Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dlnhk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T14:30:39.145Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Viruses infecting bivalve molluscs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 December 2004

Tristan Renault  and
Beatriz Novoa
Tristan Renault
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie, 17390 La Tremblade, France
Beatriz Novoa
Affiliation:
Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
Get access

Abstract

Bivalve molluscs are filter feeders and as a consequence they may bioaccumulate in their tissues viruses that infect humans and higher vertebrates. However, there have also been described mortalities of bivalve molluscs associated with viruses belonging to different families. Mass mortalities of adult Portuguese oysters, Crassostrea angulata, among French livestocks (between 1967 and 1973) were associated with irido-like virus infections. Herpesviruses were reported in the eastern oyster, Pacific oyster and European flat oyster and lately in scallops and clams. Disseminated neoplasia, a proliferative cell disorder of the circulatory system of bivalves, although of uncertain aetiology, has been suggested to be caused by retroviral infections. Other viruses described in bivalves are interpreted as members of the Papovaviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, Birnaviridae and Picornaviridae. However, the lack of bivalve cell lines renders difficult virus isolation from molluscs although some viruses can be isolated in fish cell lines.

Keywords

BivalvesMolluscsVirusInfection
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 17 , Issue 4: Bivalve Diseases , October 2004 , pp. 397 - 409
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD, 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Afonso, C.L, Tulman, E.R., Lu, Z., Oma, E., Kutish, G.F., Rock, D.L., 1999, The genome of Melanoplus sanguinipes entomopoxvirus. J. Virol. 73, 533-552.
Alderman, D.J., Gras, P., 1969, “Gill disease” of Portuguese oysters. Nature 224, 616-617. CrossRef
Arzul, I., Renault, T., 2002, Herpèsvirus et bivalves marins. Virologie 6, 169-174.
Arzul, I., Renault, T., Lipart, C., 2001a, Experimental herpes-like viral infections in marine bivalves: demonstration of interspecies transmission. Dis. Aquat. Org. 46, 1-6. CrossRef
Arzul, I., Nicolas, J.-L., Davison, A.J., Renault, T., 2001b, French scallops: a new host for ostreid herpesvirus-1. Virology 290, 342-349. CrossRef
Arzul, I., Renault, T., Lipart, C., Davison, A.J., 2001c, Evidence for inter species transmission of oyster herpesvirus in marines bivalves. J. Gen. Virol. 82, 865-870. CrossRef
Arzul, I., Renault, T., Thébault, A., Gérard, G., 2002, Detection of oyster herpesvirus DNA and proteins in asymptomatic Crassostrea gigas adults. Virus Res. 84, 151-160. CrossRef
Barbosa-Solomieu, V., Miossec, L., Vazquez-Juarez, R., Ascencio-Valle, F., Renault, T., 2004, Diagnosis of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 in fixed paraffin-embedded archival samples using PCR and in situ hybridisation. J. Virol. Methods 119, 65-72. CrossRef
Barbosa-Solomieu V., Dégremont L., Vazquez-Juarez R., Ascencio-Valle F., Boudry P., Renault T., in press, Ostreid herpesvirus 1 detection among three successive generations of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas). Virus Res.
Bhella, D., Rixon, F.J., Dargan, D.J., 2000, Cryomicroscopy of human cytomegalovirus virions reveals more densely packed genomic DNA than in herpes simplex virus type 1. J Mol. Biol. 295, 155-161. CrossRef
Bonami, J.-R., 1977, Les maladies virales des crustacées et des mollusques. Oceanis 3, 154-175.
Bonami, J.R., Cousserans, F., Weppe, M., Hill, B.J., 1983, Mortalities in hatchery-reared sea bass fry associated with a birnavirus. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 3, 41.
Bower S.M., 2001, Synopsis of infectious diseases and parasites of commercially exploited shellfish: Assorted viruses detected in oysters and of unknown significance. ULR: http://www-sci.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/shelldis/ assortvirusoy_e.htm.
