Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rcrh6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T20:20:24.532Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Evolving the future: Toward a science of intentional change

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 May 2014

David Sloan Wilson ,
Steven C. Hayes ,
Anthony Biglan  and
Dennis D. Embry
David Sloan Wilson
Affiliation:
Departments of Biology and Anthropology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY [email protected]://evolution.binghamton.edu/dswilson/
Steven C. Hayes
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV [email protected]://stevenchayes.com/
Anthony Biglan
Affiliation:
Oregon Research Institute, Eugene, OR [email protected]://promiseneighborhoods.org/about/people.html
Dennis D. Embry
Affiliation:
PAXIS Institute, Tucson, AZ [email protected]://www.paxis.org/content/DennisBio.aspx
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Humans possess great capacity for behavioral and cultural change, but our ability to manage change is still limited. This article has two major objectives: first, to sketch a basic science of intentional change centered on evolution; second, to provide examples of intentional behavioral and cultural change from the applied behavioral sciences, which are largely unknown to the basic sciences community.

All species have evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity that enable them to respond adaptively to their environments. Some mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity count as evolutionary processes in their own right. The human capacity for symbolic thought provides an inheritance system having the same kind of combinatorial diversity as does genetic recombination and antibody formation. Taking these propositions seriously allows an integration of major traditions within the basic behavioral sciences, such as behaviorism, social constructivism, social psychology, cognitive psychology, and evolutionary psychology, which are often isolated and even conceptualized as opposed to one another.

The applied behavioral sciences include well-validated examples of successfully managing behavioral and cultural change at scales ranging from individuals to small groups to large populations. However, these examples are largely unknown beyond their disciplinary boundaries, for lack of a unifying theoretical framework. Viewed from an evolutionary perspective, they are examples of managing evolved mechanisms of phenotypic plasticity, including open-ended processes of variation and selection.

Once the many branches of the basic and applied behavioral sciences become conceptually unified, we are closer to a science of intentional change than one might think.

Keywords

acceptance and commitment therapyapplied behavioral sciencescultural evolutionevolutionevolutionary psychologyprevention sciencestandard social science model
Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 37 , Issue 4 , August 2014 , pp. 395 - 416
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amminger, G. P., Berger, G. E., Schaefer, M. R., Klier, C., Friedrich, M. H. & Feucht, M. (2007) Omega-3 fatty acids supplementation in children with autism: A double-blind randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. Biological Psychiatry 61:551–53.Google Scholar
Amminger, G. P., Schafer, M. R., Papageorgiou, K., Klier, C. M., Cotton, S. M., Harrigan, S. M., Mackinnon, A., McGorry, P. D. & Berger, G. E. (2010) Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Archives of General Psychiatry 67(2):146–54. doi: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anda, R. F., Brown, D. W., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R. & Giles, W. H. (2008) Adverse childhood experiences and prescription drug use in a cohort study of adult HMO patients. BMC Public Health 8:198. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-198.Google Scholar
Anda, R. F., Butchart, A., Felitti, V. J. & Brown, D. W. (2010) Building a framework for global surveillance of the public health implications of adverse childhood experiences. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 39:93—8. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.03.015.Google Scholar
Angrist, J. D., Dynarski, S. M., Kane, T. J., Pathak, P. A. & Walters, C. R. (2010) Who benefits from KIPP? National Bureau of Economic Research, working paper no. 15740.Google Scholar
Arch, J. J., Eifert, G. H., Davies, C., Vilardaga, J., Rose, R. D. & Craske, M. G. (2012a) Randomized clinical trial of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) versus acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for mixed anxiety disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80:750–65. doi:10.1037/a0028310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arch, J. J., Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Eifert, G. H. & Craske, M. G. (2012b) Longitudinal treatment mediation of traditional cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy 50:469–78.Google Scholar
Aunger, R. (2002) The electric meme. Free Press.Google Scholar
Bach, P., Gaudiano, B. A., Hayes, S. C. & Herbert, J. D. (2013) Acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis: Intent to treat hospitalization outcome and mediation by believability. Psychosis 5(2):166–74.Google Scholar
Bach, P., Hayes, S. C. & Gallop, R. (2012) Long-term effects of brief acceptance and commitment therapy for psychosis. Behavior Modification 36:167–83. doi:10.1177/0145445511427193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bacon-Prue, A., Blount, R., Hosey, C. & Drabman, R. S. (1980) The public posting of photographs as a reinforcer for bedmaking in an institutional setting. Behavior Therapy 11:417.Google Scholar
Baer, D. M., Wolf, M. M. & Risley, T. R. (1968) Some current dimensions of applied behavior analysis. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 1:91–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., eds. (1992) The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Barnes-Holmes, Y., Barnes-Holmes, D., Smeets, P. M., Strand, P. & Friman, P. (2004) Establishing relational responding in accordance with more-than and less-than as generalized operant behavior in young children. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy 4:531–58.Google Scholar
Beck, J. S. (2011) Cognitive behavior therapy: Basics and beyond, 2nd ed. Guilford.Google Scholar
Belsky, J. (2010) Childhood experience and the development of reproductive strategies. Psicothema 22:28–34.Google Scholar
Bennett, M. M. (2007) An interdependent group contingency with mystery motivators to increase spelling performance. Doctoral dissertation, No. 3239791. ProQuest. Available at: http://www.proquest.com.Google Scholar
