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The Korean Peninsula within the Framework of US Global Hegemony

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 March 2025

Tim Beal
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On 8 July 2016 it was announced in Seoul that the US would, as had long been anticipated, deploy an initial unit of the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system in South Korea. The announcement was made at a press conference hosted by the South Korean Deputy Minister of Defense Ryu Je-seung and the Chief of Staff of US Forces in Korea (USFK) who has the significant, if unfortunate, name of General Vandal. The decision did not attract much attention in the international media being overshadowed by the Brexit drama in Europe, shootings and electioneering in the US, and Obama's last NATO summit in Warsaw.

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Research Article
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Asia-Pacific Journal , Volume 14 , Issue 22 , November 2016 , e3
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This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivatives licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is unaltered and is properly cited. The written permission of Cambridge University Press must be obtained for commercial re-use or in order to create a derivative work.
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References

Notes

1 Editorial, “THAAD deployment on the Korean Peninsula opens Pandora's box,” Hankyoreh, 9 July 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_editorial/751627.html

2 “US and South Korea agree THAAD missile defence deployment,” BBC, 8 July 2016. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-36742751

3 “South Korea and US agree to deploy THAAD missile defence system,” Guardian, 8 July 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/08/south-korea-and-us-agree-to-deploy-thaad-missile-defence-system

4 Missy Ryan, “Pentagon to deploy anti-missile system in South Korea,” Washington Post, 7 July 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2016/07/07/pentagon-to-deploy-anti-missile-system-in-south-korea/

5 Sang-Hun Choe, “South Korea and U.S. Agree to Deploy Missile Defense System,” New York Times, 8 July 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/08/world/asia/south-korea-and-us-agree-to-deploy-missile-defense-system.html

6 Jack Kim, “South Korea, U.S. Agree to Deploy THAAD Missile Defense to Counter North Korea Threat,” Reuters, 7 July 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2016/07/07/world/asia/07reuters-southkorea-usa-thaad.html

7 Shinhye Kang, “China Blasts U.S., South Korea Missile Defense Deployment,” Bloomberg, 8 July 2016. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-08/china-blasts-u-s-south-korea-missile-defense-deployment

8 David R. Sands, “Russia, China react angrily as U.S. to put anti-missile THAAD system in South Korea,” Washington Times, 8 July 2016. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/jul/8/russia-china-angered-us-anti-missile-system-skorea/

9 “S.Korea, U.S. Agree THAAD Deployment,” Chosun Ilbo, 11 July 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/07/11/2016071100969.html

10 Jane Perlez, “For China, a Missile Defense System in South Korea Spells a Failed Courtship,” New York Times, 8 July 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/09/world/asia/south-korea-us-thaad-china.html?hpw&rref=world&action=click&pgtype=Homepage&module=well-region&region=bottom-well&WT.nav=bottom-well&_r=0

11 Michael Elleman and Michael J. Zagurek Jr., “THAAD: What It Can and Can't Do,” 38 North, 10 March 2016. http://38north.org/2016/03/thaad031016/

12 Garth McLennan, “Needle in a Haystack: How North Korea Could Fight a Nuclear War,” 38 North, 13 June 2016. http://38north.org/2016/06/gmclennan061316/

13 Yong-in Yi, “Critic of THAAD wins prestigious award for scientific contribution,” Hankyoreh, 24 Februrary 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/731885.html

14 Yong-in Yi “Expert rebuts Defense Ministry's claims about THAAD missile interception ” Hankyoreh, 17 February 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/730794.htm; Yi Yong-in, “Expert says S. Korean government has overstated THAAD's efficacy,” Hankyoreh, 17 February 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/730792.html

15 Seung-woo Kang, “Defense chief's SLBM claims doubted,” Korea Times, 11 July 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/07/116_209142.htm; Whan-woo Yi, “THAAD can destroy SLBMs: defense chief,” Korea Times, 10 July 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/07/120_209038.html