Booy, F.P., Trus, B.L., Newcomb, W.W., Brown, J.C., Conway, J.F., Steven, A.C., 1994, Finding a needle in a haystack: Detection of a small protein (the 12-kDa VP26) in a large complex (the 200 MDa capsid of herpes simplex virus). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 5652-5656. CrossRef
Cheng, N., Trus, B.L., Belnap, D.M., Newcomb, W.W., Brown, J.C., Steven, A.C., 2002, Handedness of the herpes simplex virus capsid and procapsid. J. Virol. 76, 7855-7859. CrossRef
Carballal, M.J., Villalba, A., Iglesias, D., Hine, P.M., 2003, Virus like particles associated with large foci of heavy hemocytic infiltration in cockles Cerastoderma edule from Galicia (NW Spain). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 84, 234-237. CrossRef
Choi, D.L., Lee, N.-S., Choi, H.J., Park, M.-A., McGladdery, S.E., Park, M.S., 2004, Viral gametocytic hypertrophy caused by a papova-like virus infecetion in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Korea. Dis. Aquat. Org. 59, 205-209. CrossRef
Chou, H.Y., Li, H.J., Lo, C.F., 1994, Pathogenicity of a birnavirus to hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) and effect of temperature stress on its virulence. Fish Pathol. 29, 171-175. CrossRef
Chou, H.Y., Chang, S.J., Lee, H.Y., Chiou, Y.C., 1998, Preliminary evidence for the effect of heavy metal cations on the susceptibility of hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) to clam birnavirus infection. Fish Pathol. 33, 213-219. CrossRef
Comps, M., 1969, Observations relatives à l'affection branchiale des huîtres portugaises (Crassostrea angulata Lmk). Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit. 33, 151-160.
Comps, M., 1970, La maladie des branchies chez les huîtres du genre Crassostrea. Caractéristiques et évolution des altérations, processus de cicatrisation. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit. 34, 24-43.
Comps M., 1972, Observations sur la résistance d'huîtres du genre Crassostrea au cours de la mortalité massive de 1970-1971 dans le bassin de Marennes-Oléron. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Shellfish Benthos Committee; Comité mariculture 1972/K, 22.
Comps, M., 1978, Evolution des recherches et études récentes en pathologie des huîtres. Oceanol. Acta 1, 255-262.
Comps M., 1980, Les infections virales associées aux épizooties des huîtres du genre Crassostrea. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Spec. Meeting on Diseases of Commercially Important Marine Fish and Shellfish, Copenhagen No. 6.
Comps, M., Bonami, J.R., 1977, Infection virale associée à des mortalités chez l'huître Crassostrea angulata Th. C. R. Acad. Sci. D 285, 1139-1140.
Comps M., Duthoit J.L., 1979, Infections virales chez les huîtres Crassostrea angulata (Lmk) et C. gigas (Th.). Haliotis 8 (1977), 301-308.
Comps, M., Cochennec, N., 1993, A herpes-like virus from the European oyster Ostrea edulis L. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 62, 201-203. CrossRef
Comps, M., Bonami, J.R., Vago, C., Campillo, A., 1976, Une virose de l'huître portugaise (Crassostrea angulata Lmk). C. R. Hebd. Séanc. Acad. Sci. D 282, 1991-1993.
Comps, M., Herbaut, C., Fougerousse, A., 1999, Virus-like particles in pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 19, 85-88.
Crook, N.E., Clem, R.J., Miller, L.K., 1993, An apoptosis-inhibiting baculovirus gene with a zinc finger-like motif. J. Virol. 67, 2168-2174.
Davison, A.J., 2002, Evolution of the herpesviruses. Vet. Microbiol. 86, 69-88. CrossRef
Elston, R.A., 1979, Virus-like particles associated with lesions in larval Pacific oysters (C. gigas). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 33, 71-74. CrossRef
Elston, R.A., 1997, Special topic review: bivalves mollusc viruses. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13, 393-403. CrossRef
Elston, R., Wilkinson, M.T., 1985, Pathology, management and diagnosis of oyster velar virus disease (OVVD). Aquaculture 48, 189-210. CrossRef
Elston, R.A., Moore, J.D., Brooks, K., 1992, Disseminated neoplasia of bivalve molluscs. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 6, 405-466.