Berens, N. M. & Hayes, S. C. (2007) Arbitrarily applicable comparative relations: Experimental evidence for a relational operant. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 40:45–71.Google Scholar
Berking, M., Neacsiu, A., Comtois, K. A. & Linehan, M. M. (2009) The impact of experiential avoidance on the reduction of depression in treatment for borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 47:663–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biglan, A. (2003) Selection by consequences. Prevention Science 4(4):213–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Biglan, A., Ary, D. V., Koehn, V., Levings, D., Smith, S., Wright, Z., James, L. & Henderson, J. (1996) Mobilizing positive reinforcement in communities to reduce youth access to tobacco. American Journal of Community Psychology 24:625–38.Google Scholar
Biglan, A., Ary, D. V., Smolkowski, K., Duncan, T. E. & Black, C. (2000) A randomized control trial of a community intervention to prevent adolescent tobacco use. Tobacco Control 9:24–32.Google Scholar
Biglan, A., Brennan, P. A., Foster, S. L. & Holder, H. D. (2004) Helping adolescents at risk: Prevention of multiple problem behaviors. Guilford.Google Scholar
Biglan, A. & Cody, C. (2013) Integrating the human sciences to evolve effective policies. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90S:S152–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biglan, A. & Glenn, S. S. (2013) Toward prosocial behavior and environments: Behavioral and cultural contingencies in a public health framework. In: APA handbook of behavior analysis, Vol. 2: Translating principles into practice, ed. Madden, G. J., Dube, W. V., Hackenberg, T. D., Hanley, G. P., & Lattal, K. A., pp. 255–75. American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biglan, A., Henderson, J., Humphreys, D., Yasui, M., Whisman, R., Black, C. & James, L. (1995) Mobilising positive reinforcement to reduce youth access to tobacco. Tobacco Control 4:42–48.Google Scholar
Biglan, A., Hops, H. & Sherman, L. (1988) Coercive family processes and maternal depression. In: Social learning and systems approaches to marriage and the family, ed. Peters, R. D. & McMahon, R. J., pp. 72–103. Brunner/Mazel.Google Scholar
Blackmore, S. (1999) The meme machine. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blankenship, J. & Dansereau, D. F. (2000) The effect of animated node-link displays on information recall. Journal of Experimental Education 68:293–308.Google Scholar
Boehm, C. (1999) Hierarchy in the forest: Egalitarianism and the evolution of human altruism. Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boehm, C. (2011) Moral origins: The evolution of virtue, altruism, and shame. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Bolhuis, J. J., Brown, G. R., Richardson, R. C. & Laland, K. N. (2011) Darwin in mind: New opportunities for evolutionary psychology. PLoS Biology 9(7):e1001109. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001109 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bouton, M. E., Mineka, S. & Barlow, D. H. (2001) A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychological Review 108:2–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (1985) Culture and the evolutionary process. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Bradshaw, C. P., Zmuda, J. H., Kellam, S. & Ialongo, N. (2009) Longitudinal impact of two universal preventive interventions in first grade on educational outcomes in high school. Journal of Educational Psychology 101:926–37.Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1974) There is no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans. In: Cognition and the symbolic processes, ed. Weimer, W. B. & Palermo, D. S., vol. 1, pp. 1–48. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. (1973) Beyond the information given. Norton.Google Scholar
Buller, D. J. (2005) Adapting minds: Evolutionary psychology and the persistent quest for human nature. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Buller, D. J. & Hardcastle, V. G. (2000) Evolutionary psychology, meet developmental neurobiology: Against promiscuous modularity. Brain and Mind 1:302–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calvin, W. H. (1987) The brain as a Darwin machine. Nature 330:33–34.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. A., Hahn, R. A., Elder, R., Brewer, R., Chattopadhyay, S., Fielding, J., Naimi, T. S., Toomey, T., Lawrence, B. & Middleton, J. C. (2009) The effectiveness of limiting alcohol outlet density as a means of reducing excessive alcohol consumption and alcohol-related harms. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 37:556–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Campbell, D. T. (1960) Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought and other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67:380–400.Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1990) Levels of organization, downward causation, and the selection-theory approach to evolutionary epistemology. In: Theories of the evolution of knowing, ed. Greenberg, G. & Tobach, E., pp. 1–17. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Carruthers, P. (2006) The architecture of the mind. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chaloupka, F. J. & Grossman, M. (1996) Price, tobacco control policies and youth smoking. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 5740. NBER.Google Scholar
Chaloupka, F. J. & Pacula, R. L. (1998) An examination of gender and race differences in youth smoking responsiveness to price and tobacco control policies. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 6541. NBER.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chatwin, B. (1988) The songlines. Penguin.Google Scholar
Cohan, F. M. (1984) Can uniform selection retard random genetic divergence between isolated conspecific populations? Evolution 3:495–504.Google Scholar
Collier, C. R., Czuchry, M., Dansereau, D. F. & Pitre, U. (2001) The use of node-link mapping in the chemical dependency treatment of adolescents. Journal of Drug Education 31:305–17.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. M. & Tooby, J. (1997) Evolutionary psychology: A primer. Available at: http://www.cep.ucsb.edu/primer.html.Google Scholar
Craske, M. G. & Barlow, D. H. (2008) Panic disorder and agoraphobia. In: Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual, 4th ed., ed. Barlow, D. H., pp. 1–64. Guilford.Google Scholar
Craske, M. G., Barlow, D. H. & Meadows, E. (2000) Mastery of your anxiety and panic (MAP-3): Therapist guide for anxiety, panic, and agoraphobia, 3rd ed. Psychological Corporation.Google Scholar