16 Hyun Park and Byong-su Park, “THAAD missile defense system could be used to defend against Chinese attack on US,” Hankyoreh, 2 June 2015. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/693913.html

17 “Can THAAD Batteries Protect Seoul?,” Chosun Ilbo, 11 July 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/07/11/2016071101311.html

18 Theodore Postol, “How the US Nuclear Weapons Modernization Program Is Increasing the Chances of Accidental Nuclear War with Russia,” Harvard College Peace Action, 25 February 2016. http://www.lasg.org/Modernization/Postol_Harvard_Peace_Action_longer_25Feb2016.pdf

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20 Yong-in Yi, “Expert says THAAD needlessly raises tension, hurts security,” Hankyoreh, 11 July 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/751801.html

21 Byong-su Park and Oi-hyun Kim, “South Korea and US officially announce deployment of THAAD missile defense system,” Hankyoreh, 9 July 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/751625.html

22 Editorial, “China can counter THAAD deployment,” Global Times, 9 July 2016. http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/993131.shtml

23 Yoo-chul Kim, “Businesses fear backlash from China,” Korea Times, 11 July 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/tech/2016/07/133_209129.html

24 Oi-hyun Kim, “After THAAD deployment decision, a backlash from China,” Hankyoreh, 11 July 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/751799.html[24]

25 ibid; “Poll: fears of war in Korea have increased since Park gov't took office,” Hankyoreh, 24 June 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/749560.html

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27 Sung-jin Choi, “Tourism industry will feel pain of Chinese visitor cut,” Korea Times, 26 October 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/10/123_216838.html

28 Patrick L. Smith, “Disarray in NATO Completes Obama's Foreign Policy Legacy,” Fiscal Times, 11 July 2016. http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/Columns/2016/07/11/Disarray-NATO-Completes-Obama-s-Foreign-Policy-Legacy

29 Motoko Rich, “Japan Election, a Landslide for Abe, Could Allow a Bolder Military,” New York Times, 11 July 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/12/world/asia/japan-election-shinzo-abe.html

30 A recent Cuban estimate is $126billion; Nelson Acosta, “Cuba launches new international campaign against U.S. embargo,” Reuters, 10 September 2016. http://in.reuters.com/article/cuba-usa-embargo-idINKCN11G04R

31 Commander's Guide to Money as a Weapons System, (Fort Leavenworth, KS US Army [Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL), US Army Combined Arms Center], 2009).

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33 Nick Turse, “Black sites in the empire of bases ” Asia Times online, 11 February 2010.

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40 Jin-hwan Seok, “Biden seeks Seoul's support on US ‘rebalancing to Asia’ policy,” Hankyoreh, 7 December 2013. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/614389.html

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99 Ki-hong Kim, “Shipbuilding, Construction Orders from Overseas Plummet,” Chosun Ilbo, 21 July 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/07/21/2016072101308.html

100 Jae-won Kim, “Seoul's dream to become financial hub evaporating,” Korea Times, 22 January 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/01/488_196122.html

101 Jun-beom Hwang, “Less than 1.5 years left, more corruption bombs expected in Park government,” Hankyoreh, 24 September 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/762548.html. Hwangbo Yon, “Due to aging, South Korean population headed for structural reversal,” Hankyoreh, 20 October 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/766614.html. Park. Hyong-ki, “Inequality concerns grow amid increased income distribution to rich,” Korea Times, 16 October 2016. http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/biz/2016/10/602_216168.html

102 Se-Woong Koo, “Korea, Thy Name is Hell Joseon,” Korea Expose, 22 September 2015. http://www.koreaexpose.com/voices/korea-thy-name-is-hell-joseon; No-ja Park, “”Hell Joseon“ – a country where sleepless toil brings no mobility,” Hankyoreh, 6 October 2015. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/711631.html

103 Emanuel Pastreich, “The Balancer: Roh Moo-hyun's Vision of Korean Politics and the Future of Northeast Asia,” The Asia Pacific Journal Japan Focus, 1 August 2005. http://japanfocus.org/-Emanuel-Pastreich/2041