FAO, 1996, Aquaculture Production Statistics 1855-1994. FAO Fish. Circular 815, Revision 8, Fisheries Information Data and Statistics Unit. Fish. Depart. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
Farley, C.A., 1976, Ultrastructural observations on epizootic neoplasia and lytic virus infection in bivalve mollusks. Prog. Exp. Tumor Res. 20, 283-294. CrossRef
Farley, C.A., 1978, Viruses and virus-like lesions in marine molluscs. Mar. Fish. Rev. 40, 18-20.
Farley C.A., 1985, Viral gametocytic hypertrophy in oysters. In: Sindermann C.J. (ed) Identification leaflets for diseases and parasites of fish and shellfish, No 25. ICES, Copenhagen.
Farley, C.A., Banfield, W.G., Kasnic, J.R.G., Foster, W.S., 1972, Oyster herpes-type virus. Science, Wash. DC 178, 759-760.
Henson, J.M., French, R., 1993, The polymerase chain reaction and plant diseases diagnosis. A. Rev. Phytopathol. 31, 81-109. CrossRef
Hedrick, P.R., Eaton, W.D., Fryer, L.J., Groberg, W.G., Bonnyaratapalin, S., 1986, Characteristics of a birnavirus isolated from cultured sand goby Onyeleotris marmoratus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 1, 219-225. CrossRef
Hill B.J., 1976, Mollusc viruses: their occurrence, culture and relationships. Proc.1st Int. Colloq. Invertebrate Pathology, pp. 25-29.
Hill B.J., 1982, Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and its virulence. In: Roberts R.J. (Ed.) Microbial diseases of fish. Academic Press, London, pp. 91-114.
Hine, P.M., 1997, Trends in reserch on diseases of bivalve molluscs. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 17, 181-183.
Hine, P.M., Wesney, B., Hay, B.E., 1992, Herpesvirus associated with mortalities among hatchery-reared larval Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. Dis. Aquat. Org. 12, 135-142. CrossRef
Hine, P.M., Thorne, T., 1997, Replication of herpes-like viruses in haemocytes of adult flat oysters Ostrea angasi (Sowerby 1871): an ultrastructural study. Dis. Aquat. Org. 29, 197-204. CrossRef
Hine, P.M., Wesney, B., 1997, Virus like particles associated with cytopathology in the digestive gland epithelium of scallops Pecten novaezelandiae and toheroa Paphies ventricosum. Dis. Aquat. Org. 29, 197-204. CrossRef
Hine, P.M., Wesney, B., Besant, P., 1998, Replication of herpes-like viruses in larvae of the flat oyster Tiostrea chilensis at ambient temperatures. Dis. Aquat. Org. 32, 161-171. CrossRef
Hosono, N., Suzuki, S., Kusuda, R., 1996, Genogrouping of birnaviruses isolated from marine fish: A comparison of VP2/NS junction regions on genome segment. J. Fish Dis. 19, 295-302. CrossRef
ICES, 2004, Report of the Working Group on Pathology and Diseases of Marine Organisms. ICES Mariculture Committee, ICES CM 2004/F:01, Ref.: ACME, E, 1.
Jakob, N.J., Müller, K., Bahr, U., Darai, G., 2001, Analysis of the first complete DNA sequence of an invertebrate iridovirus: coding strategy of the genome of Chilo iridescent virus. Virology 286, 182-196. CrossRef
Jones D.D., Bej A.K., 1994, Detection of foodborne microbial pathogens using polymerase chain reaction methods. In: Griffin H.G., Griffin A.M. (Eds.), PCR technology: current innovations. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 341-365.
Jones, J.B., Scotti, P.D., Dearing, S.C., Wesney, B., 1996, Virus like particles associated with marine mussel mortalities in New Zealand. Dis. Aquat. Org. 25, 143-149. CrossRef
Kitamura S.I., Jung S.J., Suzuki S., 2000, Seasonal change of infective state of marine birnavirus in Japanese pearl oyster Pincada fucata. Arch. Virol. 145, 2003-2014.
