An assessment of the state of the fisheries of hake, red mullet and Norway lobster was carried out by using trawl survey data from the MEDITS research programme. The assessment was performed by means of the application of a composite model utilising the total mortality rate Z as a direct index of fishing effort. The studied area covered the whole western Italian coast (Ligurian and Tyrrhenian seas) and the eastern coasts of Corsica. The area was divided into twelve sub-areas, considered to be of similar ecological characteristics with similar initial productivity but considered to experience different rates of exploitation. Available information on fishing fleets and their geographic distribution was used in creating sub-areas. For each one of these sub-areas, the total mortality rates and a mean catch per unit of effort were estimated. The estimation of Z was performed by analysing the size structure of the cumulated catch in each sub-area and for each year. Catch rates were estimated as the mean catch per one hour of tow. The positioning of the current values of Z for the different sub-areas relative to the Z at maximum biological production suggests that, in most of the sub-areas, hake is in general fully exploited and red mullet overexploited. In the case of Norway lobster, it was not possible to obtain a statistically acceptable result probably due to a lack of contrasting enough levels of fishing pressure among sub-areas. The results obtained for hake and red mullet are in good agreement with the available information on the consistency of the fleets operating in the different sub-areas.

Information on the distribution of the benthopelagic fauna of the southern Aegean sea was collected through two bottom-trawl surveys carried out at fixed sampling stations in the summers of 1996 and 1997. Discriminant analysis identified that the most important species in discriminating among station-groups in terms of numbers were: Pagellus erythrinus, Mullus barbatus, Mullus surmuletus, Diplodus annularis, Spicara flexuosa, Sardina pilchardus and Parapenaeus longirostris. In terms of weight, the most important discriminating species were: Mullus barbatus, Pagellus erythrinus, Spicara maena, Scyliorhinus canicula, Loligo vulgaris and Parapenaeus longirostris. Supervised machine learning approaches and, in particular, the decision tree construction method were utilized in order to induce rules which determine the station-grouping. Several species, notably, Argentina sphyraena, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, Lepidorhombus bosci, Lepidotrigla cavillone, Mullus barbatus, Serranus cabrilla and Sepia officinalis appeared in most of the rules.

Two trawl surveys were carried out in the summer months (June–July) of 1996 and 1997 along the whole South Adriatic area (Mediterranean sea) for the first time, using the same vessel and the same sampling gear (European Community Research Project ‘MEDITS’); previous research data referred only to the south-western Adriatic side. A total list of 168 demersal species (fishes, cephalopods and crustaceans) was obtained during the surveys; species abundance data (individuals/trawling hour) were processed according to multivariate techniques in order to describe the composition and the distribution of the main species assemblages within the investigated area (10–800-m bathymetric range). Multivariate analysis of MEDITS survey catch data showed a bold relationship between fish assemblages and depth, while the influence of depth was lower with respect to cephalopod and especially crustacean assemblage distribution.

The aim of the work presented in this paper was to assess the relative efficiency of the GOC 73 sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) compared with that of a typical Italian commercial trawl. The latter was chosen because it is commonly used by fishermen in the central Adriatic, where the experiment was conducted, and therefore appeared as the best possible sampler of the commercial species present in those areas. Moreover, this trawl is similar to the various trawls used for the Italian national survey programme (GRUND). Four fishing trips were conducted between 1996 and 1997 in different areas and seasons to sample different species. Each trip was conducted in the same fishing area. A codend cover mounted on the commercial trawl ensured that the codends of the two nets had the same mesh opening. The two trawls were alternated daily. Net geometry (horizontal and vertical net opening) was measured during all tows. Catch data were converted into abundance per swept area before comparing the trawls. Efficiency comparisons were performed on ten fish species, one crustacean and four molluscs belonging to the MEDITS list of main reference species. The MEDITS trawl was significantly less efficient in terms of both weight and numbers of individuals fished for hake (Merluccius merluccius), common sole (Solea vulgaris) and Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus). A highly significant difference in favour of the commercial trawl was found in the weight, but not the numbers, of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus). Efficiency differences were negligible for red mullet (Mullus barbatus), while the MEDITS trawl was significantly more efficient for the numbers of Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). For all the other main reference species differences were not significant. The commercial trawl was more efficient for large individuals of some species. The relative efficiency of the MEDITS trawl was especially low for small-size classes of N. norvegicus. The results confirm the lower efficiency of the MEDITS compared with the commercial Italian trawl for benthic species, and its greater efficiency for some others released from the bottom as well as for the pelagic ones. These data allow the results of the MEDITS surveys to be compared with those of the GRUND programme and with commercial-fleet catches in areas where the commercial trawls used are similar to the one studied here.