104 Editorial, “Humiliating comfort women settlement incurs fierce backlash,” Hankyoreh, 5 January 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_editorial/724772.html

105 Seong-hun Park and Sarah Kim, “U.S. Defense Department is developing Thaad 2.0,” JoongAng Ilbo, 19 July 2016. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=3021475

106 Young-jin Oh, “Choi Soon-sil - Shaman or con artist?,” Korea Times, 6 November 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/11/667_217591.htm; Ha-young Choi, “Don't call Choi a shaman, it's disgrace to shamans,” Korea Times, 8 November 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/11/116_217758.htm; Ye-rin Choi, “Park Geun-hye believed in Choi Tae-min after he predicted her father's death,” Hankyoreh, 6 November 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/768958.html

107 Aidan Foster-Carter, “Did Park Geun-hye's Rasputin run her North Korea policy?,” NK News, 28 October 2016. https://www.nknews.org/2016/10/did-park-geun-hyes-rasputin-run-her-north-korea-policy; Min-hyuk Lim, “Leaked U.S. Embassy Cable Warned of ‘Rasputin’ Behind Park,” Chosun Ilbo, 28 October 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/10/28/2016102801342.html

108 Sang-hun Choe, “A Presidential Friendship Has Many South Koreans Crying Foul,” New York Times, 27 October 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/28/world/asia/south-korea-choi-soon-sil.htm; Yong-in Yi, “Strange memories of a President's late and ambiguous decisions,” Hankyoreh, 4 November 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_editorial/768856.htm; Jin-cheol Kim and Eui-gyum Kim, “Was Choi Sun-sil behind the closing of the Kaesong Industrial Complex?,” Hankyoreh, 27 October 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/767646.html

109 John Delury, “The Urgency of Now: Why Obama Needs to Take the Lead on North Korea,” 38 North, 9 December 2014. http://38north.org/2014/12/jdelury120914; Aidan Foster-Carter, “Obama Comes Out as an NK Collapsist,” 38 North, 27 January 2015. http://38north.org/2015/01/afostercarter012715/

110 Steven V. Roberts, “White House Confirms Reagans Follow Astrology, Up to a Point,” New York Times, 4 May 1988. http://www.nytimes.com/1988/05/04/us/white-house-confirms-reagans-follow-astrology-up-to-a-point.html

111 “N.Korea Mum Over China Parade,” Chosun Ilbo, 4 September 2015. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/09/04/2015090401667.html. “Park Attends China Parade,” Chosun Ilbo, 4 September 2015. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2015/09/04/2015090401552.html

112 Hoare, “Potboiler Press: British Media and North Korea.”

113 Nate Thayer, “Freed American Matthew Miller: ‘I wanted to stay in North Korea’,” Guardian, 20 November 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/20/-sp-north-korea-matthew-miller. Konstantin Asmolov, “Fifteen Year's Sentence for a Motto Torn Off,” New Eastern Outlook, 17 April 2016. http://journal-neo.org/2016/04/17/fifteen-year-s-sentence-for-a-motto-torn-off/

114 David Ignatius, “North Korea is scarier than ever,” Washington Post, 13 October 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/north-korea-is-scarier-than-ever/2016/10/13/0657cb80-9169-11e6-9c85-ac42097b8cc0_story.html?utm_term=.c4c2b925eb91&wpisrc=nl_headlines&wpmm=1

115 Yonhap, “S. Korea, US, Japan to conduct joint military exercise against N. Korea,” Korea Times, 14 May 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/05/120_204802.html

116 Ji-hye Jun, “Tensions grow as joint drills begin,” Korea Times, 7 March 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/03/116_199829.htm; Alexander Vorontsov, “War Games: who is responsible for tension on the Korean peninsula?,” NK News, 15 September 2016. https://www.nknews.org/2016/09/war-games-who-is-responsible-for-tension-on-the-korean-peninsula/