Kitamura, S., Kamata, S., Nakano, S., Suzuki, S., 2003, Detection of marine birnavirus genome in zooplankton collected from the Uwa Sea, Japan. Dis. Aquat. Org. 54, 69-72. CrossRef
Kimura, T., Yoshimizu, M., Tanaka, M., Sannohe, H., 1981, Studies on a new virus (OMV) from Oncorhynchus masou- I. Characteristics and Pathogenicity. Fish Pathol. 15, 143-147. CrossRef
Le Deuff, R.-M., Renault, T., 1999, Purification and partial genome characterization of a herpes-like virus infecting the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 1317-1322. CrossRef
Le Deuff, R.-M., Renault, T., Gérard, A., 1996, Effects of temperature on herpes-like virus detection among hatchery-reared larval Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Dis. Aquat. Org. 24, 149-157. CrossRef
Le Deuff, R.-M., Nicolas, J.L., Renault, T., Cochennec, N., 1994, Experimental transmission of herpes-like virus to axenic larvae of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 14, 69-72.
Lees, D., 2000, Viruses and bivalve shellfish. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 59, 81-116. CrossRef
Lipart, C., Renault, T., 2002, Herpes-like virus detection in Crassostrea gigas spat using DIG-labelled probes. J. Virol. Methods 101, 1-10. CrossRef
Lo, C.F., Hong, Y.W., Huang, S.Y., Wang, C.H., 1988, The characteristics of the virus isolated from the gill of clam, Meretrix lusoria. Fish Pathol. 23, 147-154 CrossRef
Lowe, D.M., Moore, M.N., 1978, Cytology and quantitative cytochemistry of a proliferative atypical hemocytic condition in Mytilus edulis (Bivalvia, Mollusca). J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 60, 1455-1459. CrossRef
Marteil, L., 1976, La conchyliculture française 2. Biologie de l'huître et de la moule. Rev. Trav. Inst. Pêches Marit. 40, 149-140.
Martin W.J., 1994, Infectious diseases. In: K.B. Mullis, F. Ferre, R.A. Gibbs (Eds.), the polymerase chain reaction. Birkhauser, Boston, pp. 406-417.
McGladdery, S.E., Stephenson, M.F., 1994, A viral infection of the gonads of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) from Atlantic Canada. Bull. Aquac. Assoc. Can. 94, 84-86.
Meyers, T.R., 1979, A reo-like virus isolated from juvenile American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J. Gen.Virol. 46, 203-212. CrossRef
Meyers, T.R., 1981, Endemic diseases of cultured shellfish of Long Island, New York: adult and juveniles American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria). Aquaculture 22, 305-330 CrossRef
Meyers, T.R., 1984, Marine bivalve mollusks as reservoirs of viral finfish pathogens: significance to marine and anadromous finfish aquaculture. Mar. Fish. Rev. 46, 14-17.
Meyers, T.R., Hirai, K., 1980, Morphology of a reo-like virus isolated from juvenile American oysters (Crassostrea virginica). J. Gen. Virol. 46, 249-253. CrossRef
Miyazaki, T., Goto, K., Kobayashi, T., Kageyama, T., Miyata, M., 1999, Mass mortalitiers associated with a virus disease in Japanese pearl oysters Pinctada fucata martensii. Dis. Aquat. Org. 37, 1-12. CrossRef
Mullis, K., Falcoma, F., Scharf, S., Snikl, R., Horn, G., Erlich, H., 1986, Specific amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 51, 260. CrossRef
Nicolas, J.L., Comps, M., Cochennec, N., 1992, Herpes-like virus infecting Pacific oyster larvae, C. gigas. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 12, 11-13.
