortex of monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 181:291–348. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. G. & Powell, T. P. S. (1970) An anatomical study of converging sensory pathways within the cerebral cortex of the monkey. Brain 93:793–820. [JMF, DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, E. G. & Wise, S. P. (1977) Size, laminar and columnar distribution of efferent cells in the sensory-motor cortex of monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 175:391–438. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jürgens, U. & Müller-Preuss, P. (1977) Convergent projections of different limbic vocalization areas in the squirrel monkey. Experimental Brain Research 29:75–83. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jürgens, U. & von Cramon, D. (1982) On the role of the anterior cingulate cortex in phonation: A case report. Brain and Language 15:234–48. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kalil, K. (1978) Neuroanatomical organization of the primate motor system: Afferent and efferent connections of the ventral thalamic nuclei. In: Multidisciplinary perspectives in event-related brain potential research, ed. Otto, D. A.. U.S. Government Printing Office. [taGG]Google Scholar
Kalil, K. (1981) Projections of the cerebellar and dorsal column nuclei upon the thalamus of the rhesus monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 195:25–50. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelso, J. A. S. (1981) Contrasting perspectives on order and regulation in movement. In: Attention and performance, vol. 9, ed. Long, J. & Baddeley, A.. Erlbaum. [JPS]Google Scholar
Kelso, J. A. S. (1984) Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative 246:R1000–4. [JPS]Google ScholarPubMed
Kelso, J. A. S. & Holt, K. S. (1980) Exploring a vibratory systems analysis of human movement production. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:1183–96. [JPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelso, J. A. S., Southard, D. L. & Goodman, D. (1979) On the nature of human interlimb coordination. Science 203:1029–31. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kelso, J. A. S. & Tuller, B. H. (1981) Toward a theory of apractic syndromes. Brain and Language 12:224–45. [JPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleist, K. (1934) Gehirnpathologie. J. A. Barth. [HHK]Google Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. (1980) Introduction. Progress in Brain Research 54:x–xii. [HHK]Google Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. (1984a) Attention, readiness for action, and the stages of voluntary decision—some electrophysiological correlates in man. Experimental Brain Research, supp. 9:420–29. [HHK]Google Scholar
Kornhuber, H. H. (1984b) Mechanisms of voluntary movement. In: Cognition and motor processes, ed. Prinz, W. & Sanders, A. F.. Springer. [HHK]Google Scholar
Környey, E. (1975) Aphasie transcorticale et écholalie: Le problème de l'initiative de la parole. Revue Neurologique 131:347–63. [taGG]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1983) Ghosts in the mind's machine. W. W. Norton. [GR]Google Scholar
Kristeva, R. & Deecke, L. (1980) Cerebral potentials preceding right and left unilateral and bilateral finger movements in sinistrals. Progress in Brain Research 54:748–54. [HHK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kristeva, R., Keller, E., Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1979) Cerebral potentials preceding unilateral and simultaneous bilateral finger movements. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 47:229–38. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kubota, K. & Hamada, I. (1978) Visual tracking and neuron activity in the post-arcuate area in monkeys. Journal of Physiology (Paris) 74:297–312. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Kugler, P. N., Kelso, J.A.S. & Turvey, M. T. (1980) On the concept of coordinative structures as dissipative structures: 1. Theoretical lines of convergence. In: Tutorials in motor behavior, ed. Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J.. North-Holland. [JPS]Google Scholar
Kugler, P. N. & Turvey, M. T. (in press) Information, natural law and the self-assembly of rhythmic movement. Erlbaum. [JPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Künzle, H. (1978) An autoradiographic analysis of the efferent connections from premotor and adjacent prefrontal regions (areas 6 and 9) in Macaca fascicularis. Brain and Behavioral Evolution 15:185–234. [tarGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kurata, K. & Tanji, J. (1985) Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. 2. Responses to movement triggering vs. nontriggering sensory signals. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:142–52. [JT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kutas, M. & Donchin, E. (1980) Preparation to respond as manifested by movement-related brain potentials. Brain Research 202:95–115. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1981) Anatomy of descending systems. In: Handbook of physiology. Section 1: The nervous system. Vol. 2, Motor control, pt. 2, ed. Brookhart, J. M. & Mountcastle, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [EJN]Google Scholar