117 Jiwon Song, “Chinese woman arrested in Japan for selling knitwear to N.Korea,” NK News, 2 March 2016. https://www.nknews.org/2016/03/chinese-woman-arrested-in-japan-for-selling-knitwear-to-n-korea; Jiwon Song, “S.Korean arrested in Japan for export to N.Korea through Singapore,” NK News, 26 February 2016. https://www.nknews.org/2016/02/s-korean-arrested-in-japan-for-export-to-n-korea-through-singapore/

118 Nick McKenzie and Richard Baker, “Surf clothing label Rip Curl using ‘slave labour’ to manufacture clothes in North Korea,” Sydney Morning Herald, 21 February 2016. http://www.smh.com.au/business/surf-clothing-label-rip-curl-using-slave-labour-to-manufacture-clothes-in-north-korea-20160219-gmz375.html

119 Whan-woo Yi, “UN rights resolution may include N. Korea workers,” Korea Times, 16 October 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/10/485_216187.htm; Yijun Cho, “Seoul, Washington to Push on N.Korean Slave Labor at UN,” Chosun Ilbo, 17 October 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/10/17/2016101701175.htm; Yong-in Yi, “UN seeking to fill few existing loopholes with additional sanctions on North Korea,” Hankyoreh, 13 September 2016. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_northkorea/761296.html

120 “Up to 100,000 N.Koreans Labor Abroad,” Chosun Ilbo, 18 March 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/03/18/2016031801213.html

121 ———, “UN seeking to fill few existing loopholes with additional sanctions on North Korea.”

122 Cho, “Seoul, Washington to Push on N.Korean Slave Labor at UN; Sarah E. Mendelson, ”Outsourcing Oppression: Trafficked Labor from North Korea,“ Foreign Affairs, 28 May 2015.https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/north-korea/2015-05-28/outsourcing-oppression?cid=soc-tw-rdr

123 “U.S. State Department to release report on N. Korea's labor exports this week ”, Yonhap, 15 August 2016. http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2016/08/15/78/0301000000AEN20160815000600315F.html

124 “Overseas Chinese to send home US$66 bln this year,” China Daily, 22 June 2015. http://www.china.org.cn/business/2015-06/22/content_35878101.htm Mark Selden, “East Asian Regionalism and its Enemies in Three Epochs: Political Economy and Geopolitics, 16th to 21st Centuries,” Japan Focus, 25 February 2009. http://apjjf.org/-Mark-Selden/3061/article.html

125 Dilip Ratha, “Trends in Remittances, 2016: A New Normal of Slow Growth,” World Bank, 6 October 2016. http://blogs.worldbank.org/peoplemove/trends-remittances-2016-new-normal-slow-growth%20

126 Ana P. Santos, “Why is Duterte so popular in the Philippines?,” DW, 9 September 2016. http://www.dw.com/en/why-is-duterte-so-popular-in-the-philippines/a-19540056

127 Pete Pattisson, “Revealed: Qatar's World Cup ‘slaves’,” Guardian, 25 September 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/25/revealed-qatars-world-cup-slaves

128 Michael Field, “Slave fishing in NZ waters exposed,” Sunday Star-Times, 8 November 2011. http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/5431221/Slave-fishing-in-NZ-waters-expose; Hyun-woong Noh, “Government investigation finds foreign workers on Korean vessels were abused,” Hankyoreh, 11 June 2012. http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/537104.html. “South Korea: End rampant abuse of migrant farm workers,” Amnesty International, 19 October 2014. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/10/south-korea-end-rampant-abuse-migrant-farm-workers/. Dong-hwan Ko, “In the hurt of the sea,” Korea Times, 20 October 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/09/116_214313.html

129 Yonhap, “US State Department submits report on N. Korea's labor exports to Congress,” Korea Times, 30 August 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/08/485_213019.html