Czuchry, M. & Dansereau, D. F. (1998) The generation and recall of personally relevant information. Journal of Experimental Education 66:293–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Czuchry, M. & Dansereau, D. F. (1999) Node-link mapping and psychological problems: Perceptions of a residential drug abuse treatment program for probationers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 17:321–29.Google Scholar
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (1988) Homicide. Aldine de Gruyter.Google ScholarPubMed
Daly, M. & Wilson, M. (2001) An assessment of some proposed exceptions to the phenomenon of nepotistic discrimination against stepchildren. Annales Zoologici Fennici 38:287–96.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1976) The selfish gene. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
de Graaf, I., Speetjens, P., Smit, F., de Wolff, M. & Tavecchio, L. (2008) Effectiveness of the Triple P Positive Parenting Program on behavioral problems in children: A meta-analysis. Behavior Modification 32:714–35. doi:10.1177/0145445508317134.Google Scholar
De Martini-Scully, D., Bray, M. A. & Kehle, T. J. (2000) A packaged intervention to reduce disruptive behaviors in general education students. Psychology in the Schools 37:149–56.Google Scholar
de Tocqueville, A. (1835/1990) Democracy in America, trans. Lawrence, G.. Anchor Books. (Original work published in 1835.)Google Scholar
Deacon, T. W. (1998) The symbolic species: The co-evolution of language and the brain. Norton.Google Scholar
Del Giudice, M., Ellis, B. J. & Shirtcliff, E. A. (2011) The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35(7):1562–92. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.11.007.Google Scholar
Dishion, T. J., Spracklen, K. M., Andrews, D. W. & Patterson, G. R. (1996) Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships. Behavior Therapy 27:373–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dolan, L. J., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Werthamer-Larsson, L. & et al. (1993) The short-term impact of two classroom-based preventive interventions on aggressive and shy behaviors and poor achievement. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 14:317–45.Google Scholar
Dougher, M. J., Hamilton, D., Fink, B. & Harrington, J. (2007) Transformation of the discriminative and eliciting functions of generalized relational stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 88:179–97.Google Scholar
Drake, E. K., Aos, S. & Miller, M. G. (2009) Evidence-based public policy options to reduce crime and criminal justice costs: Implications in Washington state. Victims and Offenders 4:170–96.Google Scholar
Dunstan, J. A., Mitoulas, L. R., Dixon, G., Doherty, D. A., Hartmann, P. E., Simmer, K. & Prescott, S. L. (2007) The effects of fish oil supplementation in pregnancy on breast milk fatty acid composition over the course of lactation: A randomized controlled trial. Pediatric Research 62:689–94.Google Scholar
Dunstan, J. A., Roper, J., Mitoulas, L., Hartmann, P. E., Simmer, K. & Prescott, S. L. (2004) The effect of supplementation with fish oil during pregnancy on breast milk immunoglobulin A, soluble CD14, cytokine levels and fatty acid composition. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 34:1237–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Durkheim, E. (1895/1982) The rules of the sociological method. Free Press. (Original work published in 1895.)Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1915) The elementary forms of the religious life: A study in religious sociology. Macmillan.Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. (1988) Neural Darwinism: The theory of neuronal group selection. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Edelman, G. M. & Tononi, G. (2000) A universe of consciousness: How matter becomes imagination. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Ehrenreich, B. & McIntosh, J. (1997) The new creationism: Biology under attack. The Nation 264:11–16.Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J. & Bjorklund, D. F. (2005) Origins of the social mind: Evolutionary psychology and child development. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, B. J., Del Giudice, M., Dishion, T. J., Figueredo, A. J., Gray, P., Griskevicius, V., Hawley, P. H., Jacobs, W. J., James, J., Volk, A. A. & Wilson, D. S. (2012) The evolutionary basis of risky adolescent behavior: Implications for science, policy, and practice. Developmental Psychology 48(3):598–623. doi:10.1037/a0026220.Google Scholar
Embry, D. D. (2002) The Good Behavior Game: A best practice candidate as a universal behavioral vaccine. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 5:273–97.Google Scholar
Embry, D. D. (2004) Community-based prevention using simple, low-cost, evidence-based kernels and behavior vaccines. Journal of Community Psychology 32:575–91.Google Scholar
Embry, D. D. & Biglan, A. (2008) Evidence-based kernels: Fundamental units of behavioral influence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 11:75–113.Google Scholar
Embry, D. D. & Biglan, A. (2009) Effectiveness trial using Reward & Reminder visits to reduce tobacco sales to, and tobacco use by, young people: A multiple-baseline across two states. National Registry of Effective Programs and Practices. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. & Ward, P. (2007) Capturing the naturally occurring superior performance of experts in the laboratory toward a science of expert and exceptional performance. Current Directions in Psychological Science 16:346–50.Google Scholar
Farmer, J. D. & Packard, N. H. (1987) The immune system, adaptation, and machine learning. Physica 22D:187–204.Google Scholar
Feldman, A. M. (2008) Welfare economics. In: The new Palgrave dictionary of economics, ed. Durlauf, S. N. & Blume, L. E., pp. 889–95. Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Flatt, N. & King, N. (2010) Brief psycho-social interventions in the treatment of specific childhood phobias: A controlled trial and a 1-year follow-up. Behaviour Change 27:130–53. doi:10.1375/bech.27.3.130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flaxman, P. E. & Bond, F. W. (2010) Worksite stress management training: Moderated effects and clinical significance. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 15:347–58.Google Scholar
Flay, B. R., Graumlich, S., Segawa, E., Burns, J. L. & Holliday, M. Y. (2004) Effects of 2 prevention programs on high-risk behaviors among African American youth: A randomized trial. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 158:377–84.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (2000) The mind doesn't work that way. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Forgatch, M. S., Beldavs, Z. G., Patterson, G. R. & DeGarmo, D. S. (2008) From coercion to positive parenting: Putting divorced mothers in charge of change. In: What can parents do? New insights into the role of parents in adolescent problem behavior, ed. Kerr, M., Stattin, H. & Engels, R. C., pp. 191–209. Wiley.Google Scholar