Lang, W., Lang, M., Heise, B., Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1984) Brain potentials related to voluntary hand tracking, motivation and attention. Human Neurobiology 3:235–40. [rGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Lang, W., Lang, M., Kornhuber, A., Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1984) Human cerebral potentials and visuomotor learning. Pflügers Archiv. European Journal of Physiology 399:342–44. [taGG, HHK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laplane, D., Talairach, J., Meininger, V., Bancaud, J. & Orgogozo, J. M. (1977) Clinical consequences of corticectomies involving the supplementary motor area in man. Journal of Neurological Sciences 34:310–14. [tarGG, BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Larsen, B., Skinhøj, E. & Lassen, N. A. (1978) Variations in regional cerebral blood flow in the right and the left hemispheres during automatic speech. Brain 101:193–209. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lassen, N. A., Ingvar, K. H. & Skinhøj, E. (1978) Brain function and blood flow. Scientific American 239(4):62–71. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, D. N. (1976) A theory of visual control of braking based on information about time-to-collision. Perception 5:437–59. [JPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lee, D. N. (1980) Visuo-motor coordination in space-time. In: Tutorials in motor behavior, ed. Stelmach, G. E. & Requin, J.. North-Holland. [JPS]Google Scholar
Leichnetz, G. R., Spencer, R. F., Hardy, S. G. P. & Astruc, J. (1981) The prefrontal corticotectal projection in the monkey: An anterograde and retrograde horseradish peroxidase study. Neuroscience 6:1023–41. [EJN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lhermitte, F. (1983) “Utilization behaviour” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain 106:237–55. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Alberts, W. W., Wright, E. W., Lewis, M. & Feinstein, B. (1975) Cortical representation of evoked potentials relative to conscious sensory responses and of somatosensory qualities—in man. In: The somatosensory system, ed. Kornhuber, H. H.. George Thieme. [rGG, BL]Google Scholar
Libet, B., Gleason, C. A., Wright, E. W. Jr & Pearl, D. K. (1983) Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activities (readiness-potential): The unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act. Brain 106:623–42. [BL, WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. Jr & Gleason, C. A. (1982) Readiness-potentials preceding unrestricted “spontaneous” vs. pre-planned voluntary acts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 54:322–35. [taGG, BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Libet, B., Wright, E. W. Jr & Gleason, C. A. (1983) Preparation- or intention-to-act in relation to pre-event potentials recorded at the vertex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 56:367–72. [taGG, BL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lichtheim, L. (1885) On aphasia. Brain 7:433–84. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liepmann, H. (1920) Apraxie. Ergebnisse der ges Medizine 1:516–43. [JWB]Google Scholar
Locke, J. (1690) Essay concerning human understanding. Quoted by M. Brand (1984) Intending and acting: Toward a naturalized action theory. MIT Press. [rGG]Google Scholar
Lüders, H., Lesser, R. P., Dinner, D. S., Hahn, J. F., Salanga, V. & Morris, H. H. (1985) The secondary sensory area in humans: Evoked potential and electrical stimulation studies. Annals of Neurology 17:177–84. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lüders, H., Lesser, R. P., Dinner, D. S., Morris, H. H. & Hahn, J. (1983) Inhibition of motor activity elicited by electrical stimulation of the human cortex. Epilepsia 24:519. [rGG]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1966) Human brain and psychological processes. Harper & Row. [tarGG, BL, EJN]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1980) Higher cortical functions in man. 2d ed.Basic Books. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, R. & Warrington, E. K. (1984) A two-route model of speech production: Evidence from aphasia. Brain 107:463–85. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacKay, D. G. (1985) A theory of the representation, organization and timing of action with implications for sequencing disorders. In: Neuropsychological studies of apraxia and related disorders, ed. Roy, E. A.. North-Holland. [rGG]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1966) Cerebral organization and the conscious control of action. In: Brain and conscious experience, ed. Eccles, J. C.. Springer-Verlag. [rGG]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1978) The dynamics of perception. In: Cerebral corrclates of conscious experience, ed. Buser, P. A. & Rougeul-Buser, A.. North-Holland. [taGG]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1984) Do “evaluation potentials” reflect cognitive assessment? Experimental Brain Research 55:184–86. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackay, W. A. & Murphy, J. T. (1979) Cerebellar influence on proprioceptive control loops. In: Cerebro-cerebellar interactions, ed. Massion, J. & Sasaki, K.. Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Macpherson, J. M., Marangoz, C., Miles, T. S. & Wiesendanger, M. (1982) Microstimulation of the supplementary motor area (SMA) in the awake monkey. Experimental Brain Research 45:410–16. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marsden, C. D. (1982) The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia: The Robert Wartenberg lecture. Neurology 323:514–39. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masdeu, J. C., Schoene, W. C. & Funkenstein, H. (1978) Aphasia following infarction of the left supplementary motor area. Neurology 28:1220–23. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Massion, J. (1979) Role of motor cortex in postural adjustments associated with movement. In: Integration in the nervous system, ed. Asanuma, H. & Wilson, V. J.. Igaku Shoin. [taGG]Google Scholar
Matsumura, M. & Kubota, K. (1979) Cortical projection to hand—arm motor area from post-arcuate area in macaque monkeys: A histological study of retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase. Neuroscience Letters 11:241–46. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maunsell, J. H. R. & Van Essen, D. C. (1983) The connections of the middle temporal visual area (MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 3:2563–86. [DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merzenich, M. M., Kaas, J. H., Wall, J. T., Sur, M., Nelson, R. J. & Felleman, D. J. (1983) Progression of change following median nerve section in the cortical representation of the hand in areas 3b and 1 in adult owl and squirrel monkeys. Neuroscience 10:639–65. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Merzenich, M. M., Nelson, R. J., Stryker, M. P., Cynader, M., Schoppmann, A. & Zook, J. M. (1984) Somatosensory cortical map changes following digit amputation in adult monkeys. Journal of Comparative Neurology 224:591–604. [rGG, JPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mesulam, M.-M. (1981) A cortical network for directed attention and unilateral neglect. Annals of Neurology 10:309–25. [tarGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mogenson, G. J., Jones, D. L. & Yim, C. Y. (1980) From motivation to action: Functional interface between the limbic system and the motor system. Progress in Neurobiology 14:69–97. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mogenson, G. J. & Phillips, A. G. (1976) Motivation: A psychological construct in search of a physiological substrate. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology 6:189–243. [rGG]Google Scholar
Moll, L. & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1977) Premotor cortical ablations in monkeys: Contralateral changes in visually guided reaching behavior. Science 198:317–19. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, R. Y. & Bloom, F. E. (1978) Central catecholamine neuron systems: Anatomy and physiology of the dopamine systems. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1:129–69. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgane, P. J., Galaburda, A. M. & Jacobs, M. S. (1983) Evolutionary aspects of cortical organization in the dolphin brain. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 9:1067. [taGG]Google Scholar
Morrison, J. H. & Magistretti, P. J. (1983) Monoamines and peptides in cerebral cortex: Contrasting principles of cortical organization. Trends in Neuroscience 6:146–51. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muakkassa, K. F. & Strick, P. L. (1979) Frontal lobe inputs to primate motor cortex: Evidence for four somatotopically organized premotor areas. Brain Research 177:176–82. [tarGG, DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, J. T., Kwan, H. C., Mackay, W. A. & Wong, Y. C. (1978) Spatial organization of precentral cortex in awake primates. 3. Input-output coupling. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:1132–39. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, E. A. & Coulter, J. D. (1981a) Organization of corticospinal neurons in the monkey. Journal of Comparative Neurology 195:339–65. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, E. A. (1981b) Supplementary sensory area: The medial parietal cortex in the monkey. In: Cortical sensory organization, vol. 1: Multiple somatic areas, ed. Woolsey, C. N.. Humana Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Nashner, L. M. & McCollum, G. (1985) The organization of human postural movements: A formal basis and experimental synthesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:135–72. [taGG, JPS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nauta, W. J. H. (1964) Some efferent connections of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey. In: The frontal and granular cortex in behavior, ed. Warren, J. M. & Akert, K.. McGraw-Hill. [taGG]Google Scholar