130 Greg Scarlatoiu, “Testimony to Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission entitled ”North Korea's Forced Labor Enterprise: A State-Sponsored Marketplace in Human Trafficking“,” Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 29 April 2015. https://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&ved=0ahUKEwj2rNfUsebPAhXEPRoKHZ-OAF8QFgggMAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrnk.org%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2FStatement%2520of%2520Greg%2520Scarlatoiu%2520-%2520FINAL-FINAL.docx&usg=AFQjCNFkwyUFXD6Zu5lGZu21tV2D9k-8tg&sig2=GG52TC8q5i3x30dRHokR1w

131 Pattisson, “Revealed: Qatar's World Cup ‘slaves’.”

132 Andrei Lankov, “North Korean workers abroad aren't slaves,” NK News, 27 November 2014. http://www.nknews.org/2014/11/north-korean-workers-abroad-arent-slaves/

133 “60 Years of the Republic: Troop Dispatch to Vietnam ”, Chosun Ilbo, 23 July 2008. http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200807/200807230025.htm; Charles Armstrong, “America's Korea, Korea's Vietnam,” Critical Asian Studies 33, no. 4 (2001).

134 Editorial, “Second Middle East boom,” Korea Herald, 3 March 2015. http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=2015030300051; Alon Levkowitz, “The Republic of Korea and the Middle East: Economics, Diplomacy, and Security,” Korea Economic Institute, Academic Papers Series, August 2010. http://keia.org/sites/default/files/publications/APS-Levkowitz-FINAL%202010(MYM).pdf

135 Whan-woo Yi, “North Korea earning currency through fish sales,” Korea Times, 19 October 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/10/485_216394.html

136 Leo Byrne, “North Korea quadruples rice imports after flood,” NK Pro, 3 November 2016. https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-korea-quadruples-rice-imports-after-flood/

137 Gary Clyde Hufbauer et al., Economic Sanctions Reconsidered, 3rd ed. (Washington DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2007). (Case 50-1)

138 Andrei Lankov, “North Korea: Don't dream the impossible,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 1 June 2016. http://thebulletin.org/north-koreas-nuclear-weapons-what-now. Georgiy D. Toloraya, “Byungjin vs the Sanctions Regime: Which Works Better?,” 38 North, 20 October 2016. http://38north.org/2016/10/gtoloraya102016/

139 Gary Clyde Hufbauer, “Sanctions-Happy USA,” Washington Post, 12 July 1998. http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/pb/pb.cfm?ResearchID=83. Andrew Osborn and Maria Tsvetkova, “Putin firms control with big win for Russia's ruling party,” Reuters, 19 September 2016. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-electon-idUSKCN11N0T6

140 “KCNA on Tremendous Damage Done to DPRK by US ”, KCNA, 24 June 2010. http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2010/201006/news24/20100624-24ee.html. For comparison a Cuban estimate of the damage caused by the US embargo was $125.9 billion;

141 Ji-hye Jun, “NK-US thaw unlikely under Obama,” Korea Times, 20 December 2015. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2015/12/485_193588.htm; Alexander Vorontsov, “The reasons for the crisis on the Korean Peninsula,” Strategic Culture Foundation, 12 April 2013. http://www.strategic-culture.org/news/2013/04/12/the-reasons-for-the-crisis-on-the-korean-peninsula.html

142 Michael Auslin, “Kim Jong Untrustworthy,” Foreign Policy, 11 January 2016. https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/11/kim_jong_un_nuclear_north_korea; Michael Green, “Six Reasons Why Trump Meeting With Kim Jong Un Is a Very Bad Idea,” Foreign Policy, 18 May 2016. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/05/18/six-reasons-why-trump-meeting-with-kim-jong-un-is-a-very-bad-idea/. Robert A. Manning and James Przystup, “What's Wrong with Both Sides of the North Korea Debate,” National Interest, 9 October 2016. http://nationalinterest.org/feature/whats-wrong-both-sides-the-north-korea-debate-17983