Escapement through the body or under the footrope of the sampling trawl used for the Mediterranean international trawl survey programme (MEDITS) was assessed i) by means of visual observations performed with a towed operating vehicle equipped with a high-sensitivity video camera, and ii) by attaching small bags to the outside of the trawl body and under the footrope. Due to the small size of most of the individuals present in the study area and to the towing speed, fish behaviour in front of the trawl could not be frequently observed. In contrast, their behaviour was easily observed inside the net, especially upstream and inside the codend. Some species, such as horse mackerel (Trachurus sp.), showed greater swimming endurance compared with others such as annular seabream (Diplodus annularis). In three fishing trips conducted in different seasons in 1996 and 1997 to obtain data on several species in different areas of the Adriatic, six small net bags were mounted outside the body of the MEDITS trawl to quantify escapement through the trawl belly and under the footrope. Significant escapement of many species occurred in the near-bottom part of the side panels. Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) had the highest rate (64 %), mainly represented by small-size individuals. The escapement of greater forkbeard (Phycis blennoides) was also high (53 %). For hake (Merluccius merluccius), common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) and poor cod (Trisopterus minutus capelanus), rates ranged from 10 to 16 %. The escapement of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) was very low despite their great abundance. Blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) escaped mainly through the mid-height part of the side panel. This great variability of escapement values could affect the proportion rates of the species sampled during a standard survey. Different escape behaviours among size classes were observed for M. poutassou, T. minutus capelanus and P. erythrinus, with smaller individuals tending to escape towards the bottom and larger ones towards the higher parts of the trawl body. In the species where the escape rate was size-dependent, therefore, the size-frequency distributions obtained from the codend catch may not reflect actual size-frequency distributions.

Changes in the fatty acid profiles of the Percichthyid fish trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier), and Murray cod, M. peelii peelii (Mitchell), two Australian native freshwater fish species, were investigated during early development from egg to yolk-sac-resorbed larval stage. In the two Percichthyid fishes polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounted for more than 50 % of the 19 quantified fatty acids in total lipid. The fatty acids that occurred in the highest abundance in both trout cod and Murray cod, in all developmental stages, in order, were docosahexaenoic acid [DHA 22:6(n-3)], arachidonic acid [AA 20:4(n-6)], oleic acid [18:1(n-9)] and palmitic acid (16:0), all of which exceeded 100 μg per mg total lipid in most instances. The ratio of 22:6(n-3) to eicosapentaenoic acid-20:5(n-3) in eggs of trout cod and Murray cod was 5.4:1 and 7.3:1, respectively, and remained almost unchanged through development, and was considerably higher than the 2:1 ratio generally reported for fish eggs. In trout cod, 11 of the 19 fatty acids in total lipid decreased during the transformation from egg to yolk-sac-resorbed larva. In Murray cod, only 16:1(n-7) showed a significant decrease whilst 20:4(n-6) increased significantly with development. Overall, there was a tendency in both species to conserve n-3 and n-6 series highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), suggesting their essentiality in first feeding larvae. These observations are discussed in relation to the feeding habits of trout cod and Murray cod, which are top order, freshwater carnivores.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of brine shrimp nauplii (Artemia sp.), Cladocera (Moina sp.), Tubifex worms and a trout starter diet on growth performances and survival rate of Mekong catfish larvae (Pangasius bocourti Sauvage, 1880). Larvae accepted all four types of experimental diets, owing to large mouth opening at the first feeding (0.6–1.0 mm at 45° and 90° mouth opening, respectively). Artemia nauplii and Tubifex worms resulted in the same growth performances and survival rates for a 9-d nursing time with specific growth rates of 36–37 %·d−1 and survival rates of 92–93 %. Moina led to a lower growth performance (31 %·d−1) but the survival rate (94 %) was not significantly different to that of larvae fed Artemia nauplii or Tubifex worms. Trout starter feed, dry pellet, proved relatively less suitable for larval rearing of P. bocourti owing to a low survival rate (68 %) and growth performance (21 %·d−1). The study confirmed the feasibility of completely replacing Artemia nauplii by Tubifex worms.