Nishida, T., Kimura, H., Saitoh, M., Shinohara, M., Kato, M., Fukuda, S., Munemura, T., Mikami, T., Kawamoto, A., Akiyama, M., Kato, Y., Nishi, K., Kozawa, K., Nishio, O., 2003, Detection, quantitation, and phylogenetic analysis of noroviruses in Japanese oysters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5782-5786. CrossRef
Norton, J.H., Shepherd, M.A., Prior, H.C., 1993, Papova-like virus infection of the golden-lipped pearl oyster, Pinctada maxima, from the Torres Strait, Australia. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 62, 198-200. CrossRef
Novoa, B., Figueras, A., 1996, Heterogeneity of marine birnaviruses isolated from turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Pathol. 31, 145-150. CrossRef
Novoa, B., Figueras, A., Puentes, C.F., Ledo, A., Toranzo, A.E., 1993, Characterization of a birnavirus isolated from diseased turbot cultured in Spain. Dis. Aquat. Org. 15, 39-44. CrossRef
Novoa, B., Figueras, A., 2000, Virus-like particles associated with mortalities of the carpet-shell clam Ruditapes decussatus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 39, 147-149. CrossRef
Oprandy, J.J., Chang, P.M., Pronovost, A.D., Cooper, K.R., Brown, R.S., Yates, V.J., 1981, Isolation of viral agent causing hemopoietic neoplasia in the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38, 45-51. CrossRef
Oprandy, J.J., Chang, P.W., 1983, 5-Brommodeoxyuridine induction of hematopoietic neoplasia and retrovirus activation in the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 38, 45-51. CrossRef
Plumb, J.A., 1973, Effects of temperature on mortality of fingerling Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) experimentally infected with Channel Catfish Virus. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30, 568-570. CrossRef
Potasman, I., Paz, A., Odeh, M., 2002, Infectious outbreaks associated with bivalve shellfish consumption: A worldwide prespective. Clin. Infect. Dis. 35, 921-928. CrossRef
Rasmussen, L.P.D., 1986, Virus-associated granulocytomas in the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis, from three sites in Denmark. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48, 117-123. CrossRef
Renault, T., 1998, Infections herpétiques chez les invertébrés : détection de virus de type herpès chez les mollusques bivalves marins. Virologie 2, 401-403.
Renault, T., Arzul, I., 2001, Herpes-like virus infections in hatchery-reared bivalve larvae in Europe: specific viral DNA detection by PCR. J. Fish Dis. 24, 161-167. CrossRef
Renault, T., Lipart, C., 1998, Diagnosis of herpes-like virus infections in oysters using molecular techniques. EAS Spec. Publ. 26, 235-236.
Renault, T., Arzul, I., Lipart, C., 2004, Development and use of an internal standard for oyster herpesvirus 1 detection by PCR. J. Virol. Methods 121, 17-23. CrossRef
Renault, T., Lipart, C., Arzul, I., 2001a, A herpes-like virus infects a non-ostreid bivalve species: virus replication in Ruditapes philippinarum larvae. Dis. Aquat. Org. 45, 1-7. CrossRef
Renault, T., Lipart, C., Arzul, I., 2001b, A herpes-like virus infecting Crassostrea gigas and Ruditapes philippinarum larvae in France. J. Fish Dis. 24, 369-376. CrossRef
Renault, T., Cochennec, N., Le Deuff, R.-M., Chollet, B., 1994a, Herpes-like virus infecting Japanese oyster (C. gigas) spat. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 14, 64-66.
Renault, T., Le Deuff, R.-M., Cochennec, N., Maffart, P., 1994b, Herpesviruses associated with mortalities among Pacific oyster, C. gigas, in France - Comparative study. Rev. Med. Vet. 145, 735-742.