143 Babak Dehghanpisheh, “Iran's Khamenei: Nuclear Deal Proves Pointlessness of Negotiating With U.S.,” Haaretz, 2 August 2016. http://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/iran/1.73469; Tim Arango, “Kurds Fear the U.S. Will Again Betray Them, in Syria,” New York Times, 1 September 2016. http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/02/world/middleeast/kurds-syria-turkey.html?_r=; Andrew C. Kuchins, “That brief U.S.-Russia strategic partnership 15 years ago? New interviews reveal why it derailed.,” Washington Post, 23 September 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/09/23/that-brief-u-s-russia-strategic-partnership-15-years-ago-new-interviews-reveal-why-it-derailed/

144 In-sun Kang, “Libya Intervention Makes It Harder to Denuclearize N.Korea,” Chosun Ilbo, 30 March 2011. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2011/03/30/2011033001315.htm; Christine Kim, “Libyans should have kept nukes, says Pyongyang,” Joongang Ilbo, 24 March 2011. http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2933884

145 Scott Snyder, “The Economic Costs of North Korean Nuclear Development,” Council on Foreign Relations, 25 November 2013. http://blogs.cfr.org/asia/2013/11/25/the-economic-costs-of-north-korean-nuclear-development; Joseph R. DeTrani, “North Korea's Irrational Approach to Diplomacy—Is There Any Hope?,” 38 North, 17 December 2013. http://38north.org/2013/12/jdetrani121713/

146 Jeffrey Sachs, “The fatal expense of American imperialism,” Boston Globe, 30 October 2016. http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2016/10/30/the-fatal-expense-american-imperialism/teXS2xwA1UJbYd10WJBHHM/story.html

147 Dingli Shen, “What's Behind the North Korea Nuclear Test?,” China.org, 20 January 2013. http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2013-01/20/content_27741385.htm

148 Seung-sik Yang, “N.Korea's Nuke Test ‘Only Cost $5 Million’,” Chosun Ilbo, 12 September 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/09/12/2016091201285.html

149 Tim Beal, “The transformation of the nuclear weapons calculus,” NK News, 19 June 2014. http://www.nknews.org/2014/06/the-transformation-of-the-nuclear-weapons-calculus/

150 Ha-young Choi, “North Korea to decrease national defense proportion this year,” NK News, 31 March 2016. https://www.nknews.org/2016/03/north-korea-to-decrease-national-defense-proportion-this-year/

151 Toloraya, “Byungjin vs the Sanctions Regime: Which Works Better?.”

152 Kenneth N. Waltz, “The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better,” International Institute for Strategic Studies: Adelpi Papers 171(1981).

153 Simon Shen, “Have Nuclear Weapons Made the DPRK a Rogue State? Studying the Korean Peninsula Crisis from the Waltzian Theory,” Journal of Comparative Asian Development 10, no. 2 (2011). Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991).

154 “Crucial Statement of KPA Supreme Command,” KCNA, 24 February 2016. http://www.oananews.org/content/news/politics/crucial-statement-kpa-supreme-command

155 “KPA Mission Statement on US-S. Korea Joint Military Exercises,” KCNA, 27 February 2011. http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2011/201102/news27/20110227-24ee.html

156 James R. Clapper, “A Conversation With James Clapper,” Council on Foreign Relations, 25 October 2016. http://www.cfr.org/intelligence/conversation-james-clapper/p38426

157 Gompert, Cevallos, and Garafola, “War with China: Thinking through the Unthinkable; Peter Apps, ”Commentary: Here's how a U.S.-China war could play out,“ Reuters, 9 August 2016. http://www.reuters.com/article/us-commentary-china-apps-idUSKCN10I0WB

158 Robert Farley, “Asia's Greatest Fear: A U.S.-China War,” National Interest, 9 June 2014. http://nationalinterest.org/feature/asia-flames-us-china-war-10621?page=show

159 Sydney J. Freedberg Jr., “China's Fear Of US May Tempt Them To Preempt: Sinologists ” Breaking Defense, 1 October 2013. http://breakingdefense.com/2013/10/chinas-fear-of-us-may-tempt-them-to-preempt-sinologists/

