The biogeographic history of French freshwater fish is poorly defined, and fishery managers donot currently take into account the only functional level, that of genetic stocks. The aim of the present paper is to provide a contribution for filling this gap. It surveys existing knowledge and previous studies of the genus Barbus in France. A first part chronicles the populations of the two French species according to ancient (tertiary) and recent (pre- and post-glacial, and contemporary) history. Thus, the Barbus meridionalis lineage seems to have been present in this country for 5 million years at least (Upper Miocene), but the present populations of the Rhône Valley seem to be the result of recent recolonization by populations restricted to a Languedoc-Roussillon sanctuary during the glaciations. B. barbus has its origin in the Danube drainage basin. It is a more recent invader in Western Europe. Its immigration may have occurred during the Pliocene interconnections between the Rhône, the Rhine and the Danube basins (and perhaps even that of the Loire), or even more recently. If the first assumption is correct, the present populations of the Rhône are presumably descended from populations that found a shelter in the southern tributaries of the right bank of the river, or even in the tributaries of the right bank of the River Saône. In the Rhine basin, the sanctuarymay have been the tributaries of the left bank, the Meuse and the Mosel Rivers, from which probablydescend the populations of Eastern England. The present occurrence of B. barbus in the Garonne catchment and perhaps also the Seine catchment seems to be due to man. The second part of the paper considers the genetic point of view, but the lack of data make it possible to discuss only the status of B. meridionalis. A synthesis of the available enzymatic data, compared with the hypotheses expressed in the first part, reveals a good agreement between the two approaches. In particular, the French an Spanish populations are well differentiated from one another, confirming the ancient settlement of the species in these countries. Moreover, the homogeneity of the French populations, and the higher polymorphism of the Roussillon population, agree with the presumption of a survival in this province during the glaciations. For instance, the first results on B. barbus show a very low polymorphism and a very high homogeneity throughout the different catchments examined (Rhône, Meuse, Garonne, Hérault). Based on this work, a historical diagram is proposed, with the aim of ordinating the hypotheses for future research on the genetics of this group.

The relationships of 25 different populations of the genus Barbus s. str. have been studied using different parsimony grouping methods and similarity indexes. The results indicate that Barbus s. str. is composed of two different groups. They are provisionally placed into two different subgenera (Barbus and Luciobarbus) in order to make the taxonomic work easier. The European species (B. barbus, B. plebejus, B. ciscaucasicus, B. cyclolepis, B. petenyi, B. haasi and B. meridionalis) are included in the subgenus Barbus. Within this group there are two evolutionary lines, one formed by central European species and the other by Mediterranean species which live in mountain fluvialcourses. The subgenus Luciobarbus is constituted by Iberian, northern African and Asian species. The relationships between them are not satisfactorily resolved. Two northern African species (B. nasus and B. magniatlantis) are not included in any subgenus, as their phylogenetic relationships are not clear enough. The fossil record of this genus has been reviewed and new remains from the middle Miocene of Spain are reported as being the earliest known fossils of the genus Barbus. The first known fossils of Luciobarbus date from the Upper Miocene in Spain, Africa and Asia. The dispersion of Barbus intwo main periods is postulated, one of them during the main Alpine orogenic phase at the end of theOligocene, the other during the Upper Miocene transgression. The first one maybe favoured Barbus and the second Luciobarbus. Barriers that might have fragmented the different populations of the genus Barbus have been evaluated and a comprehensive biogeographic model, which minimizes the dispersion events, is proposed.

Two female barbel Rarbus barbus (L.) were tagged with implantable radio transmitters and tracked in the Ourthe River (Southern Belgium) from April 12th to July 7th, 1989 to study their movements and activity rhythms during the spring-summer period. Both barbels defined a 1.6 km home range and occupied four residence areas. Greatest average daily movements within the home range limits occurred during the prespawning and spawning periods and were associated with variations of mean daily water temperature and level. Barbel 2 made a 9.6 km excursion from its spring home range and homed a week later in its residence area. Barbels displayed dusk and dawn activity patterns, character- ized by the occupation of riffle areas. The activity timing was found to be dependent on water temperature while the size of daily activity area was more influenced by river flow conditions.

Five Barbus populations were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis to verify hybridization between two species in Spain, B. meridionalis and B. haasi. Two populations supposed to be hybrid have been named B. meridionalis-2 and B. haasi-2 because of their morphological resemblance to the corresponding parent species. 88.9% of B. haasi-2 genes are of the "meridionalis" type, a value obtained using six loci distinguishing the two species. None of the individuals in this population was identified as an F1 hybrid. On the other hand, B. meridionalis-2 showed no sign of introgression and is thus a population of the pure species B. meridionalis. The absence of known current contact between the hybrid population and both parent populations and the present genetic results suggest that the hybridization is currently interrupted in the studied locality.

Enzymatic polymorphism was studied in nine enzyme systems of four species of large AfricanBarbus (B. bynni occidentalis Boulenger, 1911; B. sacrutus Daget, 1963; B. petitjeani Daget 1962; and B. wurtzi Pellegrin, 1908), two species of small African Barbus (B. guineensis Pellegrin, 1913 and B. cadenati Daget, 1962), and two species of European Barbus (B. barbus Linnaeus, 1758 and B. meridionalis). Like European Barbus, the large African Barbus were found to express more than 20 enzymatic loci for these systems (21 to 23), whereas the small African Barbus only expressed 14. This result suggests that large African Barbus are tetraploid like European Barbus and that small African Barbus are diploid like the Asian species. The two groups of African Barbus do not appear to be phylogenetically closer to each other than they are to European Barbus. Consequently, tetraploidi-zation must have occurred long ago in large African Barbus, and may correspond to the same event responsible for the origin of the European species.

Three species in the group of "small" Barbus from West Africa were analyzed by enzyme electrophoresis to assess their genetic differentiation. Comparison with a species of "large" Barbus from the same region showed that the "small" Barbus are certainly diploid and the "large" tetraploid. They clearly form two distinct lineages. Phenetic dendrograms (Nei distances) and cladograms (compatibility networks) of the genus Barbus are proposed, based on three African diploid species, two diploid species from Saudi Arabia and Southeast Asia, one African tetraploid species, and two French tetraploid species. These trees reveal two sets of species, i.e. diploid and tetraploid. Several methods of data processing are suggested for overcoming the difficulties involved in simultaneously analyzing species with different ploidy levels.

F1 hybrids were produced by crossing, in artificial conditions, female Barbus barbus and male B. meridionalis. Results from the genetic study describing enzymatic patterns produced after electrophoresis of experimental F1 hybrids confirmed a great part of the original interpretation of patterns observed in the natural population. Morphological studies which examined denticle length on the last hard ray of the dorsal fin (well developed in B. barbus and absent in B. meridionalis), showed that F1 hybrids' values were not exactly intermediate between the parental values. Up to two years old, experimental hybrids displayed identical growth rates and sexual dimorphism of length (in favour of the females) as B. barbus growing in the same conditions. At this age, in female hybrids, the ovaries matured and produced fertilizable ovules: in male hybrids, the testicles were morphologically normal but no sperm was produced. If this sterility is confirmed in the reciprocal cross (male B. barbus × female B. meridionalis), the phenomenon would be an essential feature in understanding this hybridization.