Nauta, W. J. H., Smith, G. P., Faull, R. L. M. & Domesick, V. B. (1978) Efferent connections and nigral afferents of the nucleus accumbens septi in the rat. Neuroscience 3:385–401. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neafsey, E. J., Hull, C. D. & Buchwald, N. A. (1978a) Preparation for movement in the cat. 1. Unit activity in the cerebral cortex. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 44:706–13. [taGG, EJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neafsey, E. J., Hull, C. D. & Buchwald, N. A. (1978b) Preparation for movement in the cat. 2. Unit activity in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 44:714–23. [taGG, EJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neafsey, E. J. & Sievert, C. (1982) A second forelimb motor area exists in rat frontal cortex. Brain Research 232:151–56. [EJN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of cognitive psychology. Freeman. [JMF, taGG]Google Scholar
Orgogozo, J. M. & Larsen, B. (1979) Activation of the supplementary motor area during voluntary movement suggests it works as a supramotor area. Science 206:847–50. [taGG, MWi]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Orgogozo, J. M., Larsen, B., Roland, P. E. & Lassen, N. A. (1979) Activation de l'aire motrice supplémentaire au cours des mouvements volontaire chez l'homme: Etudes par le débit sanguin cérébral focal. Revue Neurologique 135:705–17. [taGG, RP]Google Scholar
Paillard, J. (1982a) Apraxia and the neurophysiology of motor control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B298:111–34. [taGG]Google Scholar
Paillard, J. (1982b) The contribution of peripheral and central vision to visually guided reaching. In: Analysis of visual behaviour, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W.. MIT Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Pandya, D. N., Hallett, M. & Mukherjee, S. K. (1969) Intra- and interhemispheric connections of the neocortical auditory system in the rhesus monkey. Brain Research 14:49–65. [DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandya, D. N. & Kuypers, H. G. J. M. (1969) Corticocortical connections in the rhesus monkey. Brain Research 13:13–36. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandya, D. N. & Sanides, F. (1973) Architectonic parcellation of the temporal operculum in the rhesus monkey and its projection pattern. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 139:127–61. [DP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Papez, J. (1937) A proposed mechanism of emotion. American Medical Association Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 38:725–43. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penfield, W. (1954) Mechanisms of voluntary movement. Brain 77:1–17. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penfield, W. & Jasper, H. (1954) Epilepsy and the functional anatomy of the human brain. Little, Brown. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Penfield, W. & Rasmussen T. (1950) The cerebral cortex of man: A clinical study of localization of function. Macmillan. [taGG]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Welch, K. (1949) The supplementary motor area in the cerebral cortex of man. Transactions of the American Neurological Association 74:179–84. [taGG]Google Scholar
Penfield, W. & Welch, K. (1951) The supplementary motor area of the cerebral cortex: A clinical and experimental study. American Medical Association Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 66:289–317. [taGG, EJN, MWi]Google ScholarPubMed
Penney, J. B. Jr & Young, A. B. (1983) Speculations on the functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders. Annual Review of Neuroscience 6:73–94. [tarGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petrides, M. & Pandya, D. N. (1983) Projections to frontal cortex from the posterior parietal region in the rhesus monkey. Society for Neurosciences Abstracts 9:40. [taGG]Google Scholar
Phelps, M. E. & Mazziotta, J. C. (1985) Positron emission tomography: Human brain function and biochemistry. Science 228:799–809. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pick, A. (1913) Die agrammatischen Sprachstörungen. Springer. [JWB]Google Scholar
Pieper, C. F., Goldring, S., Jenny, A. B. & McMahon, J. P. (1980) Comparative study of cerebral cortical potentials associated with voluntary movements in monkey and man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 48:266–92. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Podbros, L. Z. (1983) Bimanual performance of parkinson patients: Simultaneous vs. concurrent tasks. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 9:654. [taGG]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R., & Eccles, J. C. (1977) The self and its brain. Springer International. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Racy, A., Janotta, F. S. & Lehner, L. H. (1979) Aphasia resulting from occlusion of the left anterior cerebral artery. Archives of Neurology 36:221–24. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raichle, M. E., Grubb, R. L., Gado, M. H., Eichling, J. O. & Ter-Pogossian, M. M. (1976) Correlation between regional cerebral blood flow and oxidative metabolism. Archives of Neurology 33:523–26. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rasmusson, D. D., Turnbull, B. G. & Leech, C. K. (1985) Unexpected reorganization of somatosensory cortex in a raccoon with extensive forelimb loss. Neuroscience Letters 55:167–72. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, E. S. (1982) An outline of a theory of action systems. Journal of Motor Behavior 14:98–134. [taGG, JPS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Requin, J., Lecas, J.-C. & Bonnet, M. (1983) Some experimental evidence for a three-step model of motor preparation. In: Preparatory processes, ed. Kornblum, S. & Requin, J.. Erlbaum. [taGG]Google Scholar