Renault, T., Le Deuff, R.-M., Lipart, C., Delsert, C., 2000a, Development of a PCR procedure for the detection of a herpes-like virus infecting oysters in France. J. Virol. Methods 88, 41-50. CrossRef
Renault, T., Le Deuff, R.-M., Chollet, B., Cochennec, N., Gérard, A., 2000b, Concomitant herpes-like virus infections in hatchery-reared larvae and nursery-cultured spat Crassostrea gigas, Ostrea edulis. Dis. Aquat. Org. 42, 173-183. CrossRef
Rivas, C.C., Cepeda, C.P., Dopazo, B., Novoa, M., Noya, Barja, J.L., 1993, Marine environment as reservoir for birnaviruses from poikilothermic animals. Aquaculture 115, 183-194. CrossRef
Saiki, R.K., Scharf, S., Falcoma, F., Mullis, K.B., Horn, G.T., Erlich, H.A., Arnheim, N., 1985, Enzymatic amplification of $\beta $ -globulin genomic sequences and restriction site analysis for diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Science 230, 1350-1354. CrossRef
Schultz, M., May, E.B., Kraeuter, J.N., Hetrick, F.M., 1984, Isolation of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus from an epizootic occurring in cultured striped bass, Morone saxatilis Walbaum. J. Fish Dis. 7, 505-507. CrossRef
Sorimachi, M., Hara, T., 1985, Characteristics and pathogenicity of a virus isolated from yellowtail fingerlings having ascites. Gyobyo Kenkyu. Fish Pathol. 19, 231-238. CrossRef
Stasiak, K., Demattei, M.-V., Federici, B.A., Bigot, Y., 2000, Phylogenetic position of the Diadromus pulchellus ascovirus DNA polymerase among viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. J. Gen.Virol. 81, 3059-3072. CrossRef
Suzuki, S., Nojima, M., 1999, Distribution of a marine birnavirus in wild shellfish species from Japan. Fish Pathol. 34, 121-125. CrossRef
Suzuki, S., Hosono, N., Kusuda, R., 1997a, Detection of aquatic birnavirus gene from marine fish using a combination of reverse transcription, nested PCR. J. Mar. Biotechnol. 5, 205-209.
Suzuki, S., Hosono, N., Kusuda, R., 1997b, Production kinetics of antigenicity and serological analysis of viral polypeptides of yellowtail ascites virus. Fish Pathol. 30, 209-214 CrossRef
Suzuki, S., Kamakura, M., Kusuda, R., 1998a, Isolation of birnavirus from Japanese Pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Fish. Sci. 64, 342-343.
Suzuki, S., Nakaat, T., Kamakura, M., Yoshimoto, M., Furakawa, Y., Yamashita, Y., Kusuda, R., 1998b, Isolation of birnavirus from Agemaki (jack knife clam) Sinovacura consticta and survey of the virus using PCR technique. Fish. Sci. 63, 563-566. CrossRef
Suzuki, S., Utsunomiya, I., Kusuda, R., 1998c, Experimental infection of marine birnavirus strain JPO-96 to Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata. Bull. Mar. Sci. Fish. Kochi Univ. 18, 39-41.
Trus, B.L., Gibson, W., Cheng, N., Steven, A.C., 1999, Capsid structure of simian cytomegalovirus from cryoelectron microscopy: evidence for tegument attachment sites. J. Virol. 73, 2181-2192.
Trus, B.L., Heymann, J.B., Nealon, K., Cheng, N., Newcomb, W.W., Brown, J.C., Kedes, D.H., Steven, A.C., 2001, Capsid structure of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, a gammaherpesvirus, compared to those of an alphaherpesvirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, and a betaherpesvirus, cytomegalovirus. J. Virol. 75, 2879-2890. CrossRef
Vigneron V., Solliec G., Montanié H., Renault T., in press, Detection of Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) DNA in seawater by PCR: influence of water parameters in bioassays. Dis. Aquat. Org.
Winstead, J.T., Courtney, L.A., 2003, Ovacystis-like condition in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica from the north-eastern Gulf of Mexico. Dis. Aquat. Org. 53, 89-90. CrossRef
Winstead, J.T., Overstreet, R.M., Courtney, L.A., 1998, Novel parasites in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica from two Gulf of Mexico bays. J. Shellfish Res. 17, 341-342.
Wise, J.A., Harrell, S.F., Busch, L.B., Boyle, J.A., 1988, Vertical transmission of channel catfish virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 49, 1506-1509.
Yáñez, R.J., Rodríguez, J.M., Nogal, M.L., Yuste, L., Enríquez, C., Rodriguez, J.F., Viñuela, E., 1995, Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of African swine fever virus. Virology 208, 249-278. CrossRef