160 Richard Sanders, “How to Start a War: The American Use of War Pretext Incidents,” Global Research, 2 May 2002. http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=28554

161 Tim Beal, “North Korean satellites and rocket science,” NK News, 3 February 2016. https://www.nknews.org/2016/02/north-korean-satellites-and-rocket-science/

162 “A Rare Congress and Mixed Signals in North Korea,” STRTFOR, 5 May 2016. https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/rare-congress-and-mixed-signals-north-korea

163 John Schilling, “Musudan Could Be Operational Sooner Than Expected,” 38 North, 17 October 2016. http://38north.org/2016/10/jschilling101716/

164 Tim Beal, “The Dangerous Year, 2017 – Part 1,” Zoom in Korea, 20 July 2016. http://www.zoominkorea.org/the-dangerous-year-2017-part-1; ———, “The Dangerous Year, 2017 – Part 2,” Zoom in Korea, 28 July 2016. http://www.zoominkorea.org/the-dangerous-year-2017-part-2/

165 Michael Kranish, “Hillary Clinton regrets her Iraq vote. But opting for intervention was a pattern,” Washington Post, 15 September 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/hillary-clinton-regrets-her-iraq-vote-but-opting-for-intervention-was-a-pattern/2016/09/15/760c23d0-6645-11e6-96c0-37533479f3f5_story.htm; “‘Surgical’ U.S. strike on N. Korea would lead to ‘bloodbath,‘ war with China: expert warns,” Yonhap, 1 November 2016. http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/northkorea/2016/11/01/0401000000AEN20161101000200315.html

166 Anna Fifield and Yoonjung Seo, “South Korea's presidency ‘on the brink of collapse’ as scandal grows,” Washington Post, 29 October 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/south-koreas-presidency-on-the-brink-of-collapse-as-scandal-grows/2016/10/28/7639a2cc-1700-4ef7-a3a4-661b3ff989c4_story.htm; Hyo-jin Kim, “Hard-line N. Korea policy put on line,” Korea Times 30 October 2016. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2016/10/116_217122.html

167 Josh Rogin, “The coming clash with China over North Korea,” Washington Post, 6 November 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/the-coming-clash-with-china-over-north-korea/2016/11/06/798a8148-a1f8-11e6-a44d-cc2898cfab06_story.html

168 Yong-weon Yu, “USFK Practices Evacuating American Civilians,” Chosun Ilbo, 8 November 2016. http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/11/08/2016110800919.html

169 Robert Carlin, “Paying Attention Helps: Pondering North Korean Signals,” 38 North, 6 September 2016. http://38north.org/2016/09/rcarlin090616/

170 Niall Ferguson, “Is the U.S. an Empire in Denial? A Lecture by Niall Ferguson,” Foreign Policy Association, 17 September 2003. http://www.fpa.org/topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=193437

171 “NATO announces nomination of General Curtis M. Scaparrotti as Supreme Allied Commander Europe,” NATO Press Release, 11 March 2016. http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_129181.htm

172 Christine Ahn, “To End North Korea's Nuclear Program, End the Korean War,” Foreign Policy in Focus & The Nation, 7 January 2016. http://fpif.org/end-north-koreas-nuclear-program-end-korean-war; Nam Hyok Jong, “Replacing Armistice Agreement with Peace Agreement is the best way for ensuring peace on the Korean Peninsula and the rest of the northeast Asian region,” PacNet Newsletter, 10 March 2016. http://us8.campaign-archive2.com/?u=fdfd9b07c6818bebcd9951d95&id=2bf434e015&e=3bc65b060; Mike Mullen and Sam Nunn, “How to deal with North Korea,” Washington Post, 15 September 2016. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/mike-mullen-and-sam-nunn-how-to-deal-with-north-korea/2016/09/15/3baa4ade-7ab1-11e6-ac8e-cf8e0dd91dc7_story.html?utm_term=.7741ca5e3ddb&wpisrc=nl_headlines&wpmm=1