Requin, J., Semjen, A. & Bonnet, M. (1984) Bernstein's purposeful brain. In: Human motor actions: Bernstein reassessed, ed. Whiting, H. T. A. Elsevier/North-Holland. [tarGG]Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G., Matelli, M. & Pavesi, G. (1983) Deficits in attention and movement following the removal of postarcuate (area 6) and prearcuate (area 8) cortex in macaque monkeys. Brain 106:655–73. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rizzolatti, G., Scandolara, C., Gentilucci, M. & Camarda, R. (1981) Response properties and behavioral modulation of “mouth” neurons of the postarcuate cortex (area 6) in macaque monkeys. Brain Research 255:421–24. [GR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizzolatti, G., Scandolara, C., Matelli, M. & Gentilucci, M. (1981a) Afferent properties of periarcuate neurons in macaque monkeys. 1. Somatosensory responses. Behavioural Brain Research 2:125–46. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rizzolatti, G., Scandolara, C., Matelli, M. & Gentilucci, M. (1981b) Afferent properties of periarcuate neurons in macaque monkeys. 2. Visual responses. Behavioural Brain Research 2:147–63. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Robinson, D. L., Goldberg, M. E. & Stanton, G. B. (1978) Parietal association cortex in the primate: Sensory mechanisms and behavioral modulations. Journal of Neurophysiology 41:910–32. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E. (1981) Somatotopical tuning of postcentral gyrus during focal attention in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 46:744–54. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E. (1982) Cortical regulation of selective attention in man: A regional cerebral blood flow study in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 48:1059–78. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roland, P. E. & Friberg, L. (1985) Localization of cortical areas activated by thinking. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:1219–43. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E., Larsen, B., Lassen, N. A. & Skinhøj, E. (1980) Supplementary motor area and other cortical areas in organization of voluntary movements in man. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:118–36. [tarGG, WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E., Meyer, E., Shibasaki, T., Yamamoto, Y. L. & Thompson, C. J. (1982) Regional cerebral blood flow changes in cortex and basal ganglia during voluntary movements in normal human volunteers. Journal of Neurophysiology 48:467–80. [taGG, GR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roland, P. E., Skinhøj, E., Lassen, N. A. & Larsen, B. (1980) Different cortical areas in man in organization of voluntary movements in extrapersonal space. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:137–50. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, E. T. (1983) The initiation of movements. Experimental Brain Research, supp. 7:97–113. [tarGG]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T., Thorpe, S. J. & Maddison, S. P. (1983) Responses of striatal neurons in the behaving monkey. 1. Head of the caudate nucleus. Behavioural Brain Research 7:179–210. [rGG, WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, E. T., Thorpe, S. J., Maddison, S., Roper-Hall, A., Puerto, A. & Perret, D. (1979) Activity of neurones in the neostriatum and related structures in the alert animal. In: The neostriatum, ed. Divac, I. & Oberg, R. G. E.. Pergamon Press. [tarGG]Google Scholar
Rolls, E. T., Thorpe, S. J., Perrett, D. I., Maddison, S., Caan, W., Wilson, F. & Ryan, S. (1981) Neuronal responses in the striatum of the behaving monkey: Implications for understanding striatal function and dysfunction. In: Advances in physiological sciences, vol. 2, Regulatory functions of the CNS, ed. Szentagothai, J., Hamori, J. & Palkovits, M.. Pergamon Press. [rGG]Google Scholar
Roy, C. S. & Sherrington, C. S. (1890) On the regulation of the blood-supply of the brain. Journal of Physiology (London) 11:85–108. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rubens, A. B. (1975) Aphasia with infarction in the territory of the anterior cerebral artery. Cortex 11:239–50. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sakai, M. (1978) Single unit activity in a border area between the dorsal prefrontal and premotor regions in the visually conditioned motor task of monkeys. Brain Research 147:377–83. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sanides, F. (1964) The cyto-myeloarchitecture of the human frontal lobe and its relation to phylogenetic differentiation of the cerebral cortex. Journal für Hirnforschung 6:269–82. [JWB, taGG]Google Scholar