Freeman, M. P., Hibbeln, J. R., Wisner, K. L., Davis, J. M., Mischoulon, D., Peet, M., Keck, Jr., P. E., Marangell, L. B., Richardson, A. J., Lake, J. & Stoll, A. L. (2006) Omega-3 fatty acids: Evidence basis for treatment and future research in psychiatry. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 67:1954–67.Google Scholar
Garcia, J., Ervin, F. R. & Koelling, R. A. (1966) Learning with prolonged delay of reinforcement. Psychonomic Science 5:121–22.Google Scholar
Geary, D. C. (2004) The origin of mind: Evolution of brain, cognition, and general intelligence. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Geary, D. C. (2011) Primal brain in the modern classroom. Scientific American Mind 22:44–49.Google Scholar
Gifford, E. V., Kohlenberg, B., Hayes, S. C., Pierson, H., Piasecki, M., Antonuccio, D. & Palm, K. (2011) Does acceptance and relationship focused behavior therapy contribute to bupropion outcomes? A randomized controlled trial of FAP and ACT for smoking cessation. Behavior Therapy 42:700–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ginsberg, S. & Jablonka, E. (2010) The evolution of associative learning: A factor in the Cambrian explosion. Journal of Theoretical Biology 266:11–20. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2010.06.017.Google Scholar
Gintis, H. (2007) A framework for the unification of the behavioral sciences. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 30(1):1–61.Google Scholar
Gintis, H. (2009a) Game theory evolving, 2nd ed. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gintis, H., Bowles, S., Boyd, R. & Fehr, E. (2005) Moral sentiments and material interests. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Glenn, S. S. (2004) Individual behavior, culture, and social change. The Behavior Analyst 27:133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Godfrey-Smith, P. (2000) The replicator in retrospect. Biology and Philosophy 15:403–23.Google Scholar
Gray, P. (2009) Play as the foundation for hunter-gatherer social existence. American Journal of Play 1:476–522.Google Scholar
Gray, P. (2013) Free to learn: Why unleashing the instinct to play will make our children happier, more self-reliant, and better students for life. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Gray, P. & Chanoff, D. (1986) Democratic schooling: What happens to young people who have charge of their own education? American Journal of Education 94:182–213.Google Scholar
Gray, P. & Feldman, J. (2004) Playing in the zone of proximal development: Qualities of self-directed age mixing between adolescents and young children at a democratic school. American Journal of Education 110:108–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenwood, C. R. (1991a) Classwide peer tutoring: Longitudinal effects on the reading, language, and mathematics achievement of at-risk students. Journal of Reading, Writing and Learning Disabilities International 7:105–23.Google Scholar
Greenwood, C. R. (1991b) Longitudinal analysis of time, engagement, and achievement in at-risk versus non-risk students. Exceptional Children 57:521–35.Google Scholar
Gregg, J. A., Callaghan, G. M., Hayes, S. C. & Glenn-Lawson, J. L. (2007) Improving diabetes self-management through acceptance, mindfulness, and values: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75:336–43.Google Scholar
Gross, A. M. & Shapiro, R. (1981) Public posting of photographs: A new classroom reinforcer. Child Behavior Therapy 3:81–82.Google Scholar
Hawkins, J. D., Brown, E. C., Oesterle, S., Arthur, M. W., Abbott, R. D. & Catalano, R. F. (2008) Early effects of Communities That Care on targeted risks and initiation of delinquent behavior and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health 43:15–22.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C. (2004) Acceptance and commitment therapy, relational frame theory, and the third wave of behavioral and cognitive therapies. Behavior Therapy 35:639–65.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Barnes-Holmes, D. & Roche, B. (2001) Relational frame theory: A post-Skinnerian account of human language and cognition. Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Luoma, J., Bond, F., Masuda, A. & Lillis, J. (2006) Acceptance and commitment therapy: Model, processes, and outcomes. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44:1–25.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. & Wilson, K. G. (2011a) Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change, 2nd ed. Guilford.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Villatte, M., Levin, M. & Hildebrandt, M. (2011b) Open, aware, and active: Contextual approaches as an emerging trend in the behavioral and cognitive therapies. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 7:141–68.Google Scholar
Hayes, S. C., Wilson, K. G., Gifford, E. V., Follette, V. M. & Strosahl, K. (1996) Experiential avoidance and behavioral disorders: A functional dimensional approach to diagnosis and treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64(6):1152–68.Google Scholar
Helland, I. B., Smith, L., Saarem, K., Saugstad, O. D. & Drevon, C. A. (2003) Maternal supplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children's IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics 111:e39–44.Google Scholar
Henig, J. R. (2008) What do we know about the outcomes of KIPP schools? Great Lakes Center for Education Research and Practice.Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Boyd, R., Bowles, S., Camerer, C., Fehr, E. & Gintis, H. (2004) Foundations of human sociality: Economic experiments and ethnographic evidence from fifteen small-scale societies. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henrich, J., Boyd, R. & Richerson, P. J. (2008) Five misunderstandings about cultural evolution. Human Nature 19:119–37.Google Scholar
Hibbeln, J. R., Davis, J. M., Steer, C., Emmett, P., Rogers, I., Williams, C. & Golding, J. (2007) Maternal seafood consumption in pregnancy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in childhood (ALSPAC study): An observational cohort study. Lancet 369:578–85.Google Scholar
Hill, K. (2010) Experimental studies of animal social learning in the wild: Trying to untangle the mystery of human culture. Learning and Behavior 38:319–28.Google Scholar
Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A. & Oh, D. (2010) The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78:169–83. doi:10.1037/a0018555.Google Scholar
Hofstadter, R. (1959/1992) Social Darwinism in American thought. Beacon.Google Scholar
Holden, C. & Mace, M. (2009) Phylogenetic analysis of the evolution of lactose digestion in adults. Human Biology 81:597–619.Google Scholar
Houten, N. P. & Marini, Z. (1980) An analysis of public posting in reducing speeding behavior on an urban highway. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 13:383–95.Google Scholar
Ialongo, N., Werthamer, L., Kellam, S. G., Brown, C. H., Wang, S. & Lin, Y. (1999) Proximal impact of two first-grade preventive interventions on the early risk behaviors for later substance abuse, depression, and antisocial behavior. American Journal of Community Psychology 27(5):599–641.Google Scholar
INSERM Collective Expert Reports (2004) Psychotherapy: Three approaches evaluated. Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM). Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7123/#A415. PMID: 21348158.Google Scholar
Jablonka, E. & Lamb, M. J. (2005) Evolution in four dimensions: Genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic variation in the history of life. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jackson, N. C. & Mathews, R. M. (1995) Using public feedback to increase contributions to a multipurpose senior center. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 28:449–55.Google Scholar
Johnson, D. D. P., Price, M. E. & Van Vugt, M. (2013) Darwin's invisible hand: Market competition, evolution and the firm. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90: S128–S140. doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2012.12.016.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. (1997) Morningside Academy. Behavior and Social Issues 7(1):31–35.Google Scholar
Kashdan, T. (2009) Curious: Discovering the missing ingredient to a fulfilling life. HarperCollins.Google Scholar
Kehle, T. J., Bray, M. A., Theodore, L. A., Jenson, W. R. & Clark, E. (2000) A multi-component intervention designed to reduce disruptive classroom behavior. Psychology in the Schools 37:475–81.Google Scholar
Kellam, S., Brown, C. H., Poduska, J., Ialongo, N., Wang, W., Toyinbo, P., Petras, H., Ford, C., Windham, A. & Wilcox, H. C. (2008) Effects of a universal classroom behavior management program in first and second grades on young adult behavioral, psychiatric, and social outcomes. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 95:S5–28.Google Scholar
Kellam, S. G., Werthamer-Larsson, L., Dolan, L. J., Brown, C. H., Mayer, L. S., Rebok, G. W., Anthony, J.C., Laudolff, J. & Edelsohn, G. (1991) Developmental epidemiologically based preventive trials: Baseline modeling of early target behaviors and depressive symptoms. American Journal of Community Psychology 19(4):563–84. doi: 10.1007/BF00937992.Google Scholar
Kellam, S. G., Wang, W., Mackenzie, A. C., Brown, C. H., Ompad, D. C., Or, F., Ialongo, N. S., Poduska, J. M. & Windham, A. (2012) The Impact of the Good Behavior Game, a Universal Classroom-Based Preventive Intervention in First and Second Grades, on High-Risk Sexual Behaviors and Drug Abuse and Dependence Disorders into Young Adulthood. Prevention Science. doi: 10.1007/s11121-012-0296-z.Google Scholar
Kleinman, K. E. & Saigh, P. A. (2011) The effects of the Good Behavior Game on the conduct of regular education New York City high school students. Behavior Modification 35(1):95–105. doi:10.1177/0145445510392213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laland, K. N. & Brown, G. R. (2011) Sense and nonsense: Evolutionary perspectives on human behaviour, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. & Galef, B. G., eds. (2009) The question of animal culture. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Laland, K. N. & Hoppitt, W. (2003) Do animals have culture? Evolutionary Anthropology 12:150–59.Google Scholar
Leonard, T. C. (2009) Origins of the myth of social Darwinism: The ambiguous legacy of Richard Hofstadter's Social Darwinism in American Thought . Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 71:37–51.Google Scholar
Levy, D. T., Chaloupka, F. & Gitchell, J. (2004) The effects of tobacco control policies on smoking rates: A tobacco control scorecard. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice 10:338–53.Google Scholar
Lewit, E. M., Hyland, A., Kerrebrock, N. & Cummings, K. M. (1997) Price, public policy and smoking in young people. Tobacco Control 6:S17–24.Google Scholar
Lillis, J., Hayes, S. C., Bunting, K. & Masuda, A. (2009) Teaching acceptance and mindfulness to improve the lives of the obese: A preliminary test of a theoretical model. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 37:58–69.Google Scholar
Lindenboim, N., Comtois, K. & Linehan, M. M. (2007) Skills practice in dialectical behavior therapy for suicidal women meeting criteria for borderline personality disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 14(2):147–56. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.10.004.Google Scholar
Linehan, M. M. (1993) Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Luciano, C., Gómez-Becerra, I. & Rodríguez-Valverde, M. (2007) The role of multiple-exemplar training and naming in establishing derived equivalence in an infant. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 87:349–65.Google Scholar
Lundgren, T., Dahl, J. & Hayes, S. C. (2008) Evaluation of mediators of change in the treatment of epilepsy with acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31:221–35.Google Scholar
Lyman, R. D. (1984) The effect of private and public goal setting on classroom on-task behavior of emotionally disturbed children. Behavior Therapy 15:395–402.Google Scholar
Madaus, M. M. R., Kehle, T. J., Madaus, J. & Bray, M. A. (2003) Mystery motivator as an intervention to promote homework completion and accuracy. School Psychology International 24:369–77.Google Scholar
Maus, M. B. (2007) Independent group contingencies for reducing disruptive behavior in preschoolers with PDD-NOS. Doctoral dissertation, Hofstra University, 2006. No. 3247981. ProQuest. Available at: http://www.proquest.com.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. & Szathmary, E. (1995) The major transitions of life. Freeman.Google Scholar
Meuret, A. E., Rosenfield, D., Seidel, A., Bhaskara, L. & Hofmann, S. G. (2010) Respiratory and cognitive mediators of treatment change in panic disorder: Evidence for intervention specificity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78(5):691–704. doi:10.1037/a0019552.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Poulton, R., Roberts, B. W., Ross, S., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M. & Caspi, A. (2011) A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108(7):2693–98. doi:10.1073/pnas.1010076108.Google Scholar
Moore, L. A., Waguespack, A. M., Wickstrom, K. F. & Witt, J. C. (1994) Mystery motivator: An effective and time efficient intervention. School Psychology Review 23:106–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullins, D. A., Whitehouse, H. & Atkinson, Q. D. (2013) The role of writing and recordkeeping in the cultural evolution of human cooperation. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90:S141–S151.Google Scholar
Musci, R. J., Bradshaw, C. P., Maher, B., Uhl, G. R., Kellam, S. G. & Ialongo, N. S. (2013) Reducing aggression and impulsivity through school-based prevention programs: A gene by intervention interaction. Prevention Science [EPub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1007/s11121-013-0441-3.Google Scholar
National Research Council & Institute of Medicine (2009b) Preventing mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders among young people: Progress and possibilities. The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Nesbit, J. C. & Adesope, O. O. (2006) Learning with concept and knowledge maps: A meta-analysis. Review of Educational Research 76:413–48.Google Scholar
Nesse, R. M. & Williams, G. C. (1995) Why we get sick: The new science of Darwinian medicine. Crown.Google Scholar
Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F., Czuchry, M. & Simpson, D. (2005) Node-link mapping in individual counseling: Treatment impact on clients with ADHD-related behaviors. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 37:93–103.Google Scholar
Newbern, D., Dansereau, D. F. & Pitre, U. (1999) Positive effects on life skills motivation and self-efficacy: Node-link maps in a modified therapeutic community. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse 25:407–23.Google Scholar
Nolan, J. D., Houlihan, D., Wanzek, M. & Jenson, W. R. (2014) The Good Behavior Game: A classroom-behavior intervention effective across cultures. School Psychology International 35(2):191–205. doi: 10.1177/0143034312471473 Google Scholar
Nowak, C. & Heinrichs, N. (2008) A comprehensive meta-analysis of Triple P – Positive Parenting Program using hierarchical linear modeling: Effectiveness and moderating variables. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review 11:114–44. doi:10.1007/s10567-008-0033-0.Google Scholar
O'Donnell, A. M., Dansereau, D. F. & Hall, R. H. (2002) Knowledge maps as scaffolds for cognitive processing. Educational Psychology Review 14:71–86.Google Scholar
Okasha, S. (2006) Evolution and the levels of selection. Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (1990) Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (2005) Understanding institutional diversity. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ostrom, E. (2010) Beyond markets and states: Polycentric governance of complex economic systems. American Economic Review 100:1–33.Google Scholar
Page, R. A. & Ryan, M. J. (2006) Social transmission of novel foraging behavior in bats: Frog calls and their referents. Current Biology 16:1201–205. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.04.038.Google Scholar
Pagel, M. (2012) Wired for culture: The natural history of human cooperation. Allen Lane.Google Scholar
Pagel, M. & Mace, R. (2004) The cultural wealth of nations. Nature 428:275–78.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R. (1982) Coercive family process. Castalia.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., DeGarmo, D. & Forgatch, M. S. (2004) Systematic changes in families following prevention trials. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 32:621–33.Google Scholar
Penn, D. C., Holyoak, K. J. & Povinelli, D. J. (2008) Darwin's mistake: Explaining the discontinuity between human and nonhuman minds. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 31(2):109–78.Google Scholar
Pentz, M. A., Dwyer, J. H., MacKinnon, D. P., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., Wang, E. Y. I. & Johnson, C. A.. (1989a) A multicommunity trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse. Effects on drug use prevalence. Journal of the American Medical Association 261(22):3259–66. doi:10.1001/jama.1989.03420220073030.Google Scholar
Pentz, M. A., MacKinnon, D. P., Dwyer, J. H., Wang, E. Y. I., Hansen, W. B., Flay, B. R. & Johnson, C. A. (1989b) Longitudinal effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) on regular and experimental smoking in adolescents. Preventive Medicine 18(2):304–21.Google Scholar
Pentz, M. A., MacKinnon, D. P., Flay, B. R., Hansen, W. B., Johnson, C. A. & Dwyer, J. H. (1989c) Primary prevention of chronic diseases in adolescence: Effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project (MPP) on tobacco use. American Journal of Epidemiology 130(4):713–24.Google Scholar
Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Komro, K. A., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Forster, J. L., Bernstein-Lachter, R., Pratt, L. K., Dudovitz, B., Munson, K. A., Farbakhsh, K., Finnegan, J. & McGovern, P. (2000) Project Northland high school interventions: Community action to reduce adolescent alcohol use. Health Education and Behavior 27(1):29–49.Google Scholar
Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Komro, K. A., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Stigler, M. H., Munson, K. A., Farbakhsh, K., Jones, R. M. & Forster, J. L. (2002) Project Northland: Long-term outcomes of community action to reduce adolescent alcohol use. Health Education Research 17(1):117–32.Google Scholar
Perry, C. L., Williams, C. L., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Toomey, T. L., Komro, K. A., Anstine, P. S., McGovern, P. G., Finnegan, J. R., Forester, J. L., Wagenaar, A. C. & Wolfson, M. (1996) Project Northland: Outcomes of a communitywide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health 86(7):956–65.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Bickel, W. K., Tzanis, E., Taylor, R., Kubik, E., Foster, M. & Hughes, M. E. (1998) A behavioral intervention for improving verbal behaviors of heroin addicts in a treatment clinic. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 31(2):291–97. doi:10.1901/jaba.1998.31-291.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Pierce, J. M., Stitzer, M. L., Blaine, J., Roll, J. M., Cohen, A., Obert, J., Killeen, T., Saladin, M. E., Cowell, M., Kirby, K. C., Sterling, R., Royer-Malvestuto, C., Hamilton, J., Booth, R. E., Macdonald, M., Liebert, M., Rader, L., Burns, R., DiMaria, J., Copersino, M., Stabile, P. Q., Kolodner, K. & Li, R. (2005) Effect of prize-based incentives on outcomes in stimulant abusers in outpatient psychosocial treatment programs: A National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network study. Archives of General Psychiatry 62(10):1148–56. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.10.1148.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Tedford, J., Austin, M., Nich, C., Carroll, K. M. & Rounsaville, B. J. (2004) Prize reinforcement contingency management for treating cocaine users: How low can we go, and with whom? Addiction 99:349–60.Google Scholar
Petry, N. M., Tedford, J. & Martin, B. (2000) Reinforcing compliance with non-drug-related activities. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 20:33–44.Google Scholar
Pigliucci, M. & Kaplan, J. (2006) Making sense of evolution: The conceptual foundations of evolutionary biology. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1997) How the mind works. W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (2002) The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. Viking.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (2010) The cognitive niche: Coevolution of intelligence, sociality, and language. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107(Suppl 2):8993–99. doi:10.1073/pnas.0914630107.Google Scholar
Pitre, U., Dansereau, D. F., Newbern, D. & Simpson, D. D. (1998) Residential drug abuse treatment for probationers: Use of node-link mapping to enhance participation and progress. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 15:535–43.Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. (1994) Darwin machines and the nature of knowledge. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. (2003) The imagined world made real: Toward a natural science of culture. Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. (2007) Necessary knowledge. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Popova, S., Giesbrecht, N., Bekmuradov, D. & Patra, J. (2009) Hours and days of sale and density of alcohol outlets: Impacts on alcohol consumption and damage: A systematic review. Alcohol and Alcoholism 44:500–16.Google Scholar
Prinz, R. J., Sanders, M. R., Shapiro, C. J., Whitaker, D. J. & Lutzker, J. R. (2009) Population-based prevention of child maltreatment: The U.S. Triple P system population trial. Prevention Science 10(1):1–12.Google Scholar
Provine, W. B. (1986) Sewall Wright and evolutionary biology. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, R. D. (1992) Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Reid, J. B., Patterson, G. R. & Snyder, J. (2002) Antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: A developmental analysis and model for intervention. American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Richardson, A. J. (2006) Omega-3 fatty acids in ADHD and related neurodevelopmental disorders. International Review of Psychiatry 18:155–72.Google Scholar
Richerson, P. J. & Boyd, R. (2005) Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M. & Salters-Pedneault, K. (2008) Efficacy of an acceptance-based behavior therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Evaluation in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76:1083–89.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Maughan, B., Mortimore, P., Ouston, J. & Smith, A. (1979) Fifteen thousand hours: Secondary schools and their effects on children. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sahlins, M. D. (1976) The use and abuse of biology: An anthropological critique of sociobiology. University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Sanders, M. R., Turner, K. M. T. & Markie-Dadds, C. (2002) The development and dissemination of the Triple P – Positive Parenting Program: A multilevel, evidence-based system of parenting and family support. Prevention Science 3:173–89.Google Scholar
Scher, S. J. & Rauscher, F., eds. (2002) Evolutionary psychology: Alternative approaches. Kluwer.Google Scholar
Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G. & Teasdale, J. D. (2002) Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Segerstrale, U. (2001) Defenders of the truth: The sociobiology debate. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. (1970) On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review 77:406–18.Google Scholar
Simpson, J. A. & Kenrick, D. T. (1997) Evolutionary social psychology. Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1981) Selection by consequences. Science 213(4507):501–504.Google Scholar
Sober, E. & Wilson, D. S. (1998) Unto others: The evolution and psychology of unselfish behavior. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sompayrac, L. M. (2008) How the immune system works, 3rd ed. Wiley, Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spoth, R., Guyll, M., Lillehoj, C., Redmond, C. & Greenberg, M. (2007a) PROSPER study of evidence-based intervention implementation quality by community-university partnerships. Journal of Community Psychology 35:981–99.Google Scholar
Spoth, R., Redmond, C., Shin, C., Greenberg, M., Clair, S. & Feinberg, M. (2007b) Substance-use outcomes at 18 months past baseline: The PROSPER community-university partnership trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 32:395–402.Google Scholar
Stitzer, M. & Petry, N. (2006) Contingency management for treatment of substance abuse. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 2:411–34. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.2.022305.095219.Google Scholar
Stockwell, T. & Chikritzhs, T. (2009) Do relaxed trading hours for bars and clubs mean more relaxed drinking? A review of international research on the impacts of changes to permitted hours of drinking. Crime Prevention and Community Safety 11:153–70.Google Scholar
Stoelhorst, J. W. & Richerson, P. J. (2013) A naturalistic theory of economic organizations. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90:S45–S56.Google Scholar
Stokes, T. F., Mathews, R. M. & Fawcett, S. B. (1978) Promoting participation in a community-based educational program. Journal of Personalized Instruction 3:29–31.Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1963) On aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie [Journal of Animal Psychology] 20(4):410–33.Google Scholar
Tomasello, M. (2008) Origins of human communication. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Tooby, J. & Cosmides, L. (1992) The psychological foundations of culture. In: The adapted mind: Evolutionary psychology and the generation of culture, ed. Barkow, J. H., Cosmides, L. & Tooby, J., pp. 19–136. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tough, P. (2008) Whatever it takes: Geoffrey Canada's quest to change Harlem and America. Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1972) Parental investment and sexual selection. In: Sexual selection and the descent of man, ed. Campbell, B., pp. 137–79. Aldine.Google Scholar
Turchin, P. (2003) Historical dynamics: Why states rise and fall. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Turchin, P. (2005) War and peace and war. Pi Press.Google Scholar
Valum, J. L. (1995) Student-managed study skills teams: Academic survival for adolescents at risk of school failure. Doctoral dissertation, ProQuest Information & Learning, 1996. No. 9542318. ProQuest. Available at: http://www.proquest.com.Google Scholar
Van Houten, R., Hill, S. & Parsons, M. (1975) An analysis of a performance feedback system: The effects of timing and feedback, public posting, and praise upon academic performance and peer interaction. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 8:449–57.Google Scholar
Van Houten, R., Morrison, E., Jarvis, R. & McDonald, M. (1974) The effects of explicit timing and feedback on compositional response rate in elementary school children. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 7:547–55.Google Scholar
Vowles, K. E. & McCracken, L. M. (2008) Acceptance and values-based action in chronic pain: A study of effectiveness and treatment process. Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology 76:397–407.Google Scholar
Wagenaar, A. C., Murray, D. M. & Toomey, T. L. (2000) Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol (CMCA): Effects of a randomized trial on arrests and traffic crashes. Addiction 95:209–17.Google Scholar
Wagenaar, A. C., Salois, M. J. & Komro, K. A. (2009) Effects of beverage alcohol price and tax levels on drinking: A meta-analysis of 1,003 estimates from 112 studies. Addiction 104:179–90.Google Scholar
Wagenaar, A. C., Tobler, A. L. & Komro, K. A. (2010) Effects of alcohol tax and price policies on morbidity and mortality: A systematic review. American Journal of Public Health 100(11):2270–78.Google Scholar
Walton, G. M. & Cohen, G. L. (2011) A brief social-belonging intervention improves academic and health outcomes of minority students. Science 331(6023):1447–51. doi:10.1126/science.1198364.Google Scholar
Wenzlaff, R. M. & Wegner, D. M. (2000) Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology 51:59–91.Google Scholar
Westin, V. Z., Schulin, M., Hesser, H., Karlsson, M., Noe, R. Z., Olofsson, U., Stalby, M., Wisung, G. & Andersson, G. (2011) Acceptance and Commitment Therapy versus Tinnitus Retraining Therapy in the treatment of tinnitus distress: A randomised controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 49(11):737–47.Google Scholar
Whitehurst, G. J. & Croft, M. (2010) The Harlem Children's Zone, Promise Neighborhoods, and the broader, bolder approach to education. Brown Center on Education Policy at Brookings.Google Scholar
Wicksell, R. K., Melin, L., Lekander, M. & Olsson, G. L. (2009) Evaluating the effectiveness of exposure and acceptance strategies to improve functioning and quality of life in longstanding pediatric pain: A randomized controlled trial. Pain 141:248–57.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1988) Holism and reductionism in evolutionary ecology. Oikos 53:269–73.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1990) Species of thought: A comment on evolutionary epistemology. Biology and Philosophy 5:37–62.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1995) Language as a community of interacting belief systems: A case study involving conduct toward self and others. Biology and Philosophy 10:77–97.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2002a) Darwin's cathedral. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2002b) Evolution, morality and human potential. In: Evolutionary psychology: Alternative approaches, ed. Scher, S. J. & Rauscher, F., pp. 55–70. Kluwer.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2005) Evolutionary social constructivism. In: The literary animal: Evolution and the nature of narrative, ed. Gottschall, J. & Wilson, D. S., pp. 20–37. Northwestern University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2009) Evolutionary social constructivism: Narrowing (but not bridging) the gap. In: The believing primate: Scientific, philosophical, and theological reflections, ed. Schloss, J. & Murray, M., pp. 318–38. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2011a) Evolution of selfless behaviour. New Scientist 211(2824):i–viii. Available at: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=65830911&site=ehost-live.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2011b) The Design Your Own Park competition: Empowering neighborhoods and restoring outdoor play on a citywide scale. American Journal of Play 3:538–51.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2011c) The Neighborhood Project: Using evolution to improve my city, one block at a time. Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (2012) Clash of paradigms: Why proponents of multilevel selection theory and inclusive fitness theory sometimes (but not always) misunderstand each other. Social Evolution Forum. Posted July 13, 2012. Available at: http://socialevolutionforum.com/2012/07/13/david-sloan-wilson-clash-of-paradigms-why-proponents-of-multilevel-selection-theory-and-inclusive-fitness-theory-sometimes-but-not-always-misunderstand-each-other/.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. & Gowdy, J. M. (2013) Evolution as a general theoretical framework for economics and public policy. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90:S3–S10.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S., Kaufman, R. A. & Purdy, M. S. (2011a) A program for at-risk high school students informed by evolutionary science. PLoS ONE 6(11):e27826.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S., Marshall, D. & Iserhott, H. (2011b) Empowering groups that enable play. American Journal of Play 3(4):523–37.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S., Ostrom, E. & Cox, M. E. (2013) Generalizing the core design principles for the efficacy of groups. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90:S21–S32.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. & Wilson, E. O. (2007) Rethinking the theoretical foundation of sociobiology. Quarterly Review of Biology 82:327–48.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (2012) The social conquest of Earth. Norton.Google Scholar
Witkiewitz, K. & Bowen, S. (2010) Depression, craving, and substance use following a randomized trial of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 78:362–74.Google Scholar
Witt, U. & Schwesinger, G. (2013) Phylogenetic footprints in organizational behavior. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 90S:S33–S44.Google Scholar
Wolitzky-Taylor, K. B., Arch, J. J., Rosenfield, D. & Craske, M. G. (2012) Moderators and non-specific predictors of treatment outcome for anxiety disorders: A comparison of cognitive behavioral therapy to acceptance and commitment therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 80:786–99. doi:10.1037/a0029418.Google Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1958) Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1932) The roles of mutation, inbreeding, crossbreeding, and selection in evolution. In: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Genetics, Ithaca, New York, ed. Jones, D. F., pp. 356–66. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.Google Scholar