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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 May 2025
If acknowledged at all, Japan's indigenous population the Ainu are usually represented as a rural, exotic group, bound to ancestral homes in Hokkaido and the Northern territories. Yet, large numbers of Ainu, perhaps even the majority of their population, now live in urban centres outside Hokkaido. The recent documentary TOKYO Ainu challenges traditional, detrimental representations of Ainu culture as solely rural and sedentary, and records the complex contemporaneous reality of urban indigeneity lived by those Ainu within Greater Tokyo. This article firstly reports the main themes of the film. It then compares the relative success of TOKYO Ainu in broadening discourse and understanding of Ainu identity to the Japanese government's recent living conditions survey released this year.
1 TOKYO Ainu
2 The Ainu Association of Hokkaido (2010) Actual Living Conditions of the Hokkaido Ainu
3 Umesao T, Ishii Y, 1999, “Taminzoku no kyo. zon ni mukete shiso. no o. kina tenkan o” [Transforming thought: towards multiethnic coexistence], in Nihonjin to Tabunkashugi [The Japanese and multiculturalism], (Eds)Y Ishii, M Yamauchi (Yamagawa Shuppansha, Tokyo) pp 195 – 241 in Watson, M.K. (2010) Diasporic Indigeneity: place and the articulation of Ainu identity in Tokyo, Japan, Environment and Planning A, volume 42, pages 268 - 284
4 Watson, M.K. (2010) Diasporic Indigeneity: place and the articulation of Ainu identity in Tokyo, Japan, Environment and Planning A, volume 42, pages 268 - 284
5 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査
6 Burgess, C. (2010) The ‘Illusion’ of Homogeneous Japan and National Character: Discourse as a Tool to Transcend the ‘Myth’ vs. ‘Reality’ Binary
7 Winchester, M. (2009) On The Dawn of a New National Ainu Policy: The “Ainu” as a Situation Today, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 21-3-09, October 12
8 lewallen, a.e. (2008) Indigenous at last! Ainu Grassroots Organizing and the Indigenous Peoples Summit in Ainu Mosir, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. 48-6-08, November 30
9 Dubreuil, C. O. (2007) The Ainu and Their Culture: A Critical Twenty-First Century Assessment, The Asia-Pacific Journal
10 Cotterill, S. (2011) Ainu Success: the Political and Cultural Achievements of Japan's Indigenous Minority, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol 9, Issue 12, No 2, March 21
11 Hilger, I. (1967) op.cit.
12 Rabson, S. (1996) Assimilation Policy in Okinawa: Promotion, Resistance, and ‘Reconciliation‘ Japan Policy Research Institute Occasional Paper No. 8, October 1996
13 Sjöberg, K. (1993) The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilisation and Practice of Ethnicity in Japan, p. 128. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers
14 Rabson, S. (1996) op. cit.
15 Wilhelm, G. (2009) The Ainu in Japan: Ethnic Identity and Cultural Definitions
16 Mock, J. (1999) Culture, Community and Change in a Sapporo Neighbourhood, 1925 – 1988, p. 83. Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press
17 Mock, J. (1999) op. cit.
18 TOKYO Ainu: Information Pamphlet for Viewers (2011) Distributed at screenings
19 TOKYO Ainu
20 Watson, M.K. (2010) op. cit.
21 TOKYO Ainu: Information Pamphlet for Viewers (2011)
22 Watson, M.K. (2010) op. cit.
23 TOKYO Ainu: Information Pamphlet for Viewers (2011)
24 Watson, M.K. (2010) op. cit.
25 Cotterill, S. (2011) op.cit.
26 TOKYO Ainu
27 Watson, M.K. (2010) op. cit.
28 ハルコロ (2011)
29 Cotterill, S. (2011) op. cit.
30 TOKYO Ainu: Information Pamphlet for Viewers (2011)
31 TOKYO Ainu: Information Pamphlet for Viewers (2011)
32 Ukaji, S. (2011) A Film by the Ainu for the Ainu - My Dream, in TOKYO Ainu: Information Pamphlet for Viewers
33 Foundation for Research and Preservation of Ainu Culture (2005) Ainu Cultural Award
34 Moriya, H. (2011) Weaving the Voices I Heard in TOKYO Ainu: Information Pamphlet for Viewers
35 Aoki, E., Kitahara, K., Shigeru, K., Kaizawa, K., (2006) Voices of Resilience and Resistance in Kunnie, J.E. and Goduka, N.I. (eds) Indigenous Peoples' Wisdom And Power: Affirming Our Knowledge Through Narratives, Vitality of Indigenous Religions Series, Ashgate Publishing Company
36 Aoki, E., Kitahara, K., Shigeru, K., Kaizawa, K., (2006) op. cit.
37 Aoki, E., Kitahara, K., Shigeru, K., Kaizawa, K., (2006) op. cit.
38 Ainu Pride Productions (2011) Biographical information accompanying details of Workshop with Haruzo Urakawa at Meiji University
39 Reuters (2007) Japan's Ainu Fuse Tradition, Hip-Hop for Awareness
40 Ague – silver crafts and Ainu folk arts (2011)
41 アイヌ政策のあり方に関する有識者懇談会(2009) 開催状況
42 アイヌ政策のあり方に関する有識者懇談会(2009) 報告書平成２１年7月
43 アイヌ政策推進会議 (2011) 構成員名簿
44 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 p. 2
45 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 pp.2-3
46 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 pp.2-3
47 Comments collected at a forum on Ainu issues, 22nd October 2011
48 Comments collected at a forum on Ainu issues, 22nd October 2011
49 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 政策の対象者を認定する場合に必要な手続き等について p.39
50 アイヌ政策のあり方に関する有識者懇談会(2009) 報告書平成２１年7月 p.39
51 Comments collected at a forum on Ainu issues, 22nd October 2011
52 Comments collected at a forum on Ainu issues, 22nd October 2011
53 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 p.8
54 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 p.9
55 厚生労働省(2009) 国民生活基礎調査
56 総務省(2011) 社会生活統計指標
57 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 p.25
58 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 p.26
59 アイヌ政策推進会議(2011) 北海道外アイヌの生活実態調査 p.26
60 Comments collected at a forum on Ainu issues, 22nd October 2011
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