Sanides, F. (1964) (1970) Functional architecture of motor and sensory cortices in primates in the light of a new concept of neocortex evolution. In: The primate brain: Advances in primatology, vol. 2, ed. Noback, C. & Montagna, W.. Appleton. [JWB, taGG, HHK, EJN, DP]Google Scholar
Sanides, F. (1964) (1972) Representation in the cerebral cortex and its areal lamination patterns. In: The structure and function of nervous tissue, vol. 5, ed. Bourne, G. H.. Academic Press. [JWB, tarGG]Google Scholar
Sasaki, K. & Gemba, H. (1981) Cortical field potentials preceding self-paced and visually initiated hand movements in one and the same monkey and influences of cerebellar hemispherectomy upon the potentials. Neuroscience Letters 25:287–92. [WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasaki, K. & Gemba, H. (1982) Development and change of cortical field potentials during learning processes of visually initiated hand movements in the monkey. Experimental Brain Research 48:429–37. [tarGG, WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sasaki, K. & Gemba, H. (1984) Compensatory motor function of the somatosensory cortex for dysfunction of the motor cortex following cerebellar hemispherectomy in the monkey. Experimental Brain Research 56:532–38. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scheibel, M. E. & Scheibel, A. B. (1967) Structural organization of nonspecific thalamic nuclei and their projection toward cortex. Brain Research 6:60–94. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schell, G. R. & Strick, P. L. (1984) The origin of thalamic input to the arcuate premotor and supplementary motor areas. Journal of Neuroscience 4:539–60. [tarGG, EJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schepelmann, F. (1979) Rhythmic patterns of motor activity after lesions of the central nervous system in man. Acta Neurochirurgica 49:153–89. [JWB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schmitt, F. O. (1978) Introduction. In: The mindful brain, ed. Edelman, G. M. & Mountcastle, V. B.. MIT Press. [JPS]Google Scholar
Schreiber, H., Lang, M., Lang, W., Kornhuber, A., Heise, B., Keidel, M., Deecke, L. & Kornhuber, H. H. (1983) Frontal hemispheric differences in the Bereitschaftspotential associated with writing and drawing. Human Neurobiology 2:197–202. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Schultz, W. (1982) Depletion of dopamine in the striatum as an experimental model of Parkinsonism: Direct effects and adaptive mechanisms. Progress in Neurobiology 18:121–66. [WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schultz, W. (1984a) Primate dopamine cell activity in relation to behavioral acts. Clinical Neuropharmacology 7, supp. 1:90–91. [WS]Google Scholar
Schultz, W. (1984b) Recent physiological and pathophysiological aspects of Parkinsonian movement disorders (minireview). Life Sciences 34:2213–23. [WS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, W., Ruffieux, A. & Aebischer, P. (1983) The activity of pars compacta neurons of the monkey substantia nigra in relation to motor activation. Experimental Brain Research 51:377–87. [WS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schultz, W. & Studer, A. (1984) Behavioral observations and analysis in monkey, with dopamine cell lesions induced by N-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6, -tetrahydropyridine (NMPTP). Neuroscience Letters, supp. 18:S161. [WS]Google Scholar
Schwab, R. S., Chafetz, M. E. & Walker, S. (1954) Control of two simultaneous voluntary motor acts in normals and in parkinsonism. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 75:591–98. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seyffarth, H. & Denny-Brown, D. (1948) The grasp reflex and the instinctive grasp reaction. Brain 71:109–81. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shibasaki, H., Barrett, G., Halliday, E. & Halliday, A. M. (1980) Components of the movement-related cortical potential and their scalp topography. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 49:213–26. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sievert, C. F. (1985) An anatomical, electrophysiological, and behavioral comparison of the primary and supplementary motor areas of the rat. Ph.D. dissertation, Loyola University of Chicago. [EJN]Google Scholar
Skinner, J. E. & Yingling, C. D. (1977) Central gating mechanisms that regulate event-related potentials and behavior: A neural model for attention. In: Attention, voluntary contraction and event-related cerebral potentials, ed. Desmedt, J. E.. Karger. [taGG]Google Scholar
Smith, A. M. (1979) The activity of neurons in the supplementary motor area during a maintained precision grip. Brain Research 172:315–27. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, A. M., Bourbonnais, D. & Blanchette, G. (1981) Interaction between forced grasping and a learned precision grip after ablation of the supplementary motor area. Brain Research 222:395–400. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, G. E. (1907) A new topographical survey of the human cerebral cortex being an account of the distribution of the anatomically distinct cortical areas and their relationship to the cerebral sulci. Journal of Anatomy 41:237–54. [taGG]Google Scholar
Sokoloff, L. (1985) Brain imaging and brain function. Raven Press. [rGG]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. (1983) Science and moral priority: Merging mind, brain and human values. Columbia University Press. [rGG]Google Scholar
Stepièn, I. (1974) The magnet reaction: A symptom of prefrontal ablation. Acta Neurobiologica Experientia 34:145–60. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Steriade, M. & Deschênes, M. (1984) The thalamus as a neuronal oscillator. Brain Research Reviews 8:1–63. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steriade, M., Deschênes, M. & Domich, L. (1983) Abolition of spindling rhythmicity in thalamocortical cells disconnected from the reticularis thalami nucleus. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 9:1213. [taGG]Google Scholar
Stern, G. M., Lander, C. M. & Lees, A. J. (1980) Akinetic freezing and trick movements in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission, supp. 16:137–41. [rGG]Google Scholar
Stern, Y., Mayeux, R., Rosen, J. & Ilson, J. (1983) Perceptual motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: A deficit in sequential and predictive voluntary movement. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 46:145–51. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stuart, C. I. J. M. (1985) Physical models of biological information and adaptation. Journal of Theoretical Biology 113:441–54. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugar, O., Chusid, J. G. & French, J. D. (1948) A second motor area in the monkey (Mucaca mulatta. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 7:182–84. [rGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talairach, J. & Bancaud, J. (1966) The supplementary motor area in man. (Anatomo-functional findings by stereoelectroencephalography in epilepsy.) International Journal of Neurology 5:330–47. [taGG]Google Scholar
Talairach, J., Bancaud, J., Geier, S., Bordas-Ferrer, M., Bonis, A., Szikla, G. & Rusu, M. (1973) The cingulate gyrus and behavior. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 34:45–52. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanji, J. & Evarts, E. V. (1976) Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of intended movement. Journal of Neurophysiology 39:1062–68. [JMF, taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanji, J. & Kurata, K. (1979) Neuronal activity in the cortical supplementary motor area related with distal and proximal forelimb movements. Neuroscience Letters 12:201–6. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanji, J. & Kurata, K. (1982) Comparison of movement-related activity in two cortical motor areas of primates. Journal of Neurophysiology 48:633–53. [taGG, RP, WS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanji, J. & Kurata, K. (1985) Contrasting neuronal activity in supplementary and precentral motor cortex of monkeys. 2. Responses to instructions determining motor responses to forthcoming signals of different modalities. Journal of Neurophysiology 53:129–41. [JT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tanji, J. & Taniguchi, K. (1978) Does the supplementary motor area play a part in modifying motor cortex reflexes? Journal of Physiology (Paris) 74:317–19. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Tanji, J., Taniguchi, K. & Saga, T. (1980) Supplementary motor area: Neuronal response to motor instructions. Journal of Neurophysiology 43:60–68. [JMF, taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor, M. J. (1978) Bereitschaftspotential during the acquisition of a skilled motor task. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 45:568–76. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toates, F. (in press) Motivation systems. Cambridge University Press. [JAG]Google Scholar
Tolhurst, D. J., Movshon, J. A. & Dean, A. F. (1983) The statistical reliability of signals in single neurons in cat and monkey visual cortex. Vision Research 23:775–85. [MWe]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tracey, D. J., Asanuma, C., Jones, E. G. & Porter, R. (1980) Thalamic relay to motor cortex: Afferent pathways from brain stem, cerebellum, and spinal cord in monkeys. Journal of Neurophysiology 44:532–54. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Travis, A. M. (1955) Neurological deficiencies following supplementary motor area lesions in. Macaca mulatta. Brain 78:174–98. [taGG]Google ScholarPubMed
Trevarthen, C. (1968) Two mechanisms of vision in primates. Psychologische Forschung 31:299–377. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turvey, M. T. & Kugler, P. N. (1984) An ecological approach to perception and action. In: Human motor actions: Bernstein reassessed, ed. Whiting, H. T. A.. North-Holland. [JPS]Google Scholar
Ungerleider, L. G. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Two cortical visual systems. In: Analysis of visual behaviour, ed. Ingle, D. J., Goodale, M. A. & Mansfield, R. J. W.. MIT Press. [taGG]Google Scholar
Uno, M., Ozawa, N. & Yamamoto, K. (1978) Antidromic responses of thalamic VL neurons to cortical stimulation in cats. In: Integrative control functions of the brain, ed. Ito, M., Tsukahara, N., Kubota, K. & Yagi, K.. Elsevier. [taGG]Google Scholar
Van Buren, J. M. & Fedio, P. (1976) Functional representation on the medial aspects of the frontal lobes in man. Journal of Neurosurgery 44:275–89. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vaughn, H. G. Jr, Costa, L. D. & Ritter, W. (1968) Topography of the human motor potential. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 25:1–10. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vogt, B. A., Rosene, D. L. & Pandya, D. N. (1979) Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey. Science 204:205–7. [taGG, EJN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vogt, C. & Vogt, O. (1919) Allgemeinere Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung 4. Die physiologische Bedeutung der architektonischen Rindenfelderung auf Grund neuer Rindenreizungen. Journal für Psychologic und Neurologic (Leipzig) 25:339–462. [taGG, HHK, MWi]Google Scholar
Wallesch, C. W., Kornhuber, H. H., Köllner, C., Haas, H. C. & Hufnagl, J. M. (1983) Language and cognitive deficits resulting from medial and dorsolateral frontal lobe lesions. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten 233:279–96. [HHK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, R. T., Heilman, K. M., Cauthen, J. C. & King, F. A. (1973) Neglect after cingulectomy. Neurology 23:1003–7. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, R. T., Miller, B. D. & Heilman, K. M. (1978) Nonsensory neglect. Annals of Neurology 3:505–8. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watson, R. T., Valenstein, E. & Heilman, K. M. (1981) Thalamic neglect: Possible role of the medial thalamus and nucleus reticularis in behavior. Archives of Neurology 38:501–6. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinrich, M. & Wise, S. P. (1982) The premotor cortex of the monkey. Journal of Neuroscience 2:1329–45. [JMF, taGG, MWe]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weinrich, M., Wise, S. P. & Mauritz, K. H. (1984) A neurophysiological study of the premotor cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain 107:385–414. [MWe]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weizsäcker, V. von (1950) Der Gestaltkreis. Thieme. [JMF]Google Scholar
Wiesendanger, M. (1981) Organization of secondary motor areas of cerebral cortex. In: Handbook of physiology: The nervous system, vol. 2, Motor control, ed. Brooks, V. B.. American Physiological Society. [taGG]Google Scholar
Wiesendanger, M., Seguin, J. J. & Künzle, H. (1973) The supplementary motor area—a control system for posture? In: Control of posture and locomotion, ed. Stein, R. B., Pearson, K. G., Smith, R. S. & Redford, J. B.. Plenum Press. [taGG, HHK, EJN]Google Scholar
Wiesendanger, R. & Wiesendanger, M. (1985) Afferent connections of the supplementary motor area. Experimental Brain Besearch 58:A1. [rGG]Google Scholar
Woolsey, C. N., Erickson, T. G. & Gilson, W. E. (1979) Localization in somatic sensory and motor areas of human cerebral cortex as determined by direct recording of evoked potentials and electrical stimulation. Journal of Neurosurgery 51:476–506. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woolsey, C. N., Settlage, P. H., Meyer, D. R., Sencer, W., Hamuy, T. P. & Travis, A. M. (1952) Patterns of localization in precentral and “supplementary” motor areas and their relation to the concept of a premotor area. Research Publications of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 30:238–64. [taGG, DNP, MWi]Google Scholar
Wyke, M. (1969) Influence of direction of the rapidity of bilateral arm movements. Neuropsychologia 7:189–94. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyss, R. M. & Sripanidkulchai, K. (1983) The indusium griseum and anterior hippocampal continuation in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 219:251–72. [EJN]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yakovlev, P. I. (1948) Motility, behavior and the brain. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 107:313–35. [JWB, rGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yakovlev, P. I. (1959) Pathoarchitectonic studies of cerebral malformation. 3. Arrhinencephalies (holotelencephalies). Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology 18:22–55. [EJN]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yakovlev, P. I. (1968) Telencephalon “impar, ” “semipar” and “totopar.” (Morphogenetic, tectogenetic and architectonic definitions.) International Journal of Neurology 6:245–65. [EJN]Google ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, T., Hassler, R., Huber, C., Wagner, A. & Sasaki, K. (1983) Electrophysiologic studies on the pallido- and cerebellothalamic projections in squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). Experimental Brain Research 51:77–87. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaidel, D. & Sperry, R. W. (1977) Some long-term motor effects of cerebral commissurotomy in man. Neuropsychologia 15:193–204. [